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Calderon-Arrieta D, Morales AC, Hettiyadura APS, Estock TM, Li C, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Enhanced Light Absorption and Elevated Viscosity of Atmospheric Brown Carbon through Evaporation of Volatile Components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7493-7504. [PMID: 38637508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Samples of brown carbon (BrC) material were collected from smoke emissions originating from wood pyrolysis experiments, serving as a proxy for BrC representative of biomass burning emissions. The acquired samples, referred to as "pyrolysis oil (PO1)," underwent subsequent processing by thermal evaporation of their volatile compounds, resulting in a set of three additional samples with volume reduction factors of 1.33, 2, and 3, denoted as PO1.33, PO2, and PO3. The chemical compositions of these POx samples and their BrC chromophore features were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography instrument coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The investigation revealed a noteworthy twofold enhancement of BrC light absorption observed for the progression of PO1 to PO3 samples, assessed across the spectral range of 300-500 nm. Concurrently, a decrease in the absorption Ångstrom exponent (AAE) from 11 to 7 was observed, indicating a weaker spectral dependence. The relative enhancement of BrC absorption at longer wavelengths was more significant, as exemplified by the increased mass absorption coefficient (MAC) measured at 405 nm from 0.1 to 0.5 m2/g. Molecular characterization further supports this darkening trend, manifesting as a depletion of small oxygenated, less absorbing monoaromatic compounds and the retention of relatively large, less polar, more absorbing constituents. Noteworthy alterations of the PO1 to PO3 mixtures included a reduction in the saturation vapor pressure of their components and an increase in viscosity. These changes were quantified by the mean values shifting from approximately 1.8 × 103 μg/m3 to 2.3 μg/m3 and from ∼103 Pa·s to ∼106 Pa·s, respectively. These results provide quantitative insights into the extent of BrC aerosol darkening during atmospheric aging through nonreactive evaporation. This new understanding will inform the refinement of atmospheric and chemical transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Calderon-Arrieta
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Taylor M Estock
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Li EY, Yazdani A, Dillner AM, Shen G, Champion WM, Jetter JJ, Preston WT, Russell LM, Hays MD, Takahama S. Quantifying functional group compositions of household fuel-burning emissions. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2024; 17:2401-2413. [PMID: 38845819 PMCID: PMC11151727 DOI: 10.5194/amt-17-2401-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Globally, billions of people burn fuels indoors for cooking and heating, which contributes to millions of chronic illnesses and premature deaths annually. Additionally, residential burning contributes significantly to black carbon emissions, which have the highest global warming impacts after carbon dioxide and methane. In this study, we use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze fine-particulate emissions collected on Teflon membrane filters from 15 cookstove types and 5 fuel types. Emissions from three fuel types (charcoal, kerosene, and red oak wood) were found to have enough FTIR spectral response for functional group (FG) analysis. We present distinct spectral profiles for particulate emissions of these three fuel types. We highlight the influential FGs constituting organic carbon (OC) using a multivariate statistical method and show that OC estimates by collocated FTIR and thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) are highly correlated, with a coefficient determination of 82.5 %. As FTIR analysis is fast and non-destructive and provides complementary FG information, the analysis method demonstrated herein can substantially reduce the need for thermal-optical measurements for source emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y. Li
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Amir Yazdani
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ann M. Dillner
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Wyatt M. Champion
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - James J. Jetter
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- Air Methods and Characterization Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- Laboratory for Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Feng W, Shao Z, Wang Q, Xie M. Size-resolved light-absorbing organic carbon and organic molecular markers in Nanjing, east China: Seasonal variations and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:122006. [PMID: 37302787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the potential influence of light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed "brown carbon" (BrC), on the planetary radiation budget, many studies have focused on its absorption in single-sized ranges of particulate matter (PM). However, the size distribution and organic tracer-based source apportionment of BrC absorption have not been extensively investigated. In this study, size-resolved PM samples were collected using multi-stage impactors from eastern Nanjing during each season in 2017. The light absorption of methanol-extractable OC at 365 nm (Abs365, Mm-1) was determined using spectrophotometry, and a series of organic molecular markers (OMMs) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.1 μm (PM2.1) dominated Abs365 (79.8 ± 10.4%) of the total size ranges with maxima and minima in winter and summer, respectively. The distributions of Abs365 shifted to larger PM sizes from winter to spring and summer due to lower primary emissions and increased BrC chromophores in dust. Except for low-volatility (po,*L < 10-10 atm) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the non-polar OMMs, including n-alkanes, PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and steranes, showed a bimodal distribution pattern. Secondary products of biogenic precursors and biomass burning tracers presented a unimodal distribution peaking at 0.4-0.7 μm, while sugar alcohols and saccharides were enriched in coarse PM. Their seasonal variations in average concentrations reflected intense photochemical reactions in summer, more biomass burning emissions in winter, and stronger microbial activity in spring and summer. Positive matrix factorization was used for the source apportionment of Abs365 in fine and coarse PM samples. Biomass burning contributed an average of 53.9% to the Abs365 of PM2.1 extracts. The Abs365 of coarse PM extracts was associated with various dust-related sources where the aging processes of aerosol organics could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhijuan Shao
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology ShiHu Campus, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Fan F, Feng Y, Wang S, Fu Q, Feng J. Deconvolving light absorption properties and influencing factors of carbonaceous aerosol in Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156280. [PMID: 35644399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) have intensive impacts on atmospheric visibility and global climate change. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at Pudong (PD) and Qingpu (QP) of Shanghai in 2017, and characterized typical organic molecular tracers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The light absorption (Abs) of carbonaceous aerosol and water-soluble organic matter was analyzed by a multi-wavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer and a long-range ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. An improved two-component model integrated with both optical and chemical fingerprints of carbonaceous aerosol was applied to analyze the Abs of BC, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC), with which the potential influencing factors including emission source and atmospheric aging were investigated. Results indicated that BrC contributed 19% at PD and 16% at QP of the total light absorption of the carbonaceous aerosol at 405 nm wavelength. Meanwhile, AbsWSOC(405)/AbsBrC(405) showed significant seasonal variations (27-50%) at both sites. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that vehicle emissions (60-61%) and biomass combustion (38-39%) were the major contributors to AbsBC(405), while biomass burning (34-40%), nitrate-relevant secondary processes (22-23%), vehicle emissions (18-19%) and biogenic SOA (13-19%) were major contributors to AbsWSOC(405). Hybrid combustion source (94-96%) had a predominant contribution to AbsWISOC(405). Statistical analysis showed that biomass burning had a great impact on the enhancement of AbsWISOC. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of each factor (source) using PMF analysis indicated that WSOC from combustion sources had higher AAEWSOC(350-550) values (8.11 and 8.29 for coal and biomass burning, respectively) and MAEWSOC(365) values (0.63-0.99) compared to other sources. Atmospheric aging process can lower the MAEWSOC(365) value (0.24-0.52). Overall, our study facilitates a better understanding of the relationships among source, optical properties, and atmospheric transformation processes of the carbonaceous aerosols in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Fan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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5
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Li AF, Zhang KM, Allen G, Zhang S, Yang B, Gu J, Hashad K, Sward J, Felton D, Rattigan O. Ambient sampling of real-world residential wood combustion plumes. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:710-719. [PMID: 35200107 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2044410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wood smoke contains large quantities of carbonaceous aerosols known to increase climate forcing and be detrimental to human health. This paper reports the findings from our ambient sampling of fresh residential wood combustion (RWC) plumes in two heating seasons (2015-2016, 2016-2017) in Upstate New York. An Aethalometer (AE33) and a pDR-1500 were employed to monitor residential wood smoke plumes in Ithaca, NY through a hybrid mobile-stationary method. Fresh wood smoke plumes were captured and characterized at 13 different RWC sources in the city, all without significant influence from other combustion sources or atmospheric aging. Wood smoke absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was estimated using both a one-component model, AAEWB, and a two-component model, AAEBrC (assuming AAEBC = 1.0). Consistent with the recent laboratory studies, our results show that AAEs were highly variable for residential wood smoke for the same source and across different sources, with AAEWB values ranging from 1.3 to 5.0 and AAEBrC values ranging from 2.2 to 7.4. This finding challenges the use of using a single AAE wood smoke value within the range of 1 to 2.5 for source apportionment studies. Furthermore, the PM2.5/BC ratio measured using optical instruments was demonstrated to be potentially useful to characterize burning conditions. Different wood smoke sources can be distinguished by their PM2.5/BC ratio, which range between 15 and 150. This shows promise as an in-situ, cost-effective, ambient sampling-based method to characterize wood burning conditions.Implications: There are two main implications from this paper. First, the large variability in wood smoke absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values revealed from our real-world, ambient sampling of residential wood combustion plumes indicated that it is not appropriate to use a single AAE wood smoke value for source apportionment studies. Second, the PM2.5/BC ratio has been shown to serve as a promising in-situ, cost-effective, ambient sampling-based indicator to characterize wood burning conditions. This has the potential to greatly reduce the costs of insitu wood smoke surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Li
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - K Max Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - George Allen
- Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jiajun Gu
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Khaled Hashad
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sward
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Dirk Felton
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA
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6
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Shen Z, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zeng Y, Xu H, Wang Q, Hang Ho SS, Cao J. Source profiles of molecular structure and light absorption of PM 2.5 brown carbon from residential coal combustion emission in Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118866. [PMID: 35077839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Residential coal combustion is a prominent source of brown carbon (BrC) aerosols, but knowledge of their molecular structures and optical absorption were limited, which have notable used in ambient BrC source identification and radiative forcing calculation. In this study, the Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry combined with partial least squares regression analysis as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were used to insight the molecular compounds and structures of BrC from anthracite and bituminous coal combustions between traditional and improved stoves. The absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) values for the BrC emitted from the combinations of bituminous were both 1.2-2.5 times lower than those of anthracite, interpreting that the BrC from the anthracite emissions had greater light-absorbing capacity. In contrast, the emission factor of light absorption (EFAbs) at 365 nm for the bituminous coal combusted in the traditional stove was the highest among all the tested scenarios, which revealed that the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal could emit more BrC. It was noted that primary BrC emitted from the coal combustion with traditional stoves contains higher aromaticity groups of C-C and C=O and higher S containing organics, whereas more aliphatic groups were found in BrC using the improved stoves. N-containing (CHON and CHONS) compounds were dominated in the total molecular formula of BrC, whereas the sum of CHON and CHO groups had high double-bond equivalent (DBE) values contributed 53.5%-87.1% to the total BrC absorption. Moreover, for CHOS, the lowest of estimated molecular absorption, DBE, and DBE/C should attribute to the non-chromophoric or weak absorptive S-containing compounds. This study supplied an effective evaluation method to compare BrC emissions and their absorption for coal combustion on regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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7
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, George C, Du L. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Enhance Light Absorption of Aromatic-Derived Brown Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4005-4016. [PMID: 35192318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary brown carbon (BrC) is chemically complex, leading to an unclear relationship between its molecular composition and optical properties. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of molecular-specific optical properties and aging of secondary BrC produced from the photooxidation of ethylbenzene at varied NOx levels for the first time. Due to the pronounced formation of unsaturated products, the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosols (ESOA) at 365 nm was higher than that of biogenic SOA by a factor of 10. A high NOx level ([ethylbenzene]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1) was found to significantly increase the average MAC300-700nm of ESOA by 0.29 m2 g-1. The data from two complementary high-resolution mass spectrometers and quantum chemical calculations suggested that nitrogen-containing compounds were largely responsible for the enhanced light absorption of high-NOx ESOA, and multifunctional nitroaromatic compounds (such as C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4) were identified as important BrC chromophores. High-NOx ESOA underwent photobleaching upon direct exposure to ultraviolet light. Photolysis did not lead to the significant decomposition of C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4, indicating that nitroaromatic compounds may serve as relatively stable nitrogen reservoirs and would effectively absorb solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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8
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Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Apportionment of black and brown carbon spectral absorption sources in the urban environment of Athens, Greece, during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149739. [PMID: 34467915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the spectral properties and source characteristics of absorbing aerosols (BC: Black Carbon; BrC: Brown Carbon, based on aethalometer measurements) in the urban background of Athens during December 2016-February 2017. Using common assumptions regarding the spectral dependence of absorption due to BC (AAEBC = 1) and biomass burning (AAEbb = 2), and calculating an optimal AAEff value for the dataset (1.18), the total spectral absorption was decomposed into five components, corresponding to absorption of BC and BrC from fossil-fuel (ff) combustion and biomass burning (bb), and to secondary BrC estimated using the BC-tracer minimum R-squared (MRS) method. Substantial differences in the contribution of various components to the total absorption were found between day and night, due to differences in emissions and meteorological dynamics, while BrC and biomass burning aerosols presented higher contributions at shorter wavelengths. At 370 nm, the absorption due to BCff contributed 36.3% on average, exhibiting a higher fraction (58.1%) during daytime, while the mean BCbb absorption was estimated at 18.4%. The mean absorption contributions due to BrCff, BrCbb and BrCsec were 6.7%, 32.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The AbsBCff,370 component maximized during the morning traffic hours and was strongly correlated with NOx (R2 = 0.76) and CO (R2 = 0.77), while a similar behavior was seen for the AbsBrCff,370 component. AbsBCbb and AbsBrCbb levels escalated during nighttime and were highly associated with nss-K+ and with the organic aerosol (OA) components related to fresh and fast-oxidized biomass burning (BBOA and SV-OOA) as obtained from ACSM measurements. Multiple linear regression was used to attribute BrC absorption to five OA components and to determine their absorption contributions and efficiencies, revealing maximum contributions of BBOA (33%) and SV-OOA (21%). Sensitivity analysis was performed in view of the methodological uncertainties and supported the reliability of the results, which can have important implications for radiative transfer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
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9
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Zhang L, Luo Z, Xiong R, Liu X, Li Y, Du W, Chen Y, Pan B, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. Mass Absorption Efficiency of Black Carbon from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion and Its Association with Carbonaceous Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10662-10671. [PMID: 34269570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions, derived primarily from incomplete fuel combustion, significantly affect the global and regional climate. Mass absorption efficiency (MAE) is one important parameter in evaluating the climate impacts of BC. Here, values and variabilities in the MAE of BC (MAEBC) from real-world residential emissions were investigated from a field campaign covering 163 burning events for different fuel-stove combinations. MAEBC (average: 12 ± 5 m2/g) was normally distributed and varied greatly by 2 orders of magnitude. Statistically significant differences in MAEBC were found for various fuels, while no significant differences were observed among different stoves. The fuel difference explained 72 ± 7% of the MAEBC variation. MAEBC did not correlate with the modified combustion efficiency but positively correlated with the ratio of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) and negatively correlated with char-EC. The OC/EC ratio was not always lower in coal emissions in comparison to biomass burning emissions. Coal- and biomass-burning emissions had different profiles of carbon fractions. Char-EC, OC, OC/EC, and char-EC/soot-EC can explain 68.7% of the MAEBC variation, providing the potential for predicting MAEBC from the carbon fractions, since they are more commonly measured and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science& Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Hettiyadura APS, Garcia V, Li C, West CP, Tomlin J, He Q, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Chemical Composition and Molecular-Specific Optical Properties of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Associated with Biomass Burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2511-2521. [PMID: 33499599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides molecular insights into the light absorption properties of biomass burning (BB) brown carbon (BrC) through the chemical characterization of tar condensates generated from heated wood pellets at oxidative and pyrolysis conditions. Both liquid tar condensates separated into "darker oily" and "lighter aqueous" immiscible phases. The molecular composition of these samples was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The results revealed two sets of BrC chromophores: (1) common to all four samples and (2) specific to the "oily" fractions. The common BrC chromophores consist of polar, monoaromatic species. The oil-specific BrC chromophores include less-polar and nonpolar polyaromatic compounds. The most-light-absorbing pyrolysis oily phase (PO) was aerosolized and size-separated using a cascade impactor to compare the composition and optical properties of the bulk versus the aerosolized BrC. The mass absorption coefficient (MAC300-500 nm) of aerosolized PO increased compared to that of the bulk, due to gas-phase partitioning of more volatile and less absorbing chromophores. The optical properties of the aerosolized PO were consistent with previously reported ambient BB BrC measurements. These results suggest the darkening of atmospheric BrC following non-reactive evaporation that transforms the optical properties and composition of aged BrC aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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11
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Wu Y, Li J, Jiang C, Xia Y, Tao J, Tian P, Zhou C, Wang C, Xia X, Huang RJ, Zhang R. Spectral absorption properties of organic carbon aerosol during a polluted winter in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142600. [PMID: 33045607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of organic carbon (OC) is found to exhibit the capability to absorb solar radiation. However, the absorption properties of OC remain poorly characterized partly due to uncertainties in determination methods. In this study, the absorption coefficient (bap) of OC (bap,OC) in Beijing during a polluted winter was estimated on the basis of the combined measurements of black carbon (BC) size distribution and total aerosol bap (bap,meas). The bare BC bap (bap,bareBC) calculated using Mie theory on the basis of measured size distribution exhibited weak wavelength dependence, with a mean absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of 0.56 ± 0.04 within the 470-660 nm wavelength range, which was lower than the value of 1 commonly used for freshly emitted BC. The calculated bap,bareBC was compared with bap,meas at 950 nm to derive the coating thickness of BC, from which the calculation of coated BC bap (bap,coatBC) within 370-660 nm was based using the core-shell Mie model. Given the thick coatings, the AAE of coated BC, with a mean of 0.53 ± 0.12, was slightly lower than that of bare BC. Subsequently, bap,OC was obtained by subtracting bap,coatBC from bap,meas, accounting for 59.57 ± 4.82% of bap,meas at 370 nm on average. The average mass absorption efficiency of OC was estimated to be 1.48 ± 0.36 m2 g-1 at 370 nm. bap,OC significantly decreased as wavelength increased, deriving an AAE of OC with a mean of 2.72 ± 0.32 within the 370-660 nm range. The level of bap,OC estimated on the basis of a widely used attribution method assuming a constant BC AAE of 1 was ~60% lower than the currently presented value, probably underestimating OC radiative effect by a factor of >3. More accurate estimations of bap,OC based on more advanced measurements and suitable theory calculations are recommended to provide more reliable assessments of OC radiative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
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12
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Zhang L, Luo Z, Du W, Li G, Shen G, Cheng H, Tao S. Light absorption properties and absorption emission factors for indoor biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115652. [PMID: 33254648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols have caused increasing concerns due to their significant impacts on local and regional climates. In this study, particles from biomass burning in home stoves were collected and evaluated for their optical properties. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values ranged from 1.17 to 2.92 and negatively correlated with the modified combustion efficiency, indicatinging more brown carbon in combustion emissions with relatively low combustion efficiencies. The average contribution of brown carbon to the total aerosol absorption at 370 nm was equally as important as that of black carbon (BC), with the average relative contribution fraction of 50% varying from 10% to 84% for different biomasses. The average value of the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of BC (MAEBC) at 880 nm was positively correlated with the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon, indicating the significant coating effects of organic aerosols. The MAE values of BrC at 370 nm were in the range of 1.1-11.3 m2/g, with an average of 5.1 ± 2.2 m2/g. The estimated absorption emission factors at 370 nm and 880 nm were 3.75 ± 3.45 and 0.84 ± 0.78 m2/kg, respectively. Optical property information of particles emitted from real-world biomass burning are imperative in future modeling studies of biomass burning impacts on climate. The limitation of the relatively small sample size for each subgroup fuel calls for more field- and lab-based emission characterization research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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13
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Xie M, Zhao Z, Holder AL, Hays MD, Chen X, Shen G, Jetter JJ, Champion WM, Wang Q. Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:14077-14090. [PMID: 33552150 PMCID: PMC7863623 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-14077-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) are an important group of light-absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. They are often observed in combustion emissions, but their chemical formulas and structural characteristics remain uncertain. In this study, red oak wood and charcoal fuels were burned in cookstoves using the standard water boiling test (WBT) procedure. Submicron aerosol particles in the cookstove emissions were collected using quartz (Q f ) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter membranes positioned in parallel. A back-up quartz filter (Q b ) was also installed downstream of the PTFE filter to evaluate the effect of sampling artifact on NACs measurements. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) techniques identified seventeen NAC chemical formulas in the cookstove emissions. The average concentrations of total NACs in Q b samples (0.37 ± 0.31 - 1.79 ± 0.77 μg m-3) were greater than 50% of those observed in the Q f samples (0.51 ± 0.43 - 3.91 ± 2.06 μg m-3), and the Q b to Q f mass ratios of individual NACs had a range of 0.02 - 2.71, indicating that the identified NACs might have substantial fractions remaining in the gas-phase. In comparison to other sources, cookstove emissions from red oak or charcoal fuels did not exhibit unique NAC structural features, but had distinct NACs composition. However, before identifying NACs sources by combining their structural and compositional information, the gas-particle partitioning behaviors of NACs should be further investigated. The average contributions of total NACs to the light absorption of organic matter at λ = 365 nm (1.10 - 2.57%) in Q f and Q b samples (10.7 - 21.0%) are up to 10 times larger than their mass contributions (Q f 0.31 - 1.01%, Q b 1.08 - 3.31%), so the identified NACs are mostly strong light absorbers. To explain more sample extracts absorption, future research is needed to understand the chemical and optical properties of high molecular weight (e.g., MW > 500 Da) entities in particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Amara L. Holder
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - James J. Jetter
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Wyatt M. Champion
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Fellow at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Air Methods and Characterization Division, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Qin’geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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14
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Characteristics of Aerosol Formation and Emissions During Corn Stalk Pyrolysis. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13225924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inevitable emission of aerosols during pyrolysis can negatively affect the downstream process and even pollute the environment. In this work, the characteristics of aerosols were investigated during corn stalk pyrolysis at 400–900 °C. The effects of other operation conditions on the aerosol emissions were also probed with online and offline instruments. Results show the yield of aerosol presents a regular change with temperature in a wide range ratio of 3.4–8.7 wt.%. The aerosol size distribution reveals a unimodal form mainly in the 1.1–2.1 μm accumulation range and the maximum emission achieved is about 35 mg/g for SR and SP at 500 °C. Nevertheless, SL gives about 34 mg/g at 600 °C. High temperature promotes the decomposition of polymers into partciles with small diameter (less than PM1.0). The microtopography of aerosol presents spherical droplets, elongated-like liquid and solid particles that form heterogenous or homogeneous aggregations, that also happen on account of collisions. Aerosols contain mostly organic matter, a small amount of salt and over 50% of volatile organic carbon molecules (VOCs) in the total organic carbon (OC). Proper gas flow, high vapor concentration and longer path way boost the yield of bio-oil and reduce the emission of aerosols. The direct contact is beneficial for adequate extraction, but also causes additional solvent emissions.
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15
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Park S, Yu GH, Bae MS. Effects of combustion condition and biomass type on the light absorption of fine organic aerosols from fresh biomass burning emissions over Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114841. [PMID: 32454360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the light absorption properties of fine organic aerosols from the burning emissions of four biomass materials were examined using UV-spectrophotometry and Aethalometer-measurements, respectively. For wood chips and palm trees, the burning experiments were carried out with different combustion temperatures (200, 250, and 300 οC) in an adjustable, electrically heated combustor. The light absorptions of water and methanol extracts of aerosols, and smoke particles showed strong spectral dependence on the burning emissions of all biomass materials. However, the burning aerosols of wood chips showed stronger absorption than those of the other biomass burning (BB) emissions. For the burning aerosols of wood chips and palm trees, organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) decreased as the combustion temperature increased from 200 to 300 °C. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values tended to decrease when combustion temperature increased for smoke aerosols and methanol extracts in smoke samples. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365, m2 g-1∙C-1) of water- and methanol-extractable OC fractions was highest in wood chip burning smoke samples. MAE365 values of methanol extracts for rice straw, pine needles, wood chips, and palm trees burning emission samples were 1.35, 0.92, 2.36-3.37, and 0.86-1.42, respectively. For wood chip and palm tree burning emissions, AAE320-430nm values of methanol extracts were strongly correlated with OC/EC (i.e., combustion temperature) with slopes of 0.11 (p < 0.001) and 0.02 (p < 0.001), and R2 values of 0.87 and 0.74, respectively. Moreover, a linear regression between MAE365 of methanol extractable OC and OC/EC showed slopes of -0.05 (p < 0.001) and -0.004 (p < 0.001) and R2 of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that burning condition and biomass type influence the light absorption properties of organic aerosols from BB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungshik Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Hye Yu
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanamdo, 58554, Republic of Korea
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16
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Xie X, Chen Y, Nie D, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lei R, Zhao X, Li H, Ge X. Light-absorbing and fluorescent properties of atmospheric brown carbon: A case study in Nanjing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126350. [PMID: 32151806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), a significant wavelength-dependent atmospheric absorber of solar radiation, plays a key role in photochemistry and long-lasting haze episodes. Herein, two types of BrC extracted from one-year PM2.5 samples (June 2017-May 2018 in Nanjing), i.e. methanol-extracted organic carbon (MSOC) and ultrapure water-extracted organic carbon (WSOC), were obtained to investigate distinct optical properties of atmospheric BrC. The extraction efficiency of BrC was as high as 91% in methanol solution, and the corresponding light absorption coefficient (Abs) of MSOC at 365 nm (Abs365-MSOC, 7.75 ± 3.95 Mm-1) was approximately 1.6 times that of WSOC (Abs365-WSOC, 4.84 ± 2.97 Mm-1), indicating that the water-insoluble compounds mostly affected the light absorption of BrC. The seasonal variations of Abs365-WSOC and Abs365-MSOC were followed the sequence of winter > spring > autumn > summer, due to the dominated emissions from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning in the cooling seasons. Additionally, four fluorescent chromophores in WSOC and MSOC, containing three humic-like chromophores and one protein-like chromophore, exhibited the highest fluorescent intensities in winter but weakest in summer. The lower humification index (HIX) in MSOC reflects that humic-like chromophores were preferentially water-soluble, in coordination with high degree of photo-oxidation and aromaticity. Fluorescence index (FI) of BrC was also higher in winter because of the effects of photo-bleaching, whereas biological index (BIX) remained stable throughout a year. Considering the correlation between primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC), aside from the contribution of primary emissions, secondary formation has become another major source to atmospheric BrC in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Dongyang Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ruoyuan Lei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiuyong Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Physical Modeling and Pollution Control, State Power Environmental Protection Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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17
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Li X, Xiao M, Xu X, Zhou J, Yang K, Wang Z, Zhang W, Hopke PK, Zhao W. Light Absorption Properties of Organic Aerosol from Wood Pyrolysis: Measurement Method Comparison and Radiative Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7156-7164. [PMID: 32437142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that organic aerosol (OA) is a significant absorber of solar radiation. Such absorptive OA is known as "brown carbon" (BrC). However, a formal analytical method for BrC is currently lacking although several methods have been applied to determine its absorption properties. Reported imaginary refractive index (kOA) values from various combustion sources span 2 orders of magnitude. Measurement methods are an important factor affecting this kOA variation. In this work, isolated OA from wood pyrolysis was used to compare four methods to determine absorbing properties of OA. The generated aerosol was lognormally distributed, spherical, and nearly pure organic matter. Optical closure was considered as the reference method. kOA calculated from the extract bulk light absorbance measurement was comparable to that determined by optical closure. kOA and mass absorption cross section obtained by online and offline filter-based transmission measurements were similar, but 3.5 to 5.0 times greater than those determined by optical closure. Absorption Ångström Exponents determined by the four methods were comparable and ranged from 6.1 to 6.8. A clear-sky radiative transfer model implied that using the optical parameters derived from different methods in the full climate model could produce different radiative impacts of primary OA emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Maodong Xiao
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhe Xu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Yang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
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18
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Deng M, Li P, Shan M, Yang X. Characterizing dynamic relationships between burning rate and pollutant emission rates in a forced-draft gasifier stove consuming biomass pellet fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113338. [PMID: 31610506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is a dominant solid fuel type worldwide. Traditional biomass combustion leads to severe indoor and ambient environmental problems. Biomass pellet utilization in forced-draft gasifier stoves is regarded as an improved approach to these problems. Previous studies on forced-draft biomass stoves mainly considered average emission amounts and lacked details of the combustion properties and dynamic correlations between emissions and combustion. This study used a dynamic measurement system to test a typical forced-draft gasifier stove consuming wood pellets and maize straw pellets. Real-time fuel burning rate, that partly reflects the combustion performance, and CO, NOx and PM2.5 emission rates, over a whole combustion course, were monitored. In all tests, the burning rate rose to a high and stable level, and then sharply subsided. CO, NOx and PM2.5 emission rates varied across the combustion course. CO (NOx) emissions have a negative (positive) logarithmic linear relationship with burning rate, while no consistent relationship was observed for PM2.5 emission rate. The identified relationships between burning rate and pollutant emission rates suggest the possibility of estimating emission performance of forced-draft biomass pellet stoves based on combustion indicators, or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Deng
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pengchao Li
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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19
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Wang T, Li Y, Zhi D, Lin Y, He K, Liu B, Mao H. Assessment of combustion and emission behavior of corn straw biochar briquette fuels under different temperatures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109399. [PMID: 31479935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 350 °C and 700 °C corn straw biochars were used to produce solid fuel briquettes. NovoGro (NG), an industrial by-product, were selected as a binder in the briquetting process. The ratios of the raw material to NG was assumed as 100:1 and 50:1 (denoted as 350NB1, 350NB2, 700NB1 and 700NB2, respectively). The physicochemical and morphological properties, combustion characteristics and gas emissions of the four briquettes were investigated. The results revealed that the biochars and the NG binder performed a good combination. The low temperature biochar briquettes, especially 350NB2, had excellent combustion characteristics, including low H/C and O/C ratios (0.17 and 0.82), low gas emissions (104.06 mg/m3 of CO, 157.25 mg/m3 of NOx and 18.92 mg/m3 of SO2), optimal resistance to mechanical shock (~90%) and high calorific values (21.48 MJ/kg). Thus, NG is a good binder for the briquetting of biochar. The low temperature biochar was a good feedstock for solid fuel production in the improvement of the combustion and emission quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuening Li
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yingchao Lin
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Kai He
- Research Centre for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Boyang Liu
- QES Department, Novozymes (China) Biotechnology Ltd, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Deng M, Zhang S, Shan M, Li J, Baumgartner J, Carter E, Yang X. The impact of cookstove operation on PM 2.5 and CO emissions: A comparison of laboratory and field measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1087-1095. [PMID: 30253299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient biomass combustion in traditional cookstoves generates high levels of household air pollution (HAP) that is associated with numerous adverse environmental and human health conditions. Many cookstoves have been evaluated using laboratory tests, but past studies revealed discrepancies between laboratory and field measurements. Fuel re-loading, a common operation in actual use but not required in the laboratory test, might be a contributing factor to this laboratory-field gap. In this study, we evaluated the pollutant emissions performance of a semi-gasifier cooking stove using both laboratory and field measurements. Emission factors and real-time properties of CO and PM2.5 were separately measured during the following 4 phases of a typical cooking event: lighting, stable combustion, fuel re-loading and post fuel re-loading. We quantified the CO and PM2.5 contributions to total cooking event emissions in each phase. We found over 70% lower PM2.5 emissions and 60% lower CO emissions during 3 no re-loading laboratory tests compared with all 16 field tests. Lighting generated 83.8% ± 15.6% of the total PM2.5 and 39.1% ± 7.8% of the total CO in laboratory tests without fuel re-loading, and 57.8% ± 33.5% and 37.9% ± 21.2% of the total PM2.5 and CO in field tests, respectively. On average, fuel re-loading led to 29.1% ± 30.8% of PM2.5 emissions and 24.9% ± 22.6% of CO emissions in 16 field tests, which also contributed to significant discrepancies between laboratory and field-based emissions. According to the ISO IWA tiered stove ratings for emissions, fuel re-loading led to at least one tier lower ranking in both laboratory and field cookstove tests. Fuel re-loading could be an important factor causing laboratory-field discrepancy of emissions, thus it could be considered in future cookstove selection and intervention projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Deng
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuangqi Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiarong Li
- Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co. Limited, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ellison Carter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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