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Huang W, Cao L, Ge R, Wan Z, Zheng D, Li F, Li G, Zhang F. Higher thermal remediation temperature facilitates the sequential bioaugmented reductive dechlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134825. [PMID: 38876014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The coupling of thermal remediation with microbial reductive dechlorination (MRD) has shown promising potential for the cleanup of chlorinated solvent contaminated sites. In this study, thermal treatment and bioaugmentation were applied in series, where prior higher thermal remediation temperature led to improved TCE dechlorination performance with both better organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) colonization and electron donor availability. The 60 °C was found to be a key temperature point where the promotion effect became obvious. Amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that temperature was a more dominating factor than bioaugmentation that impacted microbial community structure. Higher temperature of prior thermal treatment resulted in the decrease of richness, diversity of indigenous microbial communities, and simplified the network structure, which benefited the build-up of newcoming microorganisms during bioaugmentation. Thus, the abundance of Desulfitobacterium increased from 0.11 % (25 °C) to 3.10 % (90 °C). Meanwhile, released volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during thermal remediation functioned as electron donors and boosted MRD. Our results provided temperature-specific information on synergistic effect of sequential thermal remediation and bioaugmentation, which contributed to better implementation of the coupled technologies in chloroethene-impacted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lifeng Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Runlei Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziren Wan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Di Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China.
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2
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Li ZT, Song X, Yuan S, Zhao HP. Unveiling the inhibitory mechanisms of chromium exposure on microbial reductive dechlorination: Kinetics and microbial responses. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121328. [PMID: 38382292 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chromium and organochlorine solvents, particularly trichloroethene (TCE), are pervasive co-existing contaminants in subsurface aquifers due to their extensive industrial use and improper disposal practices. In this study, we investigated the microbial dechlorination kinetics under different TCE-Cr(Ⅲ/VI) composite pollution conditions and elucidated microbial response mechanisms based on community shift patterns and metagenomic analysis. Our results revealed that the reductive dechlorinating consortium had high resistance to Cr(III) but extreme sensitivity to Cr(VI) disturbance, resulting in a persistent inhibitory effect on subsequent dechlorination. Interestingly, the vinyl chloride-respiring organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB) was notably more susceptible to Cr(III/VI) exposure than the trichloroethene-respiring one, possibly due to inferior competition for growth substrates, such as electron donors. In terms of synergistic non-OHRB populations, Cr(III/VI) exposure had limited impacts on lactate fermentation but significantly interfered with H2-producing acetogenesis, leading to inhibited microbial dechlorination due to electron donor deficiencies. However, this inhibition can be effectively mitigated by the amendment of exogenous H2 supply. Furthermore, being the predominant OHRB, Dehalococcoides have inherent Cr(VI) resistance defects and collaborate with synergistic non-OHRB populations to achieve concurrent bio-detoxication of Cr(VI) and TCE. Our findings expand the understanding of the response patterns of different functional populations towards Cr(III/VI) stress, and provide valuable insights for the development of in situ bioremediation strategies for sites co-contaminated with chloroethene and chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Tao Li
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Xin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Songhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, No. 68 Jincheng Street, East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310030, PR China.
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Ojo AO, Castillo J, Cason ED, Valverde A. Biodegradation of chloroethene compounds under microoxic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1036-1049. [PMID: 38116701 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of chloroethene compounds under oxic and anoxic conditions is well established. However, the biological reactions that take place under microoxic conditions are unknown. Here, we report the biostimulated (BIOST: addition of lactate) and natural attenuated (NAT) degradation of chloroethene compounds under microoxic conditions by bacterial communities from chloroethene compounds-contaminated groundwater. The degradation of tetrachloroethene was significantly higher in NAT (15.14% on average) than in BIOST (10.13% on average) conditions at the end of the experiment (90 days). Sporomusa, Paracoccus, Sedimentibacter, Pseudomonas, and Desulfosporosinus were overrepresented in NAT and BIOST compared to the source groundwater. The NAT metagenome contains phenol hydrolase P1 oxygenase (dmpL), catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (catA), catechol-2,3-dioxygenases (dmpB, todE, and xylE) genes, which could be involved in the cometabolic degradation of chloroethene compounds; and chlorate reductase (clrA), that could be associated with partial reductive dechlorination of chloroethene compounds. Our data provide a better understanding of the bacterial communities, genes, and pathways potentially implicated in the reductive and cometabolic degradation of chloroethene compounds under microoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Oluranti Ojo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Julio Castillo
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Errol Duncan Cason
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Angel Valverde
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Xing Z, Chen S, Xu F, Su X, Gou F, Shi Y, Chen H, Xiang J, Li J, Zhao T. Quantitative analysis of TCE biodegradation pathway in landfill cover utilizing continuous monitoring, droplet digital PCR and multi-omics sequencing technology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118509. [PMID: 37413727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the quasi-vadose zone has become a significant challenge. We applied an integrated approach to assess the biodegradability of trichloroethylene to identify the biotransformation mechanism. The formation of the functional zone biochemical layer was assessed by analyzing the distribution of landfill gas, physical and chemical properties of cover soil, spatial-temporal variations of micro-ecology, biodegradability of landfill cover soil and distributional difference metabolic pathway. Real-time online monitoring showed that trichloroethylene continuously undergoes anaerobic dichlorination and simultaneous aerobic/anaerobic conversion-aerobic co-metabolic degradation on the vertical gradient of the landfill cover system and reduction in trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the anoxic zone but not 1,1-dichloroethylene. PCR and diversity sequencing revealed the abundance and spatial distribution of known dichlorination-related genes within the landfill cover, with 6.61 ± 0.25 × 104-6.78 ± 0.09 × 106 and 1.17 ± 0.78 × 103-7.82 ± 0.07 × 105 copies per g/soil of pmoA and tceA, respectively. In addition, dominant bacteria and diversity were significantly linked with physicochemical factors, and Mesorhizobium, Pseudoxanthomonas and Gemmatimonas were responsible for biodegradation in the aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic zones. Metagenome sequencing identified 6 degradation pathways of trichloroethylene that may occur in the landfill cover; the main pathway was incomplete dechlorination accompanied by cometabolic degradation. These results indicate that the anoxic zone is important for trichloroethylene degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
| | - Shangjie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Fuqing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Xia Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Fang Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Yunchun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Jinxin Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Juan Li
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400060, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China.
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Lyu H, Hu K, Wu Z, Shen B, Tang J. Functional materials contributing to the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons from soil and groundwater: Classification and intrinsic chemical-biological removal mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163011. [PMID: 36965728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) are the main contaminants in soil and groundwater and have posed great challenge on the remediation of soil and ground water. Different remediation materials have been developed to deal with the environmental problems caused by CHs. Remediation materials can be classified into three main categories according to the corresponding technologies: adsorption materials, chemical reduction materials and bioaugmentation materials. In this paper, the classification and preparation of the three materials are briefly described in terms of synthesis and properties according to the different types. Then, a detailed review of the remediation mechanisms and applications of the different materials in soil and groundwater remediation is presented in relation to the various properties of the materials and the different challenges encountered in laboratory research or in the environmental application. The removal trends in different environments were found to be largely similar, which means that composite materials tend to be more effective in removing CHs in actual remediation. For instance, adsorbents were found to be effective when combined with other materials, due to the ability to take advantage of the respective strengths of both materials. The rapid removal of CHs while minimizing the impact of CHs on another material and the material itself on the environment. Finally, suggestions for the next research directions are given in conjunction with this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Lyu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Zhineng Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Boxiong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Li C, Xue C, Ouyang W, Liu M, Sun Y, Liu H. Identification and synergetic mechanism of TCE, H 2 and O 2 metabolic microorganisms in the joint H 2/O 2 system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163026. [PMID: 36965730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The sole H2 and O2 usually promote chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) biotransformation by several mechanisms, including reductive dechlorination and aerobic oxidation. However, the mechanism of the CHCs transformation in joint H2 and O2 system (H2/O2 system) is still unclear. In this study, the degradation kinetics of trichloroethene (TCE) were investigated and DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) were used to explore the synergistic mechanism of functional microorganisms on TCE degradation under the condition of H2/O2 coexistence. In the H2/O2 microcosm, TCE was significantly removed by 13.00 μM within 40 days, much higher than N2, H2 and O2 microcosms, and 1,1-DCE was detected as an intermediate. DNA-SIP technology identified three anaerobic TCE metabolizers, five aerobic TCE metabolizers, nine hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB), some TCE metabolizers utilizing limited O2, and some anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria reductively using H2 to dechlorinate TCE. It is also confirmed for the first time that 3 OUTs belonging to Methyloversatilis and SH-PL14 can simultaneously utilize H2 and O2 as energy sources to grow and metabolize TCE or 1,1-DCE. HOB may provide carbon sources or electron acceptors or donors for TCE biotransformation. These findings confirm the coexistence of anaerobic and aerobic TCE metabolizers and degraders, which synergistically promoted the conversion of TCE in the joint H2/O2 system. Our results provide more information about the functional microbe resources and synergetic mechanisms for TCE degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China
| | - Chen Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China
| | - Yingtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430078, PR China.
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7
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Wu Z, Man Q, Niu H, Lyu H, Song H, Li R, Ren G, Zhu F, Peng C, Li B, Ma X. Recent advances and trends of trichloroethylene biodegradation: A critical review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1053169. [PMID: 36620007 PMCID: PMC9813602 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAH) in the environment, which is a Group 1 carcinogen with negative impacts on human health and ecosystems. Based on a series of recent advances, the environmental behavior and biodegradation process on TCE biodegradation need to be reviewed systematically. Four main biodegradation processes leading to TCE biodegradation by isolated bacteria and mixed cultures are anaerobic reductive dechlorination, anaerobic cometabolic reductive dichlorination, aerobic co-metabolism, and aerobic direct oxidation. More attention has been paid to the aerobic co-metabolism of TCE. Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that bacterial isolates or mixed cultures containing Dehalococcoides or Dehalogenimonas can catalyze reductive dechlorination of TCE to ethene. The mechanisms, pathways, and enzymes of TCE biodegradation were reviewed, and the factors affecting the biodegradation process were discussed. Besides, the research progress on material-mediated enhanced biodegradation technologies of TCE through the combination of zero-valent iron (ZVI) or biochar with microorganisms was introduced. Furthermore, we reviewed the current research on TCE biodegradation in field applications, and finally provided the development prospects of TCE biodegradation based on the existing challenges. We hope that this review will provide guidance and specific recommendations for future studies on CAHs biodegradation in laboratory and field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanli Man
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanyu Niu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Honghong Lyu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haokun Song
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongji Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Gengbo Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fujie Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chu Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Benhang Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Xiaodong Ma,
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Tang Z, Song X, Xu M, Yao J, Ali M, Wang Q, Zeng J, Ding X, Wang C, Zhang Z, Liu X. Effects of co-occurrence of PFASs and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons on microbial communities in groundwater: A field study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128969. [PMID: 35472535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) co-contamination on the microbial community in the field have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the presence of PFASs and CAHs in groundwater collected from a fluorochemical plant (FCP), and carried out Illumina MiSeq sequencing to understand the impact of mixed PFASs and CAHs on the indigenous microbial community. The sum concentrations of 20 PFASs in FCP groundwater ranged from 2.05 to 317.40 μg/L, and the highest PFOA concentration was observed in the deep aquifer (60 m below ground surface), co-contaminated by dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL). The existence of PFASs and CAHs co-contamination in groundwater resulted in a considerable decrease in the diversity of microbial communities, while the abundance of metabolisms associated with contaminants biodegradation has increased significantly compared to the background wells. Furthermore, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were the dominant genera in PFASs and CAHs co-contaminated groundwater. The presence of high concentrations of PFASs and CAHs has been positively associated with the genus of Citreitalea. Finally, geochemical parameters, such as ORP, sulfate and nitrate were the key factors to shape up the structure of the microbial community and sources to rich the abundance of the potential functional bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minmin Xu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., LTD, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Zhongke Hualu Soil Remediation Engineering Co., LTD, Dezhou 253500, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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