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Cheng SL, Hedges M, Keski-Rahkonen P, Chatziioannou AC, Scalbert A, Chung KF, Sinharay R, Green DC, de Kok TMCM, Vlaanderen J, Kyrtopoulos SA, Kelly F, Portengen L, Vineis P, Vermeulen RCH, Chadeau-Hyam M, Dagnino S. Multiomic Signatures of Traffic-Related Air Pollution in London Reveal Potential Short-Term Perturbations in Gut Microbiome-Related Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8771-8782. [PMID: 38728551 PMCID: PMC11112755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This randomized crossover study investigated the metabolic and mRNA alterations associated with exposure to high and low traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in 50 participants who were either healthy or were diagnosed with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) or ischemic heart disease (IHD). For the first time, this study combined transcriptomics and serum metabolomics measured in the same participants over multiple time points (2 h before, and 2 and 24 h after exposure) and over two contrasted exposure regimes to identify potential multiomic modifications linked to TRAP exposure. With a multivariate normal model, we identified 78 metabolic features and 53 mRNA features associated with at least one TRAP exposure. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emerged as the dominant pollutant, with 67 unique associated metabolomic features. Pathway analysis and annotation of metabolic features consistently indicated perturbations in the tryptophan metabolism associated with NO2 exposure, particularly in the gut-microbiome-associated indole pathway. Conditional multiomics networks revealed complex and intricate mechanisms associated with TRAP exposure, with some effects persisting 24 h after exposure. Our findings indicate that exposure to TRAP can alter important physiological mechanisms even after a short-term exposure of a 2 h walk. We describe for the first time a potential link between NO2 exposure and perturbation of the microbiome-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Lucas Cheng
- NIHR
HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
| | - Michael Hedges
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Augustin Scalbert
- International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69366 Cedex, France
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National
Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Royal Brompton
& Harefield NHS Trust, London SW3 6NP, U.K.
| | - Rudy Sinharay
- National
Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Imperial
College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, U.K.
| | - David C. Green
- NIHR
HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Theo M. C. M. de Kok
- Department
of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Division
of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank Kelly
- NIHR
HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Division
of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
| | - Roel C. H. Vermeulen
- Division
of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University
Medical
Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- NIHR
HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- MRC
Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W12 7TA, U.K.
- Transporters
in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), School
of Medicine, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut
des Sciences du Vivant Fréderic Joliot, Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d’Azur (UniCA), Nice 06107, France
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Peng F, Wang Y, Lu Y, Yang Z, Li H. Formation and control of disinfection by-products during the trichloroisocyanuric acid disinfection in swimming pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123536. [PMID: 38365079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) in swimming pool disinfection highlights the need to evaluate its applicability in terms of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of DBP formation and control during TCCA disinfection, particularly concerning the effects of various management parameters. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by comprehensively investigating DBP formation during TCCA chlorination, with a particular focus on assessing the contribution and interaction of influencing factors using Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology. Results indicated that the concentrations of trichloroacetaldehyde, chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetonitrile produced by TCCA disinfectant were 42.5%, 74.0%, 48.1%, 94.7% and 42.6% of those by the conventional sodium hypochlorite disinfectant, respectively. Temperature exhibited the most significant impact on chloroform formation (49%), while pH played a major role in trichloroacetaldehyde formation (44%). pH2 emerged as the primary contributor to dichloroacetic acid (90%) and trichloroacetic acid (93%) formation. The optimum water quality conditions were determined based on the minimum total DBPs (pH = 7.32, Temperature = 23.7 °C, [Cl-] = 437 mg/L). Chlorine dosage and contact time exhibited greater influence than precursor concentration on chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloroacetic acid, and total DBPs. Although the interaction between water quality parameters was weak, the interaction between disinfection operating parameters demonstrated substantial effects on DBP formation (8.56-19.06%). Furthermore, the DBP predictive models during TCCA disinfection were provided for the first time, which provides valuable insights for DBP control and early warning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
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3
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Balcells C, Xu Y, Gil-Solsona R, Maitre L, Gago-Ferrero P, Keun HC. Blurred lines: Crossing the boundaries between the chemical exposome and the metabolome. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 78:102407. [PMID: 38086287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The aetiology of every human disease lies in a combination of genetic and environmental factors, each contributing in varying proportions. While genomics investigates the former, a comparable holistic paradigm was proposed for environmental exposures in 2005, marking the onset of exposome research. Since then, the exposome definition has broadened to include a wide array of physical, chemical, and psychosocial factors that interact with the human body and potentially alter the epigenome, the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome. The chemical exposome, deeply intertwined with the metabolome, includes all small molecules originating from diet as well as pharmaceuticals, personal care and consumer products, or pollutants in air and water. The set of techniques to interrogate these exposures, primarily mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are also extensively used in metabolomics. Recent advances in untargeted metabolomics using high resolution mass spectrometry have paved the way for the development of methods able to provide in depth characterisation of both the internal chemical exposome and the endogenous metabolome simultaneously. Herein we review the available tools, databases, and workflows currently available for such work, and discuss how these can bridge the gap between the study of the metabolome and the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Balcells
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Yitao Xu
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rubén Gil-Solsona
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector C Keun
- Institute of Developmental and Reproductive Biology (IRDB), Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Alcolea JA, Donat-Vargas C, Chatziioannou AC, Keski-Rahkonen P, Robinot N, Molina AJ, Amiano P, Gómez-Acebo I, Castaño-Vinyals G, Maitre L, Chadeau-Hyam M, Dagnino S, Cheng SL, Scalbert A, Vineis P, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Metabolomic Signatures of Exposure to Nitrate and Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Spanish Multicentric Study (MCC-Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19316-19329. [PMID: 37962559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the metabolomic profile associated with exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and nitrate in drinking water and with colorectal cancer risk in 296 cases and 295 controls from the Multi Case-Control Spain project. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted in blood samples using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A variety of univariate and multivariate association analyses were conducted after data quality control, normalization, and imputation. Linear regression and partial least-squares analyses were conducted for chloroform, brominated THMs, total THMs, and nitrate among controls and for case-control status, together with a N-integration model discriminating colorectal cancer cases from controls through interrogation of correlations between the exposure variables and the metabolomic features. Results revealed a total of 568 metabolomic features associated with at least one water contaminant or colorectal cancer. Annotated metabolites and pathway analysis suggest a number of pathways as potentially involved in the link between exposure to these water contaminants and colorectal cancer, including nicotinamide, cytochrome P-450, and tyrosine metabolism. These findings provide insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and potential biomarkers associated with water contaminant exposure and colorectal cancer risk. Further research in this area is needed to better understand the causal relationship and the public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Alcolea
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Nivonirina Robinot
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Antonio José Molina
- Research Group in Gene - Environment and Health Interactions (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, León 24071, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, León 24071, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa; BioGipuzkoa (BioDonostia) Health Research Institute, San Sebastián 20013, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria S/N, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Lea Maitre
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- Transporters in Imaging and Radiotherapy in Oncology (TIRO), School of Medicine, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), 28 Avenue de Valombrose, Nice 06107, France
| | - Sibo Lucas Cheng
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 25 avenue Tony Garnier, CS 90627 69366, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, c/Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), c/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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Turner MC, Cogliano V, Guyton K, Madia F, Straif K, Ward EM, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Research Recommendations for Selected IARC-Classified Agents: Impact and Lessons Learned. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:105001. [PMID: 37902675 PMCID: PMC10615125 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs program assembles expert working groups who publish a critical review and evaluation of data on agents of interest. These comprehensive reviews provide a unique opportunity to identify research needs to address classification uncertainties. A multidisciplinary expert review and workshop held in 2009 identified research gaps and needs for 20 priority occupational chemicals, metals, dusts, and physical agents, with the goal of stimulating advances in epidemiological studies of cancer and carcinogen mechanisms. Overarching issues were also described. OBJECTIVES In this commentary we review the current status of the evidence for the 20 priority agents identified in 2009. We examine whether identified Research Recommendations for each agent were addressed and their potential impact on resolving classification uncertainties. METHODS We reviewed the IARC classifications of each of the 20 priority agents and identified major new epidemiological and human mechanistic studies published since the last evaluation. Information sources were either the published Monograph for agents that have been reevaluated or, for agents not yet reevaluated, Advisory Group reports and literature searches. Findings are described in view of recent methodological developments in Monographs evidence evaluation processes. DISCUSSION The majority of the 20 priority agents were reevaluated by IARC since 2009. The overall carcinogen classifications of 9 agents advanced, and new cancer sites with either "sufficient" or "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity were also identified for 9 agents. Examination of published findings revealed whether evidence gaps and Research Recommendations have been addressed and highlighted remaining uncertainties. During the past decade, new research addressed a range of the 2009 recommendations and supported updated classifications for priority agents. This supports future efforts to systematically apply findings of Monograph reviews to identify research gaps and priorities relevant to evaluation criteria established in the updated IARC Monograph Preamble. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Cogliano
- California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kathryn Guyton
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Massachusetts, USA
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Peng F, Lu Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z. Advances and research needs for disinfection byproducts control strategies in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131533. [PMID: 37146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is of great significance due to the non-negligible toxicity and widespread existence of DBPs. However, the management of DBPs remains challenging as the removal and regulation of DBPs is a multifactorial phenomenon in pools. This study summarized recent studies on the removal and regulation of DBPs, and further proposed some research needs. Specifically, the removal of DBPs was divided into the direct removal of the generated DBPs and the indirect removal by inhibiting DBP formation. Inhibiting DBP formation seems to be the more effective and economically practical strategy, which can be achieved mainly by reducing precursors, improving disinfection technology, and optimizing water quality parameters. Alternative disinfection technologies to chlorine disinfection have attracted increasing attention, while their applicability in pools requires further investigation. The regulation of DBPs was discussed in terms of improving the standards on DBPs and their preccursors. The development of online monitoring technology for DBPs is essential for implementing the standard. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the control of DBPs in pool water by updating the latest research advances and providing detailed perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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7
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Ding E, Wang Y, Liu J, Tang S, Shi X. A review on the application of the exposome paradigm to unveil the environmental determinants of age-related diseases. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:54. [DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAge-related diseases account for almost half of all diseases among adults worldwide, and their incidence is substantially affected by the exposome, which is the sum of all exogenous and endogenous environmental exposures and the human body’s response to these exposures throughout the entire lifespan. Herein, we perform a comprehensive review of the epidemiological literature to determine the key elements of the exposome that affect the development of age-related diseases and the roles of aging hallmarks in this process. We find that most exposure assessments in previous aging studies have used a reductionist approach, whereby the effect of only a single environmental factor or a specific class of environmental factors on the development of age-related diseases has been examined. As such, there is a lack of a holistic and unbiased understanding of the effect of multiple environmental factors on the development of age-related diseases. To address this, we propose several research strategies based on an exposomic framework that could advance our understanding—in particular, from a mechanistic perspective—of how environmental factors affect the development of age-related diseases. We discuss the statistical methods and other methods that have been used in exposome-wide association studies, with a particular focus on multiomics technologies. We also address future challenges and opportunities in the realm of multidisciplinary approaches and genome–exposome epidemiology. Furthermore, we provide perspectives on precise public health services for vulnerable populations, public communications, the integration of risk exposure information, and the bench-to-bedside translation of research on age-related diseases.
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8
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Zellner M, Jungmann OP, Schöps W. [Occupational cancer of the urinary tract-incidence, reporting behavior, and administrative procedures]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 61:1179-1185. [PMID: 36280644 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumors of the urinary tract are among the most common types of occupational cancer. A significant proportion of about 5-15% may be of occupational etiology. Suspicion of an occupational genesis is subject to mandatory reporting. However, epidemiological analyses show that the number of reports received by accident insurance companies and employers' liability insurance associations is significantly lower than expected. Finally, the economic and administrative effort in surveying a patient's occupational history hinders adequate reporting. By routinely and systematically using a structured questionnaire as part of clinical routine in our hospital, a significantly improved detection of justified suspected cases (from about 4.8% to about 67% of the theoretically expected value) has been achieved since about 2006. In addition to improved medical care and adequate compensation for recognition as an occupational disease, disease-related care is subject to extra-budgetary remuneration in Germany (UV-GOÄ).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zellner
- KWA Klinik Stift Rottal, Max-Köhler-Str. 3, 94086, Bad Griesbach, Deutschland.
| | - O P Jungmann
- Urologische Klinik Lindenthal, St. Hildegardis Krankenhaus Köln-Lindenthal, Köln, Deutschland
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9
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Effect of UV Light and Sodium Hypochlorite on Formation and Destruction of Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm In Vitro. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of the first colonizers of bacterial biofilm in water systems and a member of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of UV light and sodium hypochlorite on the formation and destruction of mature P. fluorescens biofilm on ceramic tiles. Planktonic bacteria or bacteria in mature biofilm were exposed to UV light (254 nm) for 5, 20 s. and to 0.4 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 1 min. Mature biofilm was also exposed to increased concentration of sodium hypochlorite of 2 mg/L for 0.5, 1 and 2 h and combined with UV. Prolonged action of sodium hypochlorite and an increase in its concentration in combination with UV gave the best results in the inhibition of biofilm formation after the pre-treatment and destruction of mature biofilm. The effect of hyperchlorination in combination with UV radiation shows better results after a long exposure time, although even after 120 min there was no completely destroyed biofilm. Furthermore, the mechanism of the effect of combined methods should be explored as well as the importance of mechanical cleaning that is crucial in combating bacterial biofilm in swimming pools.
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Puce L, Hampton-Marcell J, Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Chtourou H, Boulares A, Marinelli L, Mori L, Cotellessa F, Currà A, Trompetto C, Bragazzi NL. Swimming and the human microbiome at the intersection of sports, clinical, and environmental sciences: A scoping review of the literature. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984867. [PMID: 35992695 PMCID: PMC9382026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is comprised of more than 10–100 trillion microbial taxa and symbiotic cells. Two major human sites that are host to microbial communities are the gut and the skin. Physical exercise has favorable effects on the structure of human microbiota and metabolite production in sedentary subjects. Recently, the concept of “athletic microbiome” has been introduced. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no review specifically addressing the potential role of microbiomics for swimmers, since each sports discipline requires a specific set of techniques, training protocols, and interactions with the athletic infrastructure/facility. Therefore, to fill in this gap, the present scoping review was undertaken. Four studies were included, three focusing on the gut microbiome, and one addressing the skin microbiome. It was found that several exercise-related variables, such as training volume/intensity, impact the athlete’s microbiome, and specifically the non-core/peripheral microbiome, in terms of its architecture/composition, richness, and diversity. Swimming-related power-/sprint- and endurance-oriented activities, acute bouts and chronic exercise, anaerobic/aerobic energy systems have a differential impact on the athlete’s microbiome. Therefore, their microbiome can be utilized for different purposes, including talent identification, monitoring the effects of training methodologies, and devising ad hoc conditioning protocols, including dietary supplementation. Microbiomics can be exploited also for clinical purposes, assessing the effects of exposure to swimming pools and developing potential pharmacological strategies to counteract the insurgence of skin infections/inflammation, including acne. In conclusion, microbiomics appears to be a promising tool, even though current research is still limited, warranting, as such, further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jarrad Hampton-Marcell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’Éducation Physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), Université Paris Lumières, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’Éducation Physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ayoub Boulares
- Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,
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Kudlek E, Lempart-Rapacewicz A, Dudziak M. Identification of Potential Harmful Transformation Products of Selected Micropollutants in Outdoor and Indoor Swimming Pool Water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095660. [PMID: 35565054 PMCID: PMC9104222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the estimation of micropollutant decomposition effectiveness and the identification of transformation intermediates formed during selected processes used in the treatment of swimming pool water. Tests were carried out under both indoor and outdoor conditions to simulate the removal of contaminants in different types of pool water basins. Model swimming pool water spiked with caffeine, carbamazepine, bisphenol A and oxadiazon were subjected to chlorination, ozonation, UV radiation, and artificial and sun lightening, carried out as single or combined processes. It was noted that organic micropollutants decompose faster during exposure to natural sunlight than artificial lighting. Caffeine and carbamazepine belong to compounds that are resistant to single ozone or light decomposition. Bisphenol A was completely removed by the action of the chlorination agent NaOCl. The highest compound removal degrees were noted for the integrated action of natural sunlight, NaOCl and O3. This process allows also for the decomposition of all caffeine and oxadiazon decomposition by-products that potentially are toxic to swimming pool users.
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12
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Snell JA, Jandova J, Wondrak GT. Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887220. [PMID: 35574306 PMCID: PMC9106365 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A multitude of extrinsic environmental factors (referred to in their entirety as the 'skin exposome') impact structure and function of skin and its corresponding cellular components. The complex (i.e. additive, antagonistic, or synergistic) interactions between multiple extrinsic (exposome) and intrinsic (biological) factors are important determinants of skin health outcomes. Here, we review the role of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as an emerging component of the skin exposome serving molecular functions as an innate immune factor, environmental toxicant, and topical chemopreventive agent targeting solar UV-induced skin cancer. HOCl [and its corresponding anion (OCl-; hypochlorite)], a weak halogen-based acid and powerful oxidant, serves two seemingly unrelated molecular roles: (i) as an innate immune factor [acting as a myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived microbicidal factor] and (ii) as a chemical disinfectant used in freshwater processing on a global scale, both in the context of drinking water safety and recreational freshwater use. Physicochemical properties (including redox potential and photon absorptivity) determine chemical reactivity of HOCl towards select biochemical targets [i.e. proteins (e.g. IKK, GRP78, HSA, Keap1/NRF2), lipids, and nucleic acids], essential to its role in innate immunity, antimicrobial disinfection, and therapeutic anti-inflammatory use. Recent studies have explored the interaction between solar UV and HOCl-related environmental co-exposures identifying a heretofore unrecognized photo-chemopreventive activity of topical HOCl and chlorination stress that blocks tumorigenic inflammatory progression in UV-induced high-risk SKH-1 mouse skin, a finding with potential implications for the prevention of human nonmelanoma skin photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georg T. Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy & UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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13
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Costa C, Assunção R, Sequeira D, Esteves F, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Teixeira JP, Madureira J. From trihalomethanes chronic daily intake through multiple exposure routes to cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment: Evidence from public Portuguese indoor swimming pools facilities using a probabilistic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151790. [PMID: 34808171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate chronic daily intake (CDI) and to predict the attributable lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and hazard index (HI) from concurrent exposure to four trihalomethanes (THMs; chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform), via multiple exposure routes (oral ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation), among 238 non-competitive attendees of 10 Portuguese public indoor swimming pools (SPs), using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. Exposure parameters of study participants were collected via questionnaires and THMs levels in SPs water were determined according the respective normative standards. The CDI for total THMs calculated for male and female participants considering all routes was 7.52 and 8.97 mg/kg/day, respectively. SP attendees presented higher CDI through inhalation than via the other two exposure routes, and chloroform was the compound contributing the most to total THMs CDI. The risk analysis indicated that the total LCR and HI from the targeted THMs were higher than the negligible risk levels (1 × 10-6 and 1, respectively) in the scenarios examined (central tendency exposure and reasonable maximum exposure), and the health risk for females was slightly higher than for males. This study suggests that there are possible adverse health risks, thus, to protect pool attendees, adequate mitigation measures, and comprehensive regulatory guidelines on individual THMs concentrations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Sequeira
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Esteves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Universidade da Coruña, Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Madureira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Recent Advances in Sampling and Sample Preparation for Effect-Directed Environmental Analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Dehghani M, Shahsavani S, Mohammadpour A, Jafarian A, Arjmand S, Rasekhi MA, Dehghani S, Zaravar F, Derakhshan Z, Ferrante M, Oliveri Conti G. Determination of chloroform concentration and human exposure assessment in the swimming pool. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111883. [PMID: 34391733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the concentration of the by-products of chlorination in the swimming pool and estimate human health risk for the swimmers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the chloroform concentrations of 16 samples were measured using Gas Chromatography (GC). All the measured concentrations were less than the allowed amount announced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of the cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) showed that the major exposure routes were found to be dermal during swimming and the 95 percentile of estimated CR and HI for the male group were 1.38 × 10-10 and 1.82 × 10-5 respectively, which is higher than the values of 5.48 × 10-10 and 2.25 × 10-5 respectively, for the women group. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the swimming exposure time (ET), and chloroform concentration were the most relevant variables in the health risk model. Therefore, knowledge about the sources of micro-pollutants in swimming pools might help promote the health methods of the pool environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arian Jafarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Arjmand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rasekhi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Foroozandeh Zaravar
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Italy
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16
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Liu C, Sun Y, Mustieles V, Chen YJ, Huang LL, Deng YL, Wang YX, Lu WQ, Messerlian C. Prenatal Exposure to Disinfection Byproducts and Intrauterine Growth in a Chinese Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16011-16022. [PMID: 34813313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure has been associated with birth size, pregnancy oxidative stress, and other adverse perinatal outcomes. However, little is known about the potential effect of prenatal DBP exposure on intrauterine growth. The present study included 1516 pregnant women from the Xiaogan Disinfection By-Products (XGDBP) birth cohort who were measured for four blood trihalomethanes [i.e., chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and two urinary haloacetic acids [i.e., dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)] across pregnancy trimesters. Second- and third-trimester fetal ultrasound measures of the abdominal circumference (AC), head circumference, biparietal diameter, femur length, and estimated fetal weight and birth weight were converted into z-scores. After adjusting for potential confounders, linear mixed models showed a decreasing AC z-score across tertiles of blood brominated THM (Br-THMs, the sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and total THM (THM4, the sum of Br-THMs and TCM) concentrations (both p for trend <0.01). We also observed a decreasing AC z-score across categories of blood TBM during pregnancy trimesters (p for trend = 0.03). Urinary haloacetic acids were unrelated to fetal growth parameters. In summary, prenatal exposure to THMs, particularly during the first trimester, was associated with reduced fetal abdominal circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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17
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Villanueva CM, Espinosa A, Gracia-Lavedan E, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Molina AJ, Amiano P, Gómez-Acebo I, Castaño-Vinyals G, Vineis P, Kogevinas M. Exposure to widespread drinking water chemicals, blood inflammation markers, and colorectal cancer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106873. [PMID: 34543938 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) and nitrate are widespread chemicals in drinking water associated with colorectal cancer risk but mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVES We explored the association between exposure to THMs and nitrate in drinking water and inflammation markers, and the link with colorectal cancer risk. METHODS A subset of 198 colorectal cancer cases and 205 controls from the multicase-control study MCC-Spain were included. Average concentration of THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform) and nitrate in tap water at the residence was estimated from age 18 until 2 years before the interview ("long term") and for a recent period (3 years before diagnosis). Serum levels of EGF, eotaxin, G-CSF, IL-17E, IL-1rA, IL-8, IP-10, MDC, MPO, periostin, VEGF, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. We estimated the linear association between inflammation markers and exposure among controls, and the odds ratio of colorectal cancer associated with THM and nitrate exposure, and inflammation markers. A mediation analysis was conducted to identify inflammation markers in the pathway between THM/nitrate exposure and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Serum concentrations of EGF, IL-8, IL-17E and eotaxin increased with recent residential levels of brominated THMs, chloroforom and/or total THM. No associations were observed for nitrate and for long-term residential THM levels. All residential exposures except chloroform were positively associated with colorectal cancer. Serum concentrations of VEGF and periostin were positively associated with colorectal cancer, while EGF was inversely associated. One protein-exposure combination (periostin-recent ingested brominated THMs) slightly mediated the association with colorectal cancer risk. DISCUSSION Results suggest that estimated THM exposure is involved in inflammation processes. However, the study design was limited to stablish etiologically relevant associations between the protein levels and colorectal cancer risk. The lack of association between nitrate exposure and inflammation markers suggests other biological mechanisms are involved in the link with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio José Molina
- The Research Group in Gene - Environment and Health Interactions (GIIGAS)/Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de León, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Inés Gómez-Acebo
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Liguria, Italy
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Couto M, Bernard A, Delgado L, Drobnic F, Kurowski M, Moreira A, Rodrigues‐Alves R, Rukhadze M, Seys S, Wiszniewska M, Quirce S. Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools. Allergy 2021; 76:3257-3275. [PMID: 34289125 DOI: 10.1111/all.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination by-products (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since some have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations. The higher the concentration of volatile CBPs in the water, the higher their concentration in the air above the pool, and different routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools (water ingestion, skin absorption, and inhalation) contribute to the individual exposome. Some CBPs may affect the respiratory and skin health of those who stay indoor for long periods, such as swimming instructors, pool staff, and competitive swimmers. Whether those who use chlorinated pools as customers, particularly children, may also be affected has been a matter of debate. In this article, we discuss the current evidence regarding the health effects of both acute and chronic exposures in different populations (work-related exposures, intensive sports, and recreational attendance) and identify the main recommendations and unmet needs for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Couto
- Centro de Alergia Hospital CUF Descobertas Lisboa Portugal
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC) Catholic University of Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Luís Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Serviço de ImunoalergologiaCentro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E. Porto Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE) Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | - Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Łódź Łódź Poland
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Serviço de ImunoalergologiaCentro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E. Porto Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit‐ Instituto de Saúde Pública Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | - Maia Rukhadze
- Center of Allergy & Immunology Teaching University Geomedi LLC Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Sven Seys
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Department of Clinical Immunology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Marta Wiszniewska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Lodz Poland
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy La Paz University HospitalIdiPAZ, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
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Mustapha S, Jimoh T, Ndamitso M, Abdulkareem SA, Taye SD, Mohammed AK, Amigun AT. The Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Swimming Pools: An Overview. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2021; 15:11786302211036520. [PMID: 34376989 PMCID: PMC8335839 DOI: 10.1177/11786302211036520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of several disinfectant byproducts has been investigated in swimming pools. Until now, there are only a few studies on nitrosamine, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine in swimming pool water. This could be due to the lack of a suitable method that is sensitive enough for the measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pool waters. Other disinfectant byproducts formed in pool water widely documented are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, and chloramines but inadequate information on N-nitrosodimethylamine. This paper provides a review of the nitrogenous disinfectant byproduct in swimming pools and its health implications. Anthropogenic substances introduced by swimmers such as sweat, lotions, and urine contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of secondary amines such as dimethylamine with mono/dichloroamines produced dimethyl hydrazine and further undergo oxidation to form N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of chlorine and other disinfectants with these anthropogenic sources in swimming pools cause cancer and asthma in human tissues. Thus, the assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the swimming pool is less well documented. Therefore, the health consequences, mutagenic, and genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosodimethylamine should be the focus of more research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Mustapha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Tijani Jimoh
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Muhammed Ndamitso
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Saka Ambali Abdulkareem
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger, Nigeria
| | - Shuaib Damola Taye
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Abdul Kabir Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Azeezah Taiwo Amigun
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
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20
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Barupal DK, Baygi SF, Wright RO, Arora M. Data Processing Thresholds for Abundance and Sparsity and Missed Biological Insights in an Untargeted Chemical Analysis of Blood Specimens for Exposomics. Front Public Health 2021; 9:653599. [PMID: 34178917 PMCID: PMC8222544 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.653599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An untargeted chemical analysis of bio-fluids provides semi-quantitative data for thousands of chemicals for expanding our understanding about relationships among metabolic pathways, diseases, phenotypes and exposures. During the processing of mass spectral and chromatography data, various signal thresholds are used to control the number of peaks in the final data matrix that is used for statistical analyses. However, commonly used stringent thresholds generate constrained data matrices which may under-represent the detected chemical space, leading to missed biological insights in the exposome research. Methods: We have re-analyzed a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry data set for a publicly available epidemiology study (n = 499) of human cord blood samples using the MS-DIAL software with minimally possible thresholds during the data processing steps. Peak list for individual files and the data matrix after alignment and gap-filling steps were summarized for different peak height and detection frequency thresholds. Correlations between birth weight and LC/MS peaks in the newly generated data matrix were computed using the spearman correlation coefficient. Results: MS-DIAL software detected on average 23,156 peaks for individual LC/MS file and 63,393 peaks in the aligned peak table. A combination of peak height and detection frequency thresholds that was used in the original publication at the individual file and the peak alignment levels can reject 90% peaks from the untargeted chemical analysis dataset that was generated by MS-DIAL. Correlation analysis for birth weight data suggested that up to 80% of the significantly associated peaks were rejected by the data processing thresholds that were used in the original publication. The re-analysis with minimum possible thresholds recovered metabolic insights about C19 steroids and hydroxy-acyl-carnitines and their relationships with birth weight. Conclusions: Data processing thresholds for peak height and detection frequencies at individual data file and at the alignment level should be used at minimal possible level or completely avoided for mining untargeted chemical analysis data in the exposome research for discovering new biomarkers and mechanisms.
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21
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Drabińska N, Flynn C, Ratcliffe N, Belluomo I, Myridakis A, Gould O, Fois M, Smart A, Devine T, Costello BDL. A literature survey of all volatiles from healthy human breath and bodily fluids: the human volatilome. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33761469 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper comprises an updated version of the 2014 review which reported 1846 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from healthy humans. In total over 900 additional VOCs have been reported since the 2014 review and the VOCs from semen have been added. The numbers of VOCs found in breath and the other bodily fluids are: blood 379, breath 1488, faeces 443, milk 290, saliva 549, semen 196, skin 623 and urine 444. Compounds were assigned CAS registry numbers and named according to a common convention where possible. The compounds have been included in a single table with the source reference(s) for each VOC, an update on our 2014 paper. VOCs have also been grouped into tables according to their chemical class or functionality to permit easy comparison. Careful use of the database is needed, as a number of the identified VOCs only have level 2-putative assignment, and only a small fraction of the reported VOCs have been validated by standards. Some clear differences are observed, for instance, a lack of esters in urine with a high number in faeces and breath. However, the lack of compounds from matrices such a semen and milk compared to breath for example could be due to the techniques used or reflect the intensity of effort e.g. there are few publications on VOCs from milk and semen compared to a large number for breath. The large number of volatiles reported from skin is partly due to the methodologies used, e.g. by collecting skin sebum (with dissolved VOCs and semi VOCs) onto glass beads or cotton pads and then heating to a high temperature to desorb VOCs. All compounds have been included as reported (unless there was a clear discrepancy between name and chemical structure), but there may be some mistaken assignations arising from the original publications, particularly for isomers. It is the authors' intention that this work will not only be a useful database of VOCs listed in the literature but will stimulate further study of VOCs from healthy individuals; for example more work is required to confirm the identification of these VOCs adhering to the principles outlined in the metabolomics standards initiative. Establishing a list of volatiles emanating from healthy individuals and increased understanding of VOC metabolic pathways is an important step for differentiating between diseases using VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Drabińska
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cheryl Flynn
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Antonis Myridakis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, QEQM Building, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Gould
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Fois
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Smart
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Devine
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Ben De Lacy Costello
- Centre of Research in Biosciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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22
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Wawryk NJP, Craven CB, Blackstock LKJ, Li XF. New methods for identification of disinfection byproducts of toxicological relevance: Progress and future directions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:151-159. [PMID: 33183692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) represent a ubiquitous source of chemical exposure in disinfected water. While over 700 DBPs have been identified, the drivers of toxicity remain poorly understood. Additionally, ever evolving water treatment practices have led to a continually growing list of DBPs. Advancement of analytical technologies have enabled the identification of new classes of DBPs and the quantification of these chemically diverse sets of DBPs. Here we summarize advances in new workflows for DBP analysis, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, and data processing. To aid in the selection of techniques for future studies, we discuss necessary considerations for each step in the strategy. This review focuses on how each step of a workflow can be optimized to capture diverse classes of DBPs within a single method. Additionally, we highlight new MS-based approaches that can be powerful for identifying novel DBPs of toxicological relevance. We discuss current challenges and provide perspectives on future research directions with respect to studying new DBPs of toxicological relevance. As analytical technologies continue to advance, new strategies will be increasingly used to analyze complex DBPs produced in different treatment processes with the aim to identify potential drivers of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J P Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Caley B Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lindsay K Jmaiff Blackstock
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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23
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Anchal P, Kumari M, Gupta SK. Human health risk estimation and predictive modeling of halogenated disinfection by- products (chloroform) in swimming pool waters: a case study of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:1595-1605. [PMID: 33312664 PMCID: PMC7721849 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an important process to make the water free from harmful pathogenic substances, but sometimes it results in the formation of harmful by-products. Development of predictive models is required to define the concentration of THMs in pool water. Majority of studies reported inhalation to be the most significant THMs exposure route which is more likely to be dependent upon the concentration of THMs in pool water and in air. THMs concentration in the analyzed pool water samples and in air was found to be 197.18 ± 16.31 μg L-1 and 0.033 μg m3-1, respectively. Statistical parameters such as high correlation coefficients, high R2 values, low standard error, and low mean square error of prediction indicated the validity of MLR based linear model over non-linear model. Therefore, linear model can be most suitably used to pre-assess and predict the THMs levels in swimming pool water. Risk estimation studies was conducted by using the united states environmental protection agency (USEPA) Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL). The lifetime time cancer risk values related to chloroform exceeded 10-6 for both the sub-population. Inhalation exposure leads to maximum risk and contributed up to 99% to total cancer risk. Risk due to other exposure pathways like accidental ingestion and skin contact was found to be negligible and insignificant. Monte Carlo simulation results revealed that the simulated THMs risk values for the studied exposure pathways lies within ±3.1% of the average risk values obtained using SWIMODEL. Hence, the risk estimates obtained using SWIMODEL seemed to be appropriate in determining the potential risk exposure of THMs on human health. Variation in input parameters like body weight (BW) and skin surface area (SA) leads to difference in risk estimates for the studied population. Non cancer risk was found to be insignificant as represented by low hazard quotient (HQ < 1) values. Through monitoring and regulations on control of THMs in swimming pool water is required to minimize the risk associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Anchal
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
| | - Minashree Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004 India
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24
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Ates N, Kaplan-Bekaroglu SS, Dadaser-Celik F. Spatial/temporal distribution and multi-pathway cancer risk assessment of trihalomethanes in low TOC and high bromide groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2276-2290. [PMID: 33103680 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims (1) to determine the seasonal and spatial distribution of THMs formed in chlorinated groundwater containing low levels of organic matter (0.4-0.8 mg L-1) and low to high levels of bromine (40-380 μg L-1), and (2) to evaluate the multi-route cancer risks associated with them. The study was conducted in Kayseri (Turkey), where drinking water is supplied from groundwater after chlorination only. THM formation in 50 water samples from 18 storage tanks and 32 distribution points was investigated to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in THM concentrations for 12 months. The lifetime cancer risk associated with exposure to THMs through multiple pathways (i.e., oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation) was estimated for males and females. For a 12 month sampling period, the minimum and maximum THM concentrations varied from 2 μg L-1 to 17 μg L-1 and from 2 μg L-1 to 29 μg L-1 in storage tanks and distribution points, respectively. The ranges of median concentrations of THM were 5 μg L-1 to 9 μg L-1 in storage tanks and 5 μg L-1 to 12 μg L-1 in distribution points. In all samples dibromochloromethane was the dominant species, followed by bromoform, chloroform, and bromodichloromethane. The average values of total cancer risk associated with exposure to THMs via oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation for females and males were 1.31 × 10-5 and 1.25 × 10-5 in storage tanks, and 1.46 × 10-5 and 1.39 × 10-5 in distribution points, respectively. Although THM concentrations were very low, cancer risk values are 1.0 × 10-6 < CR < 1.0 × 10-4, which are higher than the negligible risk level (1.0 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Ates
- Environmental Engineering Dept., Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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25
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Vineis P, Robinson O, Chadeau-Hyam M, Dehghan A, Mudway I, Dagnino S. What is new in the exposome? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105887. [PMID: 32619912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The exposome concept refers to the totality of exposures from a variety of external and internal sources including chemical agents, biological agents, or radiation, from conception onward, over a complete lifetime. It encompasses also "psychosocial components" including the impact of social relations and socio-economic position on health. In this review we provide examples of recent contributions from exposome research, where we believe their application will be of the greatest value for moving forward. So far, environmental epidemiology has mainly focused on hard outcomes, such as mortality, disease exacerbation and hospitalizations. However, there are many subtle outcomes that can be related to environmental exposures, and investigations can be facilitated by an improved understanding of internal biomarkers of exposure and response, through the application of omic technologies. Second, though we have a wealth of studies on environmental pollutants, the assessment of causality is often difficult because of confounding, reverse causation and other uncertainties. Biomarkers and omic technologies may allow better causal attribution, for example using instrumental variables in triangulation, as we discuss here. Even more complex is the understanding of how social relationships (in particular socio-economic differences) influence health and imprint on the fundamental biology of the individual. The identification of molecular changes that are intermediate between social determinants and disease status is a way to fill the gap. Another field in which biomarkers and omics are relevant is the study of mixtures. Epidemiology often deals with complex mixtures (e.g. ambient air pollution, food, smoking) without fully disentangling the compositional complexity of the mixture, or with rudimentary approaches to reflect the overall effect of multiple exposures or components. From the point of view of disease mechanisms, most models hypothesize that several stages need to be transitioned through health to the induction of disease, but very little is known about the characteristics and temporal sequence of such stages. Exposome models reinforce the idea of a biography-to-biology transition, in that everyone's disease is the product of the individual history of exposures, superimposed on their underlying genetic susceptibilities. Finally, exposome research is facilitated by technological developments that complement traditional epidemiological study designs. We describe in depth one such new tools, adductomics. In general, the development of high-resolution and high-throughput technologies interrogating multiple -omics (such as epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, adductomics and metabolomics) yields an unprecedented perspective into the impact of the environment in its widest sense on disease. The world of the exposome is rapidly evolving, though a huge gap still needs to be filled between the original expectations and the concrete achievements. Perhaps the most urgent need is for the establishment of a new generation of cohort studies with appropriately specified biosample collection, improved questionnaire data (including social variables), and the deployment of novel technologies that allow better characterization of individual environmental exposures, ranging from personal monitoring to satellite based observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy.
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonia Dagnino
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UK
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26
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Simon F, Kiss E, Szabó M, Fábián I. The Chlorination of N-Methyl Amino Acids with Hypochlorous Acid: Kinetics and Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2189-2196. [PMID: 32633499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation and decomposition kinetics of N-chloro-N-methyl amino acids were studied to predict the fate and impact of these compounds in water treatment technologies and biological systems. These compounds form in fast second-order reactions between N-methyl amino acids and hypochlorous acid. The comparison of the activation parameters for the reactions of N-methyl substituted and nonsubstituted branched-chain amino acids reveals the transition-state features less organized structure and stronger bonds between the reactants in the reactions with the N-methyl derivatives. This is due to a combined positive inductive effect of the N-methyl group and the alkyl side chain as well as to the steric effects of the substituents. N-Methyl-N-chloro amino acids decompose much faster than the nonsubstituted compounds. The reaction rates do not depend on the pH, and the same final product is formed in the entire pH range. N-Chlorosarcosine is an exception, as it decomposes via competing paths, kdobs = kd + kdOH[OH-], yielding different final products. This feature is most likely due to the lack of an alkyl substituent on the α-carbon atom. Under physiological pH, aldehydes and methylamine form in these reactions, which are not particularly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Simon
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kiss
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Szabó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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27
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Li Y, Jiang J, Li W, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jiang F. Volatile DBPs contributed marginally to the developmental toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures against Platynereis dumerilii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126611. [PMID: 32443275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water. The complicated natural organic matter in source water causes the formation of an even more complicated mixture of DBPs. To evaluate the toxicity of a DBP mixture in a disinfected water sample, the sample needs to be pretreated in order to attain an observable acute adverse effect in the toxicity test. During sample pretreatment, volatile DBPs including trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and haloketones may be lost, which could affect the toxicity evaluation of the DBP mixture. In this study, we intentionally prepared "concentrated" simulated drinking water samples, which contained sufficiently high levels of volatile and nonvolatile DBPs and thus enabled directly evaluating the toxicity of the DBP mixtures without sample pretreatment. Specifically, the natural organic matter and bromide concentrations and the chlorine dose in the concentrated water samples were 250 times higher than those in a typical drinking water sample. Each concentrated water sample was divided into two aliquots, and one of them was nitrogen sparged to eliminate volatile DBPs; then, both aliquots were used directly in a well-established developmental toxicity test. No significant difference (p > 0.10) was found between the developmental toxicity indexes of each concentrated water sample without and with nitrogen sparging, indicating that the contribution of volatile DBPs to the developmental toxicity of the DBP mixture might be marginal. A reasonable interpretation is that nonvolatile halogenated DBPs (especially the aromatic ones) in the DBP mixture could be the major developmental toxicity contributor that warrants more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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28
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Shi Y, Ma W, Han F, Geng Y, Yu X, Wang H, Kimura SY, Wei X, Kauffman A, Xiao S, Zheng W, Jia X. Precise exposure assessment revealed the cancer risk and disease burden caused by trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in Shanghai indoor swimming pool water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121810. [PMID: 31831286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Swimming pool disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are becoming increasingly common worldwide. Precise exposure and health risk assessment for DBPs in swimming pool water with optimized parameters for local and specific population is more urgently needed. This study aimed to determine the levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in 16 public indoor swimming pools in Shanghai, China. Swimming habits were also investigated to obtain more accurate exposure assessment parameters. Precise exposure assessment through multiple pathways, resulting cancer risk, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were assessed. Results indicated that the highest total level of THMs and HAAs occurred in autumn. The surveyed swimmers 9-17 years of age had higher average daily dose (ADD) of DBPs than swimmers ≥18 years of age. The total lifetime cancer risk (LCR) attributable to THMs and HAAs exceeded 10-6, which represents a negligible risk level (NRL). The cancer risk from inhalation exposure predominantly by THMs contributed more than 99% of the total risk. Annual disease burden was 19.0 person-years attributed to exposure of DBPs in swimming pool water in Shanghai. This study provides a paradigm and strategic reference of precise exposure assessments, risk assessments, and disease burden estimation of hazards in swimming pool water for other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Wuren Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fengchan Han
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiyin Wang
- Department of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Alexandra Kauffman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Water and Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China.
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Mohammadi A, Faraji M, Ebrahimi AA, Nemati S, Abdolahnejad A, Miri M. Comparing THMs level in old and new water distribution systems; seasonal variation and probabilistic risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110286. [PMID: 32036101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water are associated with many chemical parameters in water. However, the available evidence on the relationship between physical parameters of the water distribution system (WDS) and THMs is still scarce; therefore, this study aimed to compare the THMs concentration in the old and new WDS in Yazd, Iran. Moreover, we investigated the seasonal trend and health risk assessment of exposure to THMs through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation pathways. Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare THMs between old and new WDS as well as fall season and winter season. The order of THM concentrations was: chloroform > BDCM > DBCM > bromoform. The maximum levels of THMs in the fall and winter were 31 and 39 ppb, respectively, which were less than the WHO recommended limits for drinking water, i.e., <200 ppb. There was a significant difference between the concentration of BDCM in autumn and winter (P-value = 0.01). There was a marginally significant difference between THM concentration in the autumn and winter (P-value 0.09). The total concentration of THMs and chloroform in the old WDS were significantly higher than the new WDS. The mean values of lifetime cancer risks (LTCR) for oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure pathways to THMs were in the acceptable and low-risk levels. The inhalation exposure pathway had the highest LTCR from among the three mentioned exposure pathways. The hazard index was found to be < 1 through oral and dermal pathways. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis revealed that the ingestion rate for oral exposure, the exposure time for dermal and exposure duration for the inhalation exposure pathway had the highest impact on chronic daily intake (CDI). Our finding confirmed that THM concentration in tap water was associated with the lifespan of WDS and this finding could be useful for urban planners and decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ebrahimi
- Environmental Health Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sepideh Nemati
- Health Faculty, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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30
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Heaney LM, Kang S, Turner MA, Lindley MR, Thomas CLP. Evidence for alternative exhaled elimination profiles of disinfection by-products and potential markers of airway responses to swimming in a chlorinated pool environment. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:284-293. [PMID: 31814168 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfectants protect pool water from pathogen contamination but produce potentially harmful halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study characterized the bioaccumulation and elimination of exhaled DBPs post-swimming and investigated changes in exhaled breath profiles associated with chlorinated pool exposure. Nineteen participants provided alveolar-enriched breath samples prior to and 5, 90, 300, 510, and 600 minutes post-swimming. Known DBPs associated with chlorinated water were quantitated by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two distinct exhaled DBP elimination profiles were observed. Most participants (84%) reported peak concentrations immediately post-swimming that reduced exponentially. A sub-group exhibited a previously unobserved and delayed washout profile with peak levels at 90 minutes post-exposure. Metabolomic investigations tentatively identified two candidate biomarkers associated with swimming pool exposure, demonstrating an upregulation in the hours after exposure. These data demonstrated a hitherto undescribed exhaled DBP elimination profile in a small number of participants which contrasts previous findings of uniform accumulation and exponential elimination. This sub-group which exhibited delayed peak-exhaled concentrations suggests the uptake, processing, and immediate elimination of DBPs are not ubiquitous across individuals as previously understood. Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics highlighted extended buildup of compounds tentatively associated with swimming in a chlorinated pool environment that may indicate airway responses to DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Shuo Kang
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew A Turner
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Martin R Lindley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Charles L Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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31
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Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.
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Huang J, Zhang H. Mn-based catalysts for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105141. [PMID: 31520961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have drawn increasing attention during the past two decades, and Mn-based materials have been proven to be effective catalysts for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) to degrade many contaminants. This article presents a comprehensive review of various Mn-based materials to activate PMS and PDS. The activation mechanisms of different Mn-based catalysts (i.e., Mn oxides MnOx, MnOx hybrids, and MnOx‑carbonaceous material composites) were first summarized and discussed in detail. Besides the commonly reported free radicals (SO4-• and •OH), non-radical mechanisms such as singlet oxygen and direct electron transfer have also been discovered for selected materials. The effects of pH, inorganic ions, natural organic matter (NOM), dissolved oxygen content, temperature, and the crystallinity of the materials on the catalytic reactivity were also discussed. Then, important instrumentations and technologies employed to characterize Mn-based materials and to understand the reaction mechanisms were concisely summarized. Three common overlooks in the experimental designs for examining the PMS/PDS-MnOx systems were also discussed. Finally, future research directions were suggested to further improve the technology and to provide a guidance to develop cost-effective Mn-based materials to activate PMS/PDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Huichun Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Font-Ribera L, Marco E, Grimalt JO, Pastor S, Marcos R, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Pedersen M, Grummt T, Junek R, Barreiro E, Heederik D, Spithoven J, Critelli R, Naccarati A, Schmalz C, Zwiener C, Liu J, Zhang X, Mitch W, Gracia-Lavedan E, Arjona L, de Bont J, Tarès L, Vineis P, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Exposure to disinfection by-products in swimming pools and biomarkers of genotoxicity and respiratory damage - The PISCINA2 Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104988. [PMID: 31323486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming in pools is a healthy activity that entails exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are irritant and genotoxic. OBJECTIVES We evaluated exposure to DBPs during swimming in a chlorinated pool and the association with short-term changes in genotoxicity and lung epithelium permeability biomarkers. METHODS Non-smoker adults (N = 116) swimming 40 min in an indoor pool were included. We measured a range of biomarkers before and at different times after swimming: trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath (5 min), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine (30 min), micronuclei in lymphocytes (1 h), serum club cell protein (CC16) (1 h), urine mutagenicity (2 h) and micronuclei in reticulocytes (4 days in a subset, N = 19). Several DBPs in water and trichloramine in air were measured, and physical activity was extensively assessed. We estimated interactions with polymorphisms in genes related to DBP metabolism. RESULTS Median level of chloroform, brominated and total THMs in water was 37.3, 9.5 and 48.5, μg/L, respectively, and trichloramine in air was 472.6 μg/m3. Median exhaled chloroform, brominated and total THMs increased after swimming by 10.9, 2.6 and 13.4, μg/m3, respectively. Creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA increased by 3.1 μmol/mol. Micronuclei in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, urine mutagenicity and serum CC16 levels remained unchanged after swimming. Spearman correlation coefficients showed no association between DBP exposure and micronuclei in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and CC16. Moderate associations were observed for micronuclei in reticulocytes and DBP exposure. CONCLUSIONS The unchanged levels of the short-term effect biomarkers after swimming and null associations with personal estimates of exposure to DBPs suggest no measurable effect on genotoxicity in lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and lung epithelium permeability at the observed exposure levels. The moderate associations with micronuclei in reticulocytes require cautious interpretation given the reduced sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Font-Ribera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Pastor
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marie Pedersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ralf Junek
- German Environment Agency, Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Pulmonology Department-Lung Cancer & Muscle Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dick Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Spithoven
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rossana Critelli
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Torino, Italy; Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Christina Schmalz
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Arjona
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen de Bont
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Tarès
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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Liu Y, Chen CY, Wang GS. Bench-scale assessment of the formation and control of disinfection byproducts from human endogenous organic precursors in swimming pools. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:607-615. [PMID: 30844592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bench-scale system was utilized to assess the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from human endogenous organic matter. Perspiration and urine, constituting the main organic substances in swimming pools, were selected to represent the major human endogenous organics. Results revealed that the continuous input of body fluids into the reactor led to rapid accumulation of endogenous organic matter, which contributed to high concentrations of DBPs in the swimming pool. The increase in nonpurgeable organic carbon (NPDOC) concentration from the perspiration precursor was lower than that from urine during the operation. Moreover, the accumulation of swimmers' body fluids leads to increased DBP precursors, as well as increased chlorine demand and DBP formation in swimming pool water. The concentration of the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) consistently increased during the reaction. More THMs were generated in urine solution, whereas more HAAs were found in perspiration solution. To improve the water quality in swimming pools, ozonation, UV/Chlorine, and UV/H2O2 treatments were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing the DBP precursors. Results revealed that all of the three treatment processes can degrade the DBP precursors in perspiration and urine, eventually decreasing the DBP concentrations. However, only the UV/H2O2 treatment can decrease the formation of DBPs in perspiration and urine. In addition, the results revealed that UV/Chlorine and UV/H2O2 treatments should be operated for a sufficient contact time to prevent the increased production of DBP precursors in water at the early stage of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gängler S, Waldenberger M, Artati A, Adamski J, van Bolhuis JN, Sørgjerd EP, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk J, Makris KC. Exposure to disinfection byproducts and risk of type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study in the HUNT and Lifelines cohorts. Metabolomics 2019; 15:60. [PMID: 30963292 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental chemicals acting as metabolic disruptors have been implicated with diabetogenesis, but evidence is weak among short-lived chemicals, such as disinfection byproducts (trihalomethanes, THM composed of chloroform, TCM and brominated trihalomethanes, BrTHM). OBJECTIVES We assessed whether THM were associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and we explored alterations in metabolic profiles due to THM exposures or T2D status. METHODS A prospective 1:1 matched case-control study (n = 430) and a cross-sectional 1:1 matched case-control study (n = 362) nested within the HUNT cohort (Norway) and the Lifelines cohort (Netherlands), respectively, were set up. Urinary biomarkers of THM exposure and mass spectrometry-based serum metabolomics were measured. Associations between THM, clinical markers, metabolites and disease status were evaluated using logistic regressions with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator procedure. RESULTS Low median THM exposures (ng/g, IQR) were measured in both cohorts (cases and controls of HUNT and Lifelines, respectively, 193 (76, 470), 208 (77, 502) and 292 (162, 595), 342 (180, 602). Neither BrTHM (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.11 | OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.61), nor TCM (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.2 | OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.79, 1.35) were associated with incident or prevalent T2D, respectively. Metabolomics showed 48 metabolites associated with incident T2D after adjusting for sex, age and BMI, whereas a total of 244 metabolites were associated with prevalent T2D. A total of 34 metabolites were associated with the progression of T2D. In data driven logistic regression, novel biomarkers, such as cinnamoylglycine or 1-methylurate, being protective of T2D were identified. The incident T2D risk prediction model (HUNT) predicted well incident Lifelines cases (AUC = 0.845; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.97). CONCLUSION Such exposome-based approaches in cohort-nested studies are warranted to better understand the environmental origins of diabetogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gängler
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 85350, Freising, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jurjen N van Bolhuis
- Lifelines Research Office, The Lifelines Cohort, Bloemsingel 1, 9713 BZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Forskningsvegen 2, 7600, Levanger, Norway
| | - Jana van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, 3041, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Effecting Partial Elimination of Isocyanuric Acid from Swimming Pool Water Systems. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to disinfect the water in swimming pools in order to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of swimming pool water provides rapid and long-lasting disinfection, but leads to the formation of potentially toxic compounds, including isocyanuric acid, that are used to stabilize chlorine in pool water. Hygiene and health guidelines require an isocyanuric acid concentration in swimming pools of 25 to 75 ppm and that there be no level in excess of 100 ppm. This paper provides a new method to partially remove isocyanuric acid from the water of swimming pool systems with the use of melamine-based reagents. A melamine-photometry process stabilizes the isocyanuric acid. The melamine-based reagent that is added to the raw water reacts with the isocyanuric acid and forms a precipitated salt. The reaction also creates turbidity that is proportional to the isocyanuric acid concentration in the water. It was noted in this study that the optimum functioning range of melamine doses in the raw water was 0.04 to 0.06 g/L and that the reduction of isocyanuric acid in raw water increased as the dose of melamine was increased. Thus, it is necessary to obtain an estimate of the dose of melamine that is necessary to reduce the isocyanuric acid in the water without needing to add fresh water from the network to dilute it. Finally, it can be stated that eliminating isocyanuric acid that has accumulated in a pool’s water by treatment with melamine provides an efficient process, as it eliminates the amount of isocyanuric acid that is necessary to conform to the human health criteria of the European Union Directive 2006/7/EC. Treatment with melamine also reduces water network consumption and sewer discharge by successive purges that eventually will become unnecessary. Therefore, this proposed method is environmentally and economically beneficial.
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van Veldhoven K, Kiss A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Robinot N, Scalbert A, Cullinan P, Chung KF, Collins P, Sinharay R, Barratt BM, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Rodoreda AA, Carrasco-Turigas G, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Portengen L, Kyrtopoulos SA, Ponzi E, Chadeau-Hyam M, Vineis P. Impact of short-term traffic-related air pollution on the metabolome - Results from two metabolome-wide experimental studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:124-131. [PMID: 30522001 PMCID: PMC6329888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with adverse health outcomes but underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Two randomized crossover trials were used here, the Oxford Street II (London) and the TAPAS II (Barcelona) studies, where volunteers were allocated to high or low air pollution exposures. The two locations represent different exposure scenarios, with Oxford Street characterized by diesel vehicles and Barcelona by normal mixed urban traffic. Levels of five and four pollutants were measured, respectively, using personal exposure monitoring devices. Serum samples were used for metabolomic profiling. The association between TRAP and levels of each metabolic feature was assessed. All pollutant levels were significantly higher at the high pollution sites. 29 and 77 metabolic features were associated with at least one pollutant in the Oxford Street II and TAPAS II studies, respectively, which related to 17 and 30 metabolic compounds. Little overlap was observed across pollutants for metabolic features, suggesting that different pollutants may affect levels of different metabolic features. After observing the annotated compounds, the main pathway suggested in Oxford Street II in association with NO2 was the acyl-carnitine pathway, previously found to be associated with cardio-respiratory disease. No overlap was found between the metabolic features identified in the two studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van Veldhoven
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agneta Kiss
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Paul Cullinan
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom; King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Collins
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudy Sinharay
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erica Ponzi
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy.
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Niedzwiecki MM, Walker DI, Vermeulen R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Jones DP, Miller GW. The Exposome: Molecules to Populations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:107-127. [PMID: 30095351 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Derived from the term exposure, the exposome is an omic-scale characterization of the nongenetic drivers of health and disease. With the genome, it defines the phenome of an individual. The measurement of complex environmental factors that exert pressure on our health has not kept pace with genomics and historically has not provided a similar level of resolution. Emerging technologies make it possible to obtain detailed information on drugs, toxicants, pollutants, nutrients, and physical and psychological stressors on an omic scale. These forces can also be assessed at systems and network levels, providing a framework for advances in pharmacology and toxicology. The exposome paradigm can improve the analysis of drug interactions and detection of adverse effects of drugs and toxicants and provide data on biological responses to exposures. The comprehensive model can provide data at the individual level for precision medicine, group level for clinical trials, and population level for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ,
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ,
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands;
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, Netherlands
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom;
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands;
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom;
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Pándics T, Hofer Á, Dura G, Vargha M, Szigeti T, Tóth E. Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products: a regulatory perspective. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:947-957. [PMID: 30540269 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While disinfection of swimming pools is indispensable for microbiological safety, it may lead to the formation of disinfection by-products. Most studies agree that inhalation exposure is the predominant pathway of the associated health risks, but assumptions are based on concentrations measured in water and evaporation models. Pool water and air were sampled in 19 swimming pools. Trihalomethanes were detected in all sites; chloroform being the most abundant species. Concentrations ranged between 12.8-71.2 μg/L and 11.1-102.2 μg/m3 in pool water and air, respectively. The individual lifetime carcinogenic risk associated with chloroform in swimming pools exceeded 10-6 in all age groups for recreational swimmers and 10-5 for elite swimmers and staff, even if the pool complied with the national standards. Inhalation exposure was estimated and found to be the most relevant, however, different mass transfer models from water measurements significantly under- or overestimated the health burden compared to direct calculation from the concentration in air. The observed health risks call for defining regulatory values and monitoring requirement of indoor air quality in swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pándics
- National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Flórián út 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Ádám Hofer
- National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Flórián út 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Gyula Dura
- National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Flórián út 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Márta Vargha
- National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Flórián út 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Tamás Szigeti
- National Public Health Institute, Public Health Directorate, Albert Flórián út 2-6., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117, Hungary
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40
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Maitre L, Robinson O, Martinez D, Toledano MB, Ibarluzea J, Marina LS, Sunyer J, Villanueva CM, Keun HC, Vrijheid M, Coen M. Urine Metabolic Signatures of Multiple Environmental Pollutants in Pregnant Women: An Exposome Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13469-13480. [PMID: 30285427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly during pregnancy, can have adverse consequences on child development but little is known about the effects of pollutant mixtures on endogenous metabolism in pregnant women. We aimed to identify urinary metabolic signatures associated with low level exposure to multiple environmental pollutants in pregnant women from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) birth cohort (Spain, N = 750). 35 chemical exposures were quantified in first trimester blood samples (organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PFAS), in cord blood (mercury), and twice in urine at 12 and 32 weeks of pregnancy (metals, phthalates, bisphenol A). 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolic profiles of urine were acquired in the same samples as pollutants. We explored associations between exposures and metabolism through an exposome-metabolome wide association scan and multivariate O2PLS modeling. Novel and reproducible associations were found across two periods of pregnancy for three nonpersistent pollutants and across two subcohorts for four of the persistent pollutants. We found novel metabolic signatures associated with arsenic exposure: TMAO and dimethylamine possibly related to gut microbial methylamine metabolism and homarine related to fish intake. Tobacco smoke exposure was related to coffee metabolism and PCBs with 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, usually released under ketoacidosis. These findings will have implications for further understanding of maternal-fetal health, and health across the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
- Medical Research Council-Public Health England (MRC-PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Imperial College London , London , U.K
| | - David Martinez
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mireille B Toledano
- Medical Research Council-Public Health England (MRC-PHE) Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Imperial College London , London , U.K
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
- School of Psychology , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , San Sebastian , Basque Country Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute , San Sebastian , Basque Country Spain
- Sub-Directorate for Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Department of Health , Government of the Basque Country , San Sebastian , Basque Country Spain
| | - Loreto Santa Marina
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute , San Sebastian , Basque Country Spain
- Sub-Directorate for Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Department of Health , Government of the Basque Country , San Sebastian , Basque Country Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
- Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Hector C Keun
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , U.K
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Institute for Global Health , Barcelona , Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Muireann Coen
- Integrative Systems Medicine & Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , U.K
- Oncology Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism , IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue , Cambridge CB2 0RE , U.K
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41
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Salihu SO, Bakar NKA. Modified APHA closed-tube reflux colorimetric method for TOC determination in water and wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:369. [PMID: 29850927 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) by the American Public Health Association (APHA) closed-tube reflux colorimetric method requires potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), silver sulfate (AgSO4), and mercury (HgSO4) sulfate in addition to large volumes of both reagents and samples. The method relies on the release of oxygen from dichromate on heating which is consumed by carbon associated with organic compounds. The method risks environmental pollution by discharging large amounts of chromium (VI) and silver and mercury sulfates. The present method used potassium monochromate (K2CrO4) to generate the K2Cr2O7 on demand in the first phase. In addition, miniaturizing the procedure to semi microanalysis decreased the consumption of reagents and samples. In the second phase, mercury sulfate was eliminated as part of the digestion mixture through the introduction of sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3) for the removal of chlorides from the sample. The modified method, the potassium monochromate closed-tube colorimetry with sodium bismuthate chloride removal (KMCC-Bi), generates the potassium dichromate on demand and eliminates mercury sulfate. The semi microanalysis procedure leads to a 60% reduction in sample volume and ≈ 33.33 and 60% reduction in monochromate and silver sulfate consumption respectively. The LOD and LOQ were 10.17 and 33.90 mg L-1 for APHA, and 4.95 and 16.95 mg L-1 for KMCC-Bi. Recovery was between 83 to 98% APHA and 92 to 104% KMCC-Bi, while the RSD (%) ranged between 0.8 to 5.0% APHA and 0.00 to 0.62% KMCC-Bi. The method was applied for the UV-Vis spectrometry determination of COD in water and wastewater. Statistics was done by MINITAB 17 or MS Excel 2016. ᅟ Graphical abstract.
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42
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Vineis P. From John Snow to omics: the long journey of environmental epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol 2018; 33:355-363. [PMID: 29680996 PMCID: PMC5945800 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-018-0398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major difference between infectious and non-communicable diseases is that infectious diseases typically have unique necessary causes whereas noncommunicable diseases have multiple causes which by themselves are usually neither necessary nor sufficient. Epidemiology seems to have reached a limit in disentangling the role of single components in causal complexes, particularly at low doses. To overcome limitations the discipline can take advantage of technical developments including the science of the exposome. By referring to the interpretation of the exposome as put forward in the work of Wild and Rappaport, I show examples of how the science of multi-causality can build upon the developments of omic technologies. Finally, I broaden the picture by advocating a more holistic approach to causality that also encompasses social sciences and the concept of embodiment. To tackle NCDs effectively on one side we can invest in various omic approaches, to identify new external causes of non-communicable diseases (that we can use to develop preventive strategies), and the corresponding mechanistic pathways. On the other side, we need to focus on the social and societal determinants which are suggested to be the root causes of many non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W21PG, UK. .,Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy.
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43
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Jain P, Vineis P, Liquet B, Vlaanderen J, Bodinier B, van Veldhoven K, Kogevinas M, Athersuch TJ, Font-Ribera L, Villanueva CM, Vermeulen R, Chadeau-Hyam M. A multivariate approach to investigate the combined biological effects of multiple exposures. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018; 72:564-571. [PMID: 29563153 PMCID: PMC6031275 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-210061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies provide evidence that environmental exposures may affect health through complex mixtures. Formal investigation of the effect of exposure mixtures is usually achieved by modelling interactions, which relies on strong assumptions relating to the identity and the number of the exposures involved in such interactions, and on the order and parametric form of these interactions. These hypotheses become difficult to formulate and justify in an exposome context, where influential exposures are numerous and heterogeneous. To capture both the complexity of the exposome and its possibly pleiotropic effects, models handling multivariate predictors and responses, such as partial least squares (PLS) algorithms, can prove useful. As an illustrative example, we applied PLS models to data from a study investigating the inflammatory response (blood concentration of 13 immune markers) to the exposure to four disinfection by-products (one brominated and three chlorinated compounds), while swimming in a pool. To accommodate the multiple observations per participant (n=60; before and after the swim), we adopted a multilevel extension of PLS algorithms, including sparse PLS models shrinking loadings coefficients of unimportant predictors (exposures) and/or responses (protein levels). Despite the strong correlation among co-occurring exposures, our approach identified a subset of exposures (n=3/4) affecting the exhaled levels of 8 (out of 13) immune markers. PLS algorithms can easily scale to high-dimensional exposures and responses, and prove useful for exposome research to identify sparse sets of exposures jointly affecting a set of (selected) biological markers. Our descriptive work may guide these extensions for higher dimensional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
| | - Benoît Liquet
- UMR CNRS 5142, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Anglet, France.,School of Mathematics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Bodinier
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karin van Veldhoven
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laia Font-Ribera
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Gängler S, Charisiadis P, Seth R, Chatterjee S, Makris KC. Time of the day dictates the variability of biomarkers of exposure to disinfection byproducts. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:33-40. [PMID: 29247841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-persistent environmental chemicals (NOPEC) are xenobiotics with short half-lives of elimination (<7h). Similar to chronopharmacokinetics, NOPEC metabolism may follow diurnal patterns of cytochrome P450 activity. The role of circadian liver clock in shaping NOPEC metabolism and their concomitant measurements of biomarkers of exposure and effect remains poorly understood in real-life human settings. Metabolic activation (toxication) by CYP2E1 converts trihalomethanes (THM) to harmful metabolites. We investigated the diurnal variation of urinary THM exposures and their metabolism patterns as catalyzed by CYP2E1 redox activity, using the surrogate marker of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). We implemented three time-series trials with adult volunteers conducting specific household cleaning activities at predefined times of a day. Circadia variation of 4HNE was assessed with a cosinor model and its mesor levels increased with THM exposure. The time of exposure within the day dictated the magnitude of urinary THM levels and their toxication effect; in all three trials and relative to urinary THM levels before the activity, lower and higher median THM were measured right after the activity in morning and afternoon/night, respectively. This is consistent with higher reported CYP2E1 redox activity in light/active phase. Population health studies should incorporate time-stamped biomarker data to improve the understanding of chronic disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gängler
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
| | - Ratanesh Seth
- Environmental Health Sciences Dept., University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health Sciences Dept., University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus.
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45
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Rattray NJW, Deziel NC, Wallach JD, Khan SA, Vasiliou V, Ioannidis JPA, Johnson CH. Beyond genomics: understanding exposotypes through metabolomics. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29373992 PMCID: PMC5787293 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past 20 years, advances in genomic technology have enabled unparalleled access to the information contained within the human genome. However, the multiple genetic variants associated with various diseases typically account for only a small fraction of the disease risk. This may be due to the multifactorial nature of disease mechanisms, the strong impact of the environment, and the complexity of gene-environment interactions. Metabolomics is the quantification of small molecules produced by metabolic processes within a biological sample. Metabolomics datasets contain a wealth of information that reflect the disease state and are consequent to both genetic variation and environment. Thus, metabolomics is being widely adopted for epidemiologic research to identify disease risk traits. In this review, we discuss the evolution and challenges of metabolomics in epidemiologic research, particularly for assessing environmental exposures and providing insights into gene-environment interactions, and mechanism of biological impact. MAIN TEXT Metabolomics can be used to measure the complex global modulating effect that an exposure event has on an individual phenotype. Combining information derived from all levels of protein synthesis and subsequent enzymatic action on metabolite production can reveal the individual exposotype. We discuss some of the methodological and statistical challenges in dealing with this type of high-dimensional data, such as the impact of study design, analytical biases, and biological variance. We show examples of disease risk inference from metabolic traits using metabolome-wide association studies. We also evaluate how these studies may drive precision medicine approaches, and pharmacogenomics, which have up to now been inefficient. Finally, we discuss how to promote transparency and open science to improve reproducibility and credibility in metabolomics. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of exposotypes at the human population level may help understanding how environmental exposures affect biology at the systems level to determine cause, effect, and susceptibilities. Juxtaposition and integration of genomics and metabolomics information may offer additional insights. Clinical utility of this information for single individuals and populations has yet to be routinely demonstrated, but hopefully, recent advances to improve the robustness of large-scale metabolomics will facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. W. Rattray
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Joshua D. Wallach
- Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency (CRIT), Yale Law School, New Haven, CT USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale-New Haven Health System, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Sajid A. Khan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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