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Lu T, Liu H, Yuan X, Li D, Zhang G, Wang Y, Xie Q, Wang X, Chi J, Wang Z, Wang S, Gao Y, Zhou L, Xu M. Chronic exposure to polyethylene terephthalate microplastics induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and disordered hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2025; 298:118330. [PMID: 40367616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
Despite the widespread presence of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET MPs) in the environment, their biotoxicity, target organs, and underlying toxicological mechanism remain poorly understood. In this study, irregularly shaped PET MPs resembling those commonly found in natural environment were selected. Mice were orally administered different amounts of PET MPs (0, 5, 50, and 500 μg/day) for 17 weeks, after which relevant pathological and biochemical indicators were assessed. The results confirmed, for the first time, that PET MPs can induce oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and apoptosis in liver cells, resulting in structural damage and functional abnormalities in the liver. Additionally, metabolomic analysis was combined with intestinal microbiota profiling to elucidate the potential toxicological mechanism. The data revealed that chronic exposure to high doses of PET MPs substantially altered the diversity of the intestinal flora. In particular, the relative abundances of Parasutterella, Muribaculum, and Turicibacter increased, accompanied by elevated levels of lipid metabolites such as linoleic acid, taurocholic acid, and sphingosine. These changes disrupted metabolic processes and accelerated lipid deposition in the mouse liver, thereby inducing hepatotoxicity. Moreover, a validation experiment confirmed that depletion of the gut microbiota in mice alleviated PET MPs-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings provide new insights into the toxicity of PET MPs in humans and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Desheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Guanqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Qiqiang Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Xinhao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Jingjian Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Drug Screen and Evaluation Research Center, Shandong International Biotechnology Park Development Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264670, PR China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China.
| | - Maolei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, PR China; Drug Screen and Evaluation Research Center, Shandong International Biotechnology Park Development Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong 264670, PR China.
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Hara J, Oraño GB, Vercauteren M, Mubiana KV, Janssen CR, Blust R, Asselman J, Town RM. Cellular and tissue-level responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to aged polyethylene terephthalate (PET) micro- and nanoplastic particles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2025; 283:107369. [PMID: 40262331 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2025] [Revised: 03/31/2025] [Accepted: 04/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) are pollutants of global concern due to their persistence, ubiquity, and associated risks. Laboratory studies, however, have predominantly focused on pristine MNPs, which do not adequately reflect the characteristics of environmental plastic debris. To address this gap, this study investigated the cellular and tissue-level responses of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to aged polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MNPs (diameter 600 nm to 3.1 µm) at three environmentally relevant concentrations: 10, 103, and 105 particles/L. The particles' physicochemical characteristics and stability in exposure media were analyzed using a combination of advanced analytical techniques. The biological responses were analyzed across multiple effect endpoints during both the exposure (days 1, 3, 7, and 14) and the subsequent recovery periods (3 and 10 days post-exposure), via flow cytometry and histopathology. The results revealed the sensitivity of hemocyte subpopulations, including granulocytes and hyalinocytes, to aged PET MNPs. Concentration- and time-dependent changes in lysosomal stability, oxidative activity, and hemocyte mortality were observed, demonstrating both immediate cellular perturbations and recovery potential to alleviate particle-induced effects. Histopathological analysis of key tissues exhibited significant alterations, particularly in the gill, suggesting potential impairment of essential physiological functions. No mussel mortality or significant changes in growth metrics were observed under the tested experimental conditions. These findings underscore the systemic impacts across multiple tissues of aged MNP exposure and highlight the importance of adopting integrative, environmentally realistic approaches to assess the biological consequences in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenevieve Hara
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium.
| | - Gethrie B Oraño
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Kayawe Valentine Mubiana
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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Ahmadi P, Doyle D, Mojarad N, Taherkhani S, Janzadeh A, Honardoost M, Gholami M. Effects of micro- and nanoplastic exposure on macrophages: a review of molecular and cellular mechanisms. Toxicol Mech Methods 2025:1-24. [PMID: 40323219 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2025.2500546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/26/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), pervasive environmental pollutants, contaminate water, soil, air, and the food chain and ultimately accumulate in living organisms. Macrophages are the main immune cells that gather around MNPs and engulf them through the process of phagocytosis. This internalization triggers M1 polarization and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-18, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, MNPs damage mitochondria and lysosomes, causing overactivation of iNOS and excessive production of ROS. This results in cellular stress and induce apoptosis, necroptosis, and, in some cases, metosis in macrophages. The internalization of MNPs also increases the expression of receptors, involving CD36, SR-A, LOX-1, and the macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure (MARCO) while decreasing ABCA-1 and ABCG-1. MNPs in adipose tissue macrophages trigger proinflammatory cytokine secretion, causing adipogenesis, lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in adipocytes. Various factors influence the rate of MNP internalization by macrophages, including size, charge, and concentration, which affect internalization through passive diffusion. Receptor-mediated phagocytosis of MNPs occurs directly via receptors like T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4) and MARCO. The attachment of biomolecules, including proteins, antibodies, opsonins, or microbes to MNPs (forming corona structures) promotes indirect receptor-mediated endocytosis, as macrophages possess receptors like TLRs and FcγRIII. MNPs also cause gut dysbiosis, a risk factor for proinflammatory microenvironment and M1 polarization. Here, we review the mechanisms and consequences of MNP macrophage exposure, which is linked to autoimmunity, inflammation, and cardiometabolic syndrome manifestations, including atherosclerosis and obesity, highlighting the immunotoxicity of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ahmadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Doyle
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Negin Mojarad
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Soroush Taherkhani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Honardoost
- Breast Health and Cancer Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cui Y, Wu Y, Shi P, Ni Y, Zeng H, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Sun W, Yi Q. Mitigating microplastic-induced organ Damage: Mechanistic insights from the microplastic-macrophage axes. Redox Biol 2025; 84:103688. [PMID: 40412021 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2025] [Revised: 05/10/2025] [Accepted: 05/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
We live in a world increasingly dominated by plastic, leading to the generation of microplastic particles that pose significant global health concerns. Microplastics can enter the body via ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact, accumulating in various tissues and potentially causing harm. Despite this, the specific cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved remain poorly understood. Macrophages are essential in absorbing, distributing, and eliminating microplastics, playing a key role in the body's defense mechanisms. Recent evidence highlights oxidative stress signaling as a key pathway in microplastic-induced macrophage dysfunction. The accumulation of microplastics generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting normal macrophage functions and exacerbating inflammation and organ damage. This review serves as the first comprehensive examination of the interplay between microplastics, macrophages, and oxidative stress. It discusses how oxidative stress mediates macrophage responses to microplastics and explores the interactions with gut microbiota. Additionally, it reviews the organ damage resulting from alterations in macrophage function mediated by microplastics and offers a novel perspective on the defense, assessment, and treatment of microplastic-induced harm from the viewpoint of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Cui
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China; Department of General Surgery, Dongguan Huangjiang Hospital, Dongguan, 523061, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China
| | - Pan Shi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China
| | - Yan Ni
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China
| | - Huaying Zeng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Dongguan Huangjiang Hospital, Dongguan, 523061, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China.
| | - Weichao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518035, China.
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646099, China.
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Jeong J, Kim S, Rethinasabapathy M, Yang YJ, Huh YS, Cho WS. Biotransformation of iron oxide nanoparticles and their impact on biokinetics in rats following intratracheal instillation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 494:138518. [PMID: 40367781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 04/13/2025] [Accepted: 05/05/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025]
Abstract
Understanding the biokinetics of inhaled nanomaterials is essential for evaluating their potential adverse effects, yet current analytical methods may not account for biotransformation-where nanoparticles are transformed into new particle types. This study compared the biokinetics of partially soluble Fe2O3 and poorly soluble TiO2 to investigate how biotransformation influences lung clearance kinetics. Test nanoparticles (140 µg/rat) were instilled into the lungs of rats, and quantitative and qualitative assessments were performed on samples collected from the lungs on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, and 90 post-instillation. Notably, this study focused on the biokinetics of particulate forms within the lungs to specifically address particokinetics. Fe2O3 exhibited biphasic clearance kinetics, with rapid clearance in the early phase (days 0-14; half-life of 13 days) and slow clearance in the late phase (days 14-90; half-life 123 days). This biphasic pattern was attributed to the erosion of Fe2O3 into smaller, nanometer-sized particles, approximately 40 % of which persisted in the lungs for over 3 months. These retained particles showed reduced oxidative potential and were sequestered in ferritin protein, mitigating potential toxicity. In contrast, TiO2 exhibited a monophasic clearance pattern with a half-life of 88 days and did not exhibit particle degradation. These findings underscore the critical role of biotransformation in understanding the long-term safety and toxicity of inhaled nanomaterials, highlighting the need for comprehensive studies to assess their biological fate and potential risks. Further research should focus on potential adverse effects due to particle overload, interactions with biomolecules, and disruptions in metal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyeon Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Muruganantham Rethinasabapathy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Kim G, Jeon S, Park B, Jo SG, Moon HG, Kim SH, Huh YS, Lee K, Duffin R, Cho WS. Lung-associated lymph nodes and spleen are major secondary accumulating organs in mice following inhaled black carbon as a surrogate of ultrafine ambient particles. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2025; 199:109475. [PMID: 40252552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 04/02/2025] [Accepted: 04/14/2025] [Indexed: 04/21/2025]
Abstract
Despite increasing public concern about the health impact of air pollution, little is known about the biokinetics of ultrafine particles. Herein, we investigate their biokinetics and associated mechanisms underlying organ distribution and extrapulmonary translocation of ambient ultrafine particulate matter in mice. The test materials used in this study were black carbon (BC) generated by a spark discharge soot generator and two reference materials (SRM 2975 and carbon black). The test particles were intratracheally instilled into the lungs of mice at 25 μg/mouse, and the organ burden was evaluated up to 3 months post-instillation. The data showed significant BC accumulation in lung-associated lymph nodes (LALN) and spleen from 1-3 months post-exposure, with no detectable levels in other organs. The reference materials showed a similar distribution pattern, indicating a common extrapulmonary translocation pathway for ultrafine carbon particles deposited in alveoli. This pathway is unique to particles deposited in the alveoli, as direct injection into lymphatic and systemic circulation showed typical organ accumulation (e.g., liver, lung, spleen, and LALN). The results highlight that the unique extrapulmonary translocation of test particles to the LALN and spleen may be due to the particles that escape from the lung being the smallest particles, evading hepatic surveillance but physically entrapped in the spleen's open circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inharo, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Gyeong Jo
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hi-Gyu Moon
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inharo, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero, 550 beon-gil, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Bocker R, Silva EK. Microplastics in our diet: A growing concern for human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2025; 968:178882. [PMID: 39987824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), particles smaller than 5 mm, are widely distributed in the environment, raising concerns about their long-term human health impact. MPs can enter the human food chain through various sources, including drinking water, salt, plant-based derived products, animal-based derived products (especially seafood), alcoholic beverages, and packaged food. Once in the human body, MPs have been detected in various biological tissues and secretions, such as feces, blood, semen, breastmilk, thrombi, colon, atheroma, and liver, highlighting their capacity for bioaccumulation. The most commonly identified polymers include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS), along with others such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This review presents a perspective on underexplored food contamination by MPs, discussing the presence of these plastic fragments in human biological systems and discussing in vivo studies that investigate their potential health risks. Emerging evidence links MPs to inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction, potentially contributing to gastrointestinal disorders, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and cardiovascular risks. Key knowledge gaps persist for understanding health impacts under environmental relevant conditions, particularly regarding long-term exposure, particle size effects, chemical composition, and interactions with environmental pollutants. Addressing these challenges requires the development of advanced experimental models and human-relevant tissue studies, to improve understanding of MPs bioaccumulation, toxicity, and mechanisms of action. This work underscores the urgency of mitigating MP exposure and advancing studies to better understand their real implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Bocker
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos (FEA), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos (FEA), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil.
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Park JW, Kang M, Kim G, Hyun SY, Shin J, Kim SY, Lee JH, Choi WS, Lee JH, Lee K, Kim SH, Cho WS, Kim HS. The impact of atmospheric ultrafine particulate matter on IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 484:136705. [PMID: 39637818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 11/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
The effect of atmospheric ultrafine particulate matter (UPM) on respiratory allergic diseases has been investigated for decades; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a simulated UPM (sUPM) generated via the spark discharge method to refine black carbon, a core particle that closely mimics real-world UPM, including the size (i.e., size of agglomerates: 165 nm) and organic carbon/elemental carbon ratio (i.e., 2.62). When 25 μg/mouse of dispersed sUPM was instilled into the lungs of mice, it promoted the infiltration and degranulation response of pulmonary mast cells, and exposure to sUPM in an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive anaphylaxis model intensified the degranulation response of peripheral mast cells. These effects of sUPM were demonstrated to amplify the downstream signaling mechanism of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) mediated by IgE when tested using rat basophil leukemia (RBL)-2H3 and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) collected from the bone marrow of BALB/c mice. These results indicate that airborne UPM can exacerbate type 1 hypersensitivity reactions by enhancing the IgE-mediated signaling pathways within mast cells. Furthermore, this study provided mechanistic evidence on exacerbated allergic pulmonary diseases induced by UPM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Park
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseong Kang
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeun Hyun
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Shin
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wu H, Cai R, Zhou C, Yang Y, Tian X, Zhao Z, Bai Q, Qiu X, Song Q, Zhang L, Bao H, Liu T. Nano-sized polystyrene plastics toxicity: Necroptosis pathway caused by autophagy blockade and lysosomal dysfunction. NANOIMPACT 2025; 37:100537. [PMID: 39740740 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
The persistent detection of nano-sized plastic particles in humans, animals, and animal-derived products underscores the potential impact of these particles on living organisms. Consequently, the toxicology of such particles has emerged as a pivotal research interests in recent years. In this study, NP was synthesized successfully with an average particle size of 100 nm using a emulsion polymerization method as model particles. Following co-incubation of IEC-6 cells with NP for 24-168 h, a notable inhibition of cell viability and proliferation was observed. The significant activation of autophagy and a concomitant blockage of autophagic flux in IEC-6 cells after 24-72 h of co-incubation with NP were unveiled by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and double-fluorescent autophagy analysis. A significant increase in the number of lysosomes and an increase in the expression of hydrolase CTSB were detected, indicating dysregulation of lysosomal function. The subsequent transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses, coupled with the observation of activated lysosomes and the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL/PYGL pathway, led us to posit that the blockade of autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction, culminating in lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) induced necroptosis, constitutes one of the mechanisms contributing to the cytotoxicity of NP. SYNOPSIS: The cytotoxicity and its related mechanisms of nano-plastic is still unclear. This study found that nano-plastics may induce necroptosis in cells, and autophagy blockade and lysosomal dysfunction are prodromal manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China; College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Runqiu Cai
- Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, China
| | - Chaoyu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xinyuan Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhongling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qianyu Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xuejiao Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Tianlong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China.
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10
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Park KM, Kim B, Woo W, Kim LK, Hyun YM. Polystyrene microplastics induce activation and cell death of neutrophils through strong adherence and engulfment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:136100. [PMID: 39405722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
Ingested microplastics (MPs) can accumulate throughout whole body, which may induce the dysfunction of immune system. However, it remains unclear how MP exposure affects innate immune responses at the cellular level. We found that mouse neutrophils strongly bind and then engulf polystyrene MPs. This interaction leads to proinflammatory state of neutrophils and eventually results in apoptotic cell death through toll-like receptor signaling pathway in a bacteria-recognition mimetic manner. Moreover, our data verified that orally administered polystyrene MPs reach various organs in mice, where they are interacted with and endocytosed by neutrophils. We confirmed that human neutrophils also strongly bind and internalize polystyrene MPs. Additionally, RNA sequencing analysis of polystyrene MPs-exposed human neutrophils showed the upregulation of cell death-related function. Therefore, the accumulated MPs may exacerbate inflammatory immune response by disrupting neutrophil function. These results provide novel insight into the adverse responses of neutrophils induced by MP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koung-Min Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Woo
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lu T, Yuan X, Sui C, Yang C, Li D, Liu H, Zhang G, Li G, Li S, Zhang J, Zhou L, Xu M. Exposure to Polypropylene Microplastics Causes Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Through Oxidative Stress and Activation of the MAPK-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:5371-5381. [PMID: 39248137 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are a growing concern as pollutants that impact both public health and the environment. However, the toxic effects of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PP-MPs on cardiotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms. The cardiotoxicity of exposure to different amounts of PP-MPs were investigated in both ICR mice and H9C2 cells. Our results demonstrated that sub-chronic exposure to 5 and 50 mg/L PP-MPs led to myocardial structural damage, apoptosis, and fibrosis in mice cardiomyocytes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PP-MPs could decrease mitochondrial membrane potential and induce apoptosis in H9C2 cells. Western blotting revealed decreased expression of Bcl-2, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 3 and increased expression of Bax, cleaved-PARP, and cleaved-caspase 3 in PP-MPs-treated cardiac tissue and H9C2 cells. These results confirmed the apoptotic effects induced by PP-MPs. Moreover, PP-MPs treatment triggered oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased levels of malondialdehyde; reduction in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in mice cardiac tissues; and increased reactive oxygen species levels in H9C2 cells. Finally, western blotting demonstrated that exposure to PP-MPs significantly reduced the expression levels of Nrf2 and p-ERK proteins associated with MAPK-Nrf2 pathway in both cardiac tissue and H9C2 cells. Overall, our findings indicate that PP-MPs can induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis through MAPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway, which is triggered by oxidative stress. This study provides a foundation for determining the effects of PP-MPs on cardiotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Changbai Sui
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Affiliated to Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Desheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Guanqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Guozhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Song Li
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
| | - Maolei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, China
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12
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Liang J, Abdullah ALB, Li Y, Wang H, Xiong S, Han M. Long-term PS micro/nano-plastic exposure: Particle size effects on hepatopancreas injury in Parasesarma pictum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176530. [PMID: 39332714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread use of plastic products, microplastics and nanoplastics have emerged as prevalent pollutants in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Parasesarma pictum, a common estuarine crab species, was selected as a model organism. P. pictum was exposed to polystyrene (PS) particles of sizes 80 nm (80PS), 500 nm (500PS), and 1000 nm (1000PS), as well as to clean seawater (CK) for 21 days. Histological and fluorescent staining results showed that PS particles of all three sizes induced hepatopancreatic nuclear pyknosis, cell junction damage, and necrosis. The degree of damage was observed as 1000PS > 80PS > 500PS. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that major differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with cellular processes, membrane components, and catalytic activity. The respiratory chain disruptions and immune exhaustion induced by 1000PS were notably stronger than those by 80PS and 500PS. Additionally, necrosis caused hepatopancreas injury in P. pictum rather than apoptosis or autophagy after long-term PS particle exposure. Furthermore, PS particles of all three sizes inhibited innate immunity, while the complement pathway was not significantly affected in the 80PS group. This study elucidated potential distinctions in how plastic particles of varying sizes (nanoplastics, microplastics, and micro/nanoplastics) impact P. pictum, providing a reference for toxicological mechanism research on microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic organisms. Future research should focus on exploring long-term effects and potential mitigation strategies for microplastics and nanoplastics of more types and a wider range of particle size pollution in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liang
- School of Humanities, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Yiming Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Humanities, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Sen Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Chengdu Jncon Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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13
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Shelver WL, Billey LO, McGarvey AM, Hoselton SA, Banerjee A. The effects of concentration, duration of exposure, size and surface function of polymethyl methacrylate micro/nanoplastics on human liver cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 287:117240. [PMID: 39476649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024]
Abstract
Micro/nanoplastics (MP/NP) are pervasive contaminants that are detected throughout the environment in diverse matrices. Exposure to MP/NP have been demonstrated in humans by their presence in numerous body fluids and tissues. Due to the large quantity of production and broad applications, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) MP/NP have frequently been measured in surveys of microplastics in the environment. The effects of size, surface charge (aminated, carboxylated or non-functionalized), concentration, and exposure duration of PMMA particles in HepG2 human liver cells were evaluated in this study. The majority of PMMA MP/NP were non-cytotoxic. Some sporadic cytotoxicity was measured but it did not follow discernable trends. Confocal images revealed that 50, 100, and 1000 nm PMMA MP/NP were all taken up by HepG2 cells irrespective of surface charge. Particle size significantly affected caspase-3 release (p = 0.0002). Apoptosis was induced in only a small number of cells at 24 and 48 h for 50 nm and 1000 nm MP/NP. From 72 - 120 h, apoptosis increased in a time dependent manner for 50 nm beads at 100 µg/mL for all three surface functionalizations, with amine beads having the highest apoptosis at 120 h (36 %). Production of the pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8) increased > 2x when the duration of exposure increased from 4 to 24 h irrespective of particle size, charge, or concentration. Collectively, PMMA MP/NP were not cytotoxic at the concentrations tested, but were able to translocate into HepG2 cells, release caspase-3, induce apoptosis, and produce IL-8 in a time dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Lloyd O Billey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Scott A Hoselton
- Dr. Thomas Glass Biotech Innovation Core, Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Amrita Banerjee
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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14
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Chen YC, Lin KYA, Chen YC, Hong YY, Hsu YF, Lin CH. Impact of photoaging on the chemical and cytotoxic properties of nanoscale zeolitic imidazolate framework-8. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135536. [PMID: 39191015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of photoaging on a nanoscale metal-organic framework (MOF), truncated rhombic dodecahedron nano-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (nZIF-8), focusing on its oxidative stress, inflammation, and implications for pulmonary diseases. We observed significant photodegradation-induced transformations in nZIF-8, characterized by a reduction in particle size from 200.5 to 101.4 nm and notable structural disintegration after prolonged exposure to simulated solar radiation. This alteration resulted in a marked decrease in oxidative cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells, which was attributed to changes in surface properties and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Gene expression analysis further revealed a decrease in cytotoxic and inflammatory responses, which potentially lowers the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aged nZIF-8 also showed diminished capacity to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and influence COPD-related gene expression, reducing its potential to exacerbate COPD pathogenesis. Our findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive safety evaluations of these materials, while considering their long-term environmental and biological impacts. The diminished cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of aged nZIF-8 highlighted its enhanced suitability for broader applications, indicating that photoaging may lead to safer and more sustainable material utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chu Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Yu Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan.
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15
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Hara J, Vercauteren M, Schoenaers S, Janssen CR, Blust R, Asselman J, Town RM. Differential sensitivity of hemocyte subpopulations (Mytilus edulis) to aged polyethylene terephthalate micro- and nanoplastic particles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 286:117255. [PMID: 39490108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Bivalve hemocytes, particularly granulocytes and hyalinocytes, play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. However, their interactions with aged plastic particles, exhibiting altered properties that more closely resemble those in natural environments, remain largely underexplored. This study assesses the differential responses of hemocyte subpopulations (Mytilus edulis) to chemically aged polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastic (MPs) and nanoplastic (NPs) particles across multiple cellular effect endpoints. Particle characteristics were analyzed using Single Particle Extinction and Scattering, Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering. In vitro experiments with aged PET MPs (1.9 µm) and NPs (0.68 µm) were conducted at three internally relevant concentrations: 10 (C1), 10³ (C2), and 10⁵ particles/mL (C3). Cellular responses were assessed by measuring lysosomal content stability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular mortality, and morphological parameters using flow cytometry at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the differential sensitivities of granulocytes and hyalinocytes to aged PET, influenced by particle size and concentration. Specifically, aged PET MPs and NPs induce distinct size and concentration-dependent patterns of lysosomal destabilization, coinciding with the loss of functional integrity. Elevated ROS levels were observed only in granulocytes and hyalinocytes exposed to high concentrations of aged PET NPs, underscoring the effects on oxidative stress. Both aged PET MPs and NPs induce significant increases in cellular mortality, particularly after 24 h of exposure at high concentrations. These findings reveal the complex cellular mechanisms underlying hemocyte functional impairment following exposure to aged PET particles under environmentally and biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenevieve Hara
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium.
| | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- IMPRES, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Raewyn M Town
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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16
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Mahmud F, Sarker DB, Jocelyn JA, Sang QXA. Molecular and Cellular Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Focus on Inflammation and Senescence. Cells 2024; 13:1788. [PMID: 39513895 PMCID: PMC11545702 DOI: 10.3390/cells13211788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Their prevalence, persistence, and increasing industrial production have led to questions about their long-term impact on human and animal health. This narrative review describes the effects of MNPs on oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Exposure to MNPs leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) across multiple experimental models, including cell lines, organoids, and animal systems. ROS can cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Direct interaction between MNPs and immune cells or an indirect result of oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage may lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines throughout different MNP-exposure conditions. This inflammatory response is a common feature in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other age-related diseases. MNPs also act as cell senescence inducers by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction, impairing autophagy, and activating DNA damage responses, exacerbating cellular aging altogether. Increased senescence of reproductive cells and transfer of MNPs/induced damages from parents to offspring in animals further corroborates the transgenerational health risks of the tiny particles. This review aims to provoke a deeper investigation into the notorious effects these pervasive particles may have on human well-being and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (F.M.); (D.B.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Drishty B. Sarker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (F.M.); (D.B.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Jonathan A. Jocelyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (F.M.); (D.B.S.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA; (F.M.); (D.B.S.); (J.A.J.)
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
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17
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Li Y, Chen L, Zhou N, Chen Y, Ling Z, Xiang P. Microplastics in the human body: A comprehensive review of exposure, distribution, migration mechanisms, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174215. [PMID: 38914339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive across ecosystems, presenting substantial risks to human health. Developing a comprehensive review of MPs is crucial due to the growing evidence of their widespread presence and potential harmful effects. Despite the growth in research, considerable uncertainties persist regarding their transport dynamics, prevalence, toxicological impacts, and the potential long-term health effects they may cause. This review thoroughly evaluates recent advancements in research on MPs and their implications for human health, including estimations of human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. It also quantifies the distribution and accumulation of MPs in various organs and tissues. The review discusses the mechanisms enabling MPs to cross biological barriers and the role of particle size in their translocation. To ensure methodological rigor, this review adheres to the PRISMA guidelines, explicitly detailing the literature search strategy, inclusion criteria, and the quality assessment of selected studies. The review concludes that MPs pose significant toxicological risks, identifies critical gaps in current knowledge, and recommends future research directions to elucidate the prolonged effects of MPs on human health. This work aims to offer a scientific framework for mitigating MP-related hazards and establishes a foundation for ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of College of Art and Design, Rural Vitalization Research Center in the Wuling Mountain Area, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China.
| | - Liping Chen
- Institute of College of Art and Design, Rural Vitalization Research Center in the Wuling Mountain Area, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Nonglin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Yuyuan Chen
- Institute of College of Art and Design, Rural Vitalization Research Center in the Wuling Mountain Area, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Zhichen Ling
- Institute of College of Art and Design, Rural Vitalization Research Center in the Wuling Mountain Area, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
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18
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Chelomin VP, Istomina AA, Mazur AA, Slobodskova VV, Zhukovskaya AF, Dovzhenko NV. New Insights into the Mechanisms of Toxicity of Aging Microplastics. TOXICS 2024; 12:726. [PMID: 39453146 PMCID: PMC11510949 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, synthetic polymer (plastic) particles are ubiquitous in the environment. It is known that for several decades microplastics (MPs) have been accumulating in the World Ocean, becoming available to a large variety of marine organisms. Particularly alarming is the accumulation of aging plastic particles, as the degradation processes of such particles increase their toxicity. The diverse display of negative properties of aging MPs and its effect on biota are still poorly understood. In this study, in vitro experiments modeling the interaction of pristine and UV-irradiated aging polypropylene (PP) fragments with hemocytes and mitochondria of bivalve mollusks Mytilus sp. were performed. The appearance of free radicals in the environment was recorded by spectral characteristics of indicator dyes-methylene blue (MB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). It was found that due to photooxidation, aging PP fragments sorbed more than threefold MB on their modified surface compared to pristine samples of this polymer. Using NBT, the formation of reactive oxygen species in seawater in the presence of pristine and photoactivated PP was recorded. It was also found that photodegraded PP fragments largely stimulated the development of lipid peroxidation processes in mitochondrial membranes and reduced the stability of hemocyte lysosome membranes compared to pristine PP fragments. In general, the results obtained concretize and supplement with experimental data the previously stated hypothesis of toxicity of aging MPs.
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19
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Cheng W, Chen H, Zhou Y, You Y, Lei D, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang Y. Aged fragmented-polypropylene microplastics induced ageing statues-dependent bioenergetic imbalance and reductive stress: In vivo and liver organoids-based in vitro study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 191:108949. [PMID: 39213921 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ageing is a nature process of microplastics that occurrs daily, and human beings are inevitably exposed to aged microplastics. However, a systematic understanding of ageing status and its toxic effect is currently still lacking. In this study, plastic cup lids-originated polypropylene (PP) microplastics were UV-photoaged until the carbonyl index (CI), a canonical indicator for plastic ageing, achieved 0.08, 0.17, 0.22 and 0.28. The adverse hepatic effect of these aged PPs (aPPs) was evaluated in Balb/c mice (75 ng/mL water, about 200 particles/day) and human-originated liver organoids (LOs, 50 particles/mL, ranged from 5.94 to 13.15 ng/mL) at low-dose equivalent to human exposure level. Low-dose of aged PP could induce hepatic reductive stress both in vitro and in vivo, by elevating the NADH/NAD+ratio in a CI-dependent manner, together with hepatoxicity (indicated by increased AST secretion and cytotoxicity), and disrupted the genes encoding the nutrients transporters and NADH subunits accompanied by the restricted ATP supply, declined mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial complexI/IV activities, without significant increase in MDA levels in the liver. These changes in the liver disrupted systematic metabolism, representing a circulatory panel of increases in the lactate, triglyceride, Fgf21 levels, and decreases in the pyruvate level, linked the reductive stress to the declined body weight gain but elevated hepatic NADH contents following aPPs exposure. Additionally, assessing by the LOs, it was found that digestion drastically accelerated the ageing of aPPs and worsen the energy supply upon mitochondria, representing a "scattergun effect" induced by the formation of micro- and nano-plastics mixture toward NADH/NAD+imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hange Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yifei You
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Lei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Ghosal S, Bag S, Rao SR, Bhowmik S. Exposure to polyethylene microplastics exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease tightly associated with intestinal gut microflora. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25130-25148. [PMID: 39139248 PMCID: PMC11320195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04544k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene microplastics (PE MPs) have sparked widespread concern about their possible health implications because of their abundance, pervasiveness in the environment and in our daily life. Multiple investigations have shown that a high dosage of PE MPs may adversely impact gastrointestinal health. In tandem with the rising prevalence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in recent decades, global plastic manufacturing has risen to more than 300 million tons per year, resulting in a build-up of plastic by-products such as PE MPs in our surroundings. We have explored current advancements in the effect PE MPs on IBD in this review. Furthermore, we compared and summarized the detrimental roles of PE MPs in gut microbiota of different organisms viz., earthworms, super worm's larvae, yellow mealworms, brine shrimp, spring tails, tilapia, gilt-head bream, crucian carp, zebrafish, juvenile yellow perch, European sea bass, c57BL/6 mice and human. According to this review, PE MPs played a significant role in decreasing the diversity of gut microbiota of above-mentioned species which leads to the development of IBD and causes severe intestinal inflammation. Finally, we pinpoint significant scientific gaps, such as the movement of such hazardous PE MPs and the accompanying microbial ecosystems and propose prospective research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosal
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pondy-Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam Pondicherry - 607402 India
| | - Sagar Bag
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta 92, A. P. C. Road Kolkata - 700009 India
| | - S R Rao
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pondy-Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam Pondicherry - 607402 India
| | - Sudipta Bhowmik
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pondy-Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam Pondicherry - 607402 India
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta 92, A. P. C. Road Kolkata - 700009 India
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21
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You HJ, Jo YJ, Kim G, Kwon J, Yoon SB, Youn C, Kim Y, Kang MJ, Cho WS, Kim JS. Disruption of early embryonic development in mice by polymethylmethacrylate nanoplastics in an oxidative stress mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142407. [PMID: 38795919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) has been used in many products, such as acrylic glass, and is estimated to reach 5.7 million tons of production per year by 2028. Thus, nano-sized PMMA particles in the environment are highly likely due to the weathering process. However, information on the hazards of nanoplastics, including PMMA in mammals, especially reproductive toxicity and action mechanism, is scarce. Herein, we investigated the effect of PMMA nanoplastics on the female reproductive system of mice embryos during pre-implantation. The treated plastic particles in embryos (10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL) were endocytosed into the cytoplasm within 30 min, and the blastocyst development and indices of embryo quality were significantly decreased from at 100 μg/mL. Likewise, the transfer of nanoplastic-treated embryos at 100 μg/mL decreased the morula implantation rate on the oviduct of pseudopregnant mice by 70%, calculated by the pregnant individual, and 31.8% by the number of implanted embryos. The PMMA nanoplastics at 100 μg/mL significantly increased the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species in embryos, which was not related to the intrinsic oxidative potential of nanoplastics. This study highlights that the nanoplastics that enter systemic circulation can affect the early stage of embryos. Thus, suitable action mechanisms can be designed to address nanoplastic occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Ju You
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jo
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kwon
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Yoon
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsic Youn
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jong Kang
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Lin Z, Li Z, Ji S, Lo HS, Billah B, Sharmin A, Han X, Lui WY, Tse WKF, Fang JKH, Zhang C, Shang X, Lai KP, Li L. Size-dependent deleterious effects of nano- and microplastics on sperm motility. Toxicology 2024; 506:153834. [PMID: 38763425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing concerns regarding the reproductive toxicity associated with daily life exposure to micro-/nano-plastics (abbreviated as MNPs) have become increasingly prevalent. In reality, MNPs exposure involves a heterogeneous mixture of MNPs of different sizes rather than a single size. METHODS In this study, an oral exposure mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of MNPs of four size ranges: 25-30 nm, 1-5 µm, 20-27 µm, and 125-150 µm. Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were administered environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.1 mg MNPs/day for 21 days. After that, open field test and computer assisted sperm assessment (CASA) were conducted. Immunohistochemical analyses of organ and cell type localization of MNPs were evaluated. Testicular transcriptome analysis was carried out to understand the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Our result showed that MNPs of different size ranges all impaired sperm motility, with a decrease in progressive sperm motility, linearity and straight-line velocity of sperm movement. Alterations did not manifest in animal locomotion, body weight, or sperm count. Noteworthy effects were most pronounced in the smaller MNPs size ranges (25-30 nm and 1-5 µm). Linear regression analysis substantiated a negative correlation between the size of MNPs and sperm curvilinear activity. Immunohistochemical analysis unveiled the intrusions of 1-5 µm MNPs, but not 20-27 µm and 125-150 µm MNPs, into Leydig cells and testicular macrophages. Further testicular transcriptomic analysis revealed perturbations in pathways related to spermatogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Particularly within the 1-5 µm MNPs group, a heightened perturbation in pathways linked to spermatogenesis and oxidative stress was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the size-dependent impairment of MNPs on sperm functionality, underscoring the pressing need for apprehensions about and interventions against the escalation of environmental micro-/nano-plastics contamination. This urgency is especially pertinent to small-sized MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Lin
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijie Li
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuqin Ji
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hoi Shing Lo
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaofang Han
- Core Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital (Fifth Hospital) of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuejun Shang
- Department of Urology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Lei Li
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Rahman L, Williams A, Wu D, Halappanavar S. Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics Generated from Disposable Water Bottles Induce Interferon Signaling Pathways in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1287. [PMID: 39120391 PMCID: PMC11314056 DOI: 10.3390/nano14151287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are present in ambient air in a respirable size fraction; however, their potential impact on human health via inhalation routes is not well documented. In the present study, methods for a lab-scale generation of MPs from regularly used and littered plastic articles were optimized. The toxicity of 11 different types of MPs, both commercially purchased and in-lab prepared MPs, was investigated in lung epithelial cells using cell viability, immune and inflammatory response, and genotoxicity endpoints. The underlying mechanisms were identified by microarray analysis. Although laborious, the laboratory-scale methods generated a sufficient quantity of well characterized MPs for toxicity testing. Of the 11 MPs tested, the small sized polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) MPs prepared from disposable water bottles induced the maximum toxicity. Specifically, the smaller size PETE MPs induced a robust activation of the interferon signaling pathway, implying that PETE MPs are perceived by cells by similar mechanisms as those employed to recognize pathogens. The PETE MPs of heterogenous size and shapes induced cell injury, triggering cell death, inflammatory cascade, and DNA damage, hallmark in vitro events indicative of potential in vivo tissue injury. The study establishes toxicity of specific types of plastic materials in micron and nano size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Rahman
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (L.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (L.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (L.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (L.R.); (A.W.); (D.W.)
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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24
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Pan I, Umapathy S. Probiotics an emerging therapeutic approach towards gut-brain-axis oriented chronic health issues induced by microplastics: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32004. [PMID: 38882279 PMCID: PMC11176854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Applications for plastic polymers can be found all around the world, often discarded without any prior care, exacerbating the environmental issue. When large waste materials are released into the environment, they undergo physical, biological, and photo-degradation processes that break them down into smaller polymer fragments known as microplastics (MPs). The time it takes for residual plastic to degrade depends on the type of polymer and environmental factors, with some taking as long as 600 years or more. Due to their small size, microplastics can contaminate food and enter the human body through food chains and webs, causing gastrointestinal (GI) tract pain that can range from local to systemic. Microplastics can also acquire hydrophobic organic pollutants and heavy metals on their surface, due to their large surface area and surface hydrophobicity. The levels of contamination on the microplastic surface are significantly higher than in the natural environment. The gut-brain axis (GB axis), through which organisms interact with their environment, regulate nutritional digestion and absorption, intestinal motility and secretion, complex polysaccharide breakdown, and maintain intestinal integrity, can be altered by microplastics acting alone or in combination with pollutants. Probiotics have shown significant therapeutic potential in managing various illnesses mediated by the gut-brain axis. They connect hormonal and biochemical pathways to promote gut and brain health, making them a promising therapy option for a variety of GB axis-mediated illnesses. Additionally, taking probiotics with or without food can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuro-inflammation, neurodegeneration, protein folding, and both motor and non-motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson's disease. This study provides new insight into microplastic-induced gut dysbiosis, its associated health risks, and the benefits of using both traditional and next-generation probiotics to maintain gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieshita Pan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suganiya Umapathy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Adler MY, Issoual I, Rückert M, Deloch L, Meier C, Tschernig T, Alexiou C, Pfister F, Ramsperger AF, Laforsch C, Gaipl US, Jüngert K, Paulsen F. Effect of micro- and nanoplastic particles on human macrophages. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134253. [PMID: 38642497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are ubiquitous in the environment, resulting in the uptake of MNPs by a variety of organisms, including humans, leading to particle-cell interaction. Human macrophages derived from THP-1 cell lines take up Polystyrene (PS), a widespread plastic. The question therefore arises whether primary human macrophages also take up PS micro- and nanobeads (MNBs) and how they react to this stimulation. Major aim of this study is to visualize this uptake and to validate the isolation of macrophages from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to assess the impact of MNPs on human macrophages. Uptake of macrophages from THP-1 cell lines and PBMCs was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy and live cell imaging. In addition, the reaction of the macrophages was analyzed in terms of metabolic activity, cytotoxicity, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and macrophage polarization. This study is the first to visualize PS MNBs in primary human cells using TEM and live cell imaging. Metabolic activity was size- and concentration-dependent, necrosis and ROS were increased. The methods demonstrated in this study outline an approach to assess the influence of MNP exposure on human macrophages and help investigating the consequences of worldwide plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Y Adler
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Insaf Issoual
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Chair of Machine Learning and Data Analytics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rückert
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Pfister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and Bay CEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Jüngert
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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26
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da Silva Brito WA, Ravandeh M, Saadati F, Singer D, Dorsch AD, Schmidt A, Cecchini AL, Wende K, Bekeschus S. Sonicated polyethylene terephthalate nano- and micro-plastic-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141813. [PMID: 38575082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The environmental presence of nano- and micro-plastic particles (NMPs) is suspected to have a negative impact on human health. Environmental NMPs are difficult to sample and use in life science research, while commercially available plastic particles are too morphologically uniform. Additionally, this NMPs exposure exhibited biological effects, including cell internalization, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular adaptation, and genotoxicity. Therefore, developing new methods for producing heterogenous NMPs as observed in the environment is important as reference materials for research. Thus, we aimed to generate and characterize NMPs suspensions using a modified ultrasonic protocol and to investigate their biological effects after exposure to different human cell lines. To this end, we produced polyethylene terephthalate (PET) NMPs suspensions and characterized the particles by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Ultrasound treatment induced polymer degradation into smaller and heterogeneous PET NMPs shape fragments with similar surface chemistry before and after treatment. A polydisperse suspension of PET NMPs with 781 nm in average size and negative surface charge was generated. Then, the PET NMPs were cultured with two human cell lines, A549 (lung) and HaCaT (skin), addressing inhalation and topical exposure routes. Both cell lines interacted with and have taken up PET NMPs as quantified via cellular granularity assay. A549 but not HaCaT cell metabolism, viability, and cell death were affected by PET NMPs. In HaCaT keratinocytes, large PET NMPs provoked genotoxic effects. In both cell lines, PET NMPs exposure affected oxidative stress, cytokine release, and cell morphology, independently of concentration, which we could relate mechanistically to Nrf2 and autophagy activation. Collectively, we present a new PET NMP generation model suitable for studying the environmental and biological consequences of exposure to this polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walison Augusto da Silva Brito
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, 86047970, Brazil
| | - Mehdi Ravandeh
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing-Bioelectronics (IBI3), Forschungszentrum Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fariba Saadati
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Debora Singer
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anna Daniela Dorsch
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Schmidt
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alessandra Lourenço Cecchini
- Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, 86047970, Brazil
| | - Kristian Wende
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
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27
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Martin L, Simpson K, Brzezinski M, Watt J, Xu W. Cellular response of keratinocytes to the entry and accumulation of nanoplastic particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:22. [PMID: 38685063 PMCID: PMC11057139 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic accumulation in the environment is rapidly increasing, and nanoplastics (NP), byproducts of environmental weathering of bulk plastic waste, pose a significant public health risk. Particles may enter the human body through many possible routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. However, studies on NP penetration and accumulation in human skin are limited. Loss or reduction of the keratinized skin barrier may enhance the skin penetration of NPs. The present study investigated the entry of NPs into a human skin system modeling skin with compromised barrier functions and cellular responses to the intracellular accumulations of NPs. Two in vitro models were employed to simulate human skin lacking keratinized barriers. The first model was an ex vivo human skin culture with the keratinized dermal layer (stratum corneum) removed. The second model was a 3D keratinocyte/dermal fibroblast cell co-culture model with stratified keratinocytes on the top and a monolayer of skin fibroblast cells co-cultured at the bottom. The penetration and accumulation of the NPs in different cell types were observed using fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cellular responses of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast cells to stress induced by NPs stress were measured. The genetic regulatory pathway of keratinocytes to the intracellular NPs was identified using transcript analyses and KEGG pathway analysis. The cellular uptake of NPs by skin cells was confirmed by imaging analyses. Transepidermal transport and penetration of NPs through the skin epidermis were observed. According to the gene expression and pathway analyses, an IL-17 signaling pathway was identified as the trigger for cellular responses to internal NP accumulation in the keratinocytes. The transepidermal NPs were also found in co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells and resulted in a large-scale transition from fibroblast cells to myofibroblast cells with enhanced production of α-smooth muscle actin and pro-Collagen Ia. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and cell activation may result in skin inflammation and ultimately trigger immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Kayla Simpson
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Molly Brzezinski
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr, 78412, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
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28
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Chen CY, Lin Z. Exploring the potential and challenges of developing physiologically-based toxicokinetic models to support human health risk assessment of microplastic and nanoplastic particles. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108617. [PMID: 38599027 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pollution has emerged as a significant and widespread environmental issue. Humans are inevitably exposed to MPs and NPs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contacts from various sources. However, mechanistic knowledge of their distribution, interaction, and potency in the body is still lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we have undertaken the task of elucidating the toxicokinetic (TK) behaviors of MPs and NPs, aiming to provide mechanistic information for constructing a conceptual physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model to support in silico modeling approaches. Our effort involved a thorough examination of the existing literature and data collation on the presence of MPs in the human body and in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo biodistribution across various cells and tissues. By comprehending the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion mechanisms of MPs and NPs in relation to their physicochemical attributes, we established a foundational understanding of the link between external exposure and internal tissue dosimetry. We observed that particle size and surface chemistry have been thoroughly explored in previous experimental studies. However, certain attributes, such as polymer type, shape, and biofilm/biocorona, warrant attention and further examination. We discussed the fundamental disparities in TK properties of MPs/NPs from those of engineered nanoparticles. We proposed a preliminary PBTK framework with several possible modeling approaches and discussed existing challenges for further investigation. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive compilation of existing TK data of MPs/NPs, a critical overview of TK processes and mechanisms, and proposes potential PBTK modeling approaches, particularly regarding their applicability to the human system, and outlines future perspectives for developing PBTK models and their integration into human health risk assessment of MPs and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yun Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL 32608, United States
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL 32608, United States.
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Shi Y, Li D, Hill C, Yang L, Sheerin ED, Pilliadugula R, Wang JJ, Boland J, Xiao L. Micro and nano plastics release from a single absorbable suture into simulated body fluid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133559. [PMID: 38301437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are widely used in medical devices and implants where biocompatibility and mechanical strength are key enablers of emerging technologies. One concern that has not been widely studied is the potential of their microplastics (MPs) release. Here we studied the levels of MP debris released following 8-week in vitro tests on three typical polyglycolic acid (PGA) based absorbable sutures (PGA 100, PGA 90 and PGA 75) and two nonabsorbable sutures (polypropylene-PP and polyamide-PA) in simulated body fluid. The MP release levels ranked from PGA 100 > > PGA 90 > PGA 75 > > PP ∼ PA. A typical PGA 100 suture released 0.63 ± 0.087 million micro (MPs > 1 µm) and 1.96 ± 0.04 million nano (NPs, 200-1000 nm) plastic particles per centimeter. In contrast, no MPs were released from the nonabsorbable sutures under the same conditions. PGA that was co-blended with 10-25% L-lactide or epsilon-caprolactone resulted in a two orders of magnitude lower level of MP release. These results underscore the need to assess the release of nano- and microplastics from medical polymers while applied in the human body and to evaluate possible risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Shi
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Dunzhu Li
- College of Jiyang, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji 311800, China.
| | - Christopher Hill
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Emmet D Sheerin
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Rekha Pilliadugula
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland.
| | - John Boland
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland.
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland; TrinityHaus, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Dublin D02PN40, Ireland.
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Jasinski J, Völkl M, Wilde MV, Jérôme V, Fröhlich T, Freitag R, Scheibel T. Influence of the polymer type of a microplastic challenge on the reaction of murine cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133280. [PMID: 38141312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to global pollution derived from plastic waste, the research on microplastics is of increasing public interest. Until now, most studies addressing the effect of microplastic particles on vertebrate cells have primarily utilized polystyrene particles (PS). Other studies on polymer microparticles made, e.g., of polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), or poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), cannot easily be directly compared to these PS studies, since the used microparticles differ widely in size and surface features. Here, effects caused by pristine microparticles of a narrow size range between 1 - 4 µm from selected conventional polymers including PS, PE, and PVC, were compared to those of particles made of polymers derived from biological sources like polylactic acid (PLA), and cellulose acetate (CA). The microparticles were used to investigate cellular uptake and assess cytotoxic effects on murine macrophages and epithelial cells. Despite differences in the particles' properties (e.g. ζ-potential and surface morphology), macrophages were able to ingest all tested particles, whereas epithelial cells ingested only the PS-based particles, which had a strong negative ζ-potential. Most importantly, none of the used model polymer particles exhibited significant short-time cytotoxicity, although the general effect of environmentally relevant microplastic particles on organisms requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jasinski
- Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Völkl
- Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Magdalena V Wilde
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Munich, Germany; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center Munich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Lu T, Li D, Yuan X, Wang Z, Shao Z, Feng X, Yang C, Liu H, Zhang G, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhou L, Xu M. Potential Effects of Orally Ingesting Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on the Mouse Heart. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:291-301. [PMID: 38369677 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET MPs) are widespread in natural environment, and can enter organisms and accumulate in the body, but its toxicity has not been well studied. Therefore, in order to investigate the toxic effects of PET microplastics on mammals, this study investigated the toxic effects of PET MPs on ICR mice and H9C2 cells by different treatment groups. The results indicated the cardiac tissue of mice in the PET-H (50 µg/mL) group showed significant capillary congestion, myocardial fiber breakage, and even significant fibrosis compared to the PET-C (control) group (P < 0.01). Results of the TUNEL assay demonstrated significant apoptosis in myocardial tissue in the PET-H and PET-M (5 µg/mL) groups (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, Western blotting showed increased expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax and decreased expression of PARP, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 proteins in both myocardial tissues and H9C2 cells. In addition, flow cytometry confirmed that PET MPs decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in H9C2 cells; however, this trend was reversed by N-acetylcysteamine application. Moreover, PET MP treatment induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H9C2 cells, while the MDA level in the myocardial tissue was elevated, and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were decreased (P < 0.01), indicating a change in the redox environment. In conclusion, PET MPs promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress and activating mitochondria-mediated apoptotic processes, ultimately leading to myocardial fibrosis. This study provides ideas for the prevention of PET MP toxicity and promotes thinking about enhancing plastic pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Drug Screen and Evaluation Research Center, Shandong International Biotechnology Park Development Co., Ltd, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Maolei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, 264003, ShanDong, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao B, Rehati P, Yang Z, Cai Z, Guo C, Li Y. The potential toxicity of microplastics on human health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168946. [PMID: 38043812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are plastic particles, films, and fibers with a diameter of < 5 mm. Given their long-standing existence in the environment and terrible increase in annual emissions, concerns were raised about the potential health risk of microplastics on human beings. In particular, the increased consumption of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased human contact with microplastics. To date, the emergence of microplastics in the human body, such as feces, blood, placenta, lower airway, and lungs, has been reported. Related toxicological investigations of microplastics were gradually increased. To comprehensively illuminate the interplay of microplastic exposure and human health, we systematically reviewed the updated toxicological data of microplastics and summarized their mode of action, adverse effects, and toxic mechanisms. The emerging critical issues in the current toxicological investigations were proposed and discussed. Our work would facilitate a better understanding of MPs-induced health hazards for toxicological evaluation and provide helpful information for regulatory decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosen Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Palizhati Rehati
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhu Y, Che R, Zong X, Wang J, Li J, Zhang C, Wang F. A comprehensive review on the source, ingestion route, attachment and toxicity of microplastics/nanoplastics in human systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120039. [PMID: 38218169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs)/nanoplastics (NPs) are widely found in the natural environment, including soil, water and the atmosphere, which are essential for human survival. In the recent years, there has been a growing concern about the potential impact of MPs/NPs on human health. Due to the increasing interest in this research and the limited number of studies related to the health effects of MPs/NPs on humans, it is necessary to conduct a systematic assessment and review of their potentially toxic effects on human organs and tissues. Humans can be exposed to microplastics through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, however, ingestion and inhalation are considered as the primary routes. The ingested MPs/NPs mainly consist of plastic particles with a particle size ranging from 0.1 to 1 μm, that distribute across various tissues and organs within the body, which in turn have a certain impact on the nine major systems of the human body, especially the digestive system and respiratory system, which are closely related to the intake pathway of MPs/NPs. The harmful effects caused by MPs/NPs primarily occur through potential toxic mechanisms such as induction of oxidative stress, generation of inflammatory responses, alteration of lipid metabolism or energy metabolism or expression of related functional factors. This review can help people to systematically understand the hazards of MPs/NPs and related toxicity mechanisms from the level of nine biological systems. It allows MPs/NPs pollution to be emphasized, and it is also hoped that research on their toxic effects will be strengthened in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Ruijie Che
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Xinyan Zong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Jinhan Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jining Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210094, China.
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Liu Z, Wang G, Sheng C, Zheng Y, Tang D, Zhang Y, Hou X, Yao M, Zong Q, Zhou Z. Intracellular Protein Adsorption Behavior and Biological Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in THP-1 Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2652-2661. [PMID: 38294362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are emerging pollutants that can adsorb pollutants in the environment and biological molecules and ultimately affect human health. However, the aspects of adsorption of intracellular proteins onto MNPs and its biological effects in cells have not been investigated to date. The present study revealed that 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) could be internalized by THP-1 cells and specifically adsorbed intracellular proteins. In total, 773 proteins adsorbed onto NPs with high reliability were identified using the proteomics approach and analyzed via bioinformatics to predict the route and distribution of NPs following cellular internalization. The representative proteins identified via the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were further investigated to characterize protein adsorption onto NPs and its biological effects. The analysis revealed that NPs affect glycolysis through pyruvate kinase M (PKM) adsorption, trigger the unfolded protein response through the adsorption of ribophorin 1 (RPN1) and heat shock 70 protein 8 (HSPA8), and are chiefly internalized into cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis with concomitant clathrin heavy chain (CLTC) adsorption. Therefore, this work provides new insights and research strategies for the study of the biological effects caused by NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijia Liu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guozhen Wang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Chao Sheng
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuchen Zheng
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Duo Tang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mengfei Yao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qi Zong
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhou
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Na SH, Kim MJ, Kim J, Batool R, Cho K, Chung J, Lee S, Kim EJ. Fate and potential risks of microplastic fibers and fragments in water and wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132938. [PMID: 37948781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Water and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) receive various types of microplastics (MPs), with fibers and fragments being dominant shapes. Here we investigated the removal behavior and transformation of MPs (polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate fibers and fragments) in simulated water and wastewater treatment units, including activated sludge process, coagulation, sand filtration, and advanced oxidation/disinfection. Sand filtration demonstrated the highest average efficiency in removing MPs (98 %), followed by activated sludge process (61 %) and coagulation (55 %), which was associated with their physicochemical properties (shape, size, density, surface functional groups, etc). In activated sludge process and coagulation, the polymer type had a greater impact on the removal of MPs than the particle shape, while in sand filtration, the particle shape played a more important role. When subjected to the long-term operation and backwashing of sand filters, approximately 15 % of the initially filtered fragments broke through the sand media, with nearly no fibers escaping. UV-based advanced oxidation and chlorination induced the leaching of dissolved organic matters with different molecular characteristics from fragment MPs, resulting in varying levels of cytotoxicity and bacterial toxicity. Our study provides important information for predicting the fate of MPs and mitigating their impacts in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heon Na
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Rida Batool
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Cho
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea.
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Contreras-Llin A, Diaz-Cruz MS. Microplastic removal in managed aquifer recharge using wastewater effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:122967. [PMID: 38030113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a pressing environmental issue, with its impacts on ecosystems and human health yet to be fully understood. This study aims to investigate the presence and distribution of MPs in the soil of a managed aquifer recharge (MAR) system, built with different reactive barriers of natural materials and irrigated with the secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). MPs were extracted from reactive barrier material following an approach based on the density separation of MPs with posterior oxidant digestion, combined with visual and chemical characterisation by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed the widespread occurrence of MPs in the MAR soil samples. MPs concentration in the different barrier materials ranged from 60 to 236 n kg-1. The most dominant morphologies were fragments (60%) and fibers (17%), and the most abundant colour was white (51%), followed by transparent MPs (20%). Polypropylene (PP) was detected in all the samples with an abundance of 47%, followed by polyethylene (PE, 34%). The interplay of barrier composition significantly influences the retention of MPs, with compost (T5) and woodchips (T4) exhibiting the most notable retention rates. Remarkably, the outer layers of the reactive barriers display superior retention compared to the deeper layers. The findings of this study demonstrate the good performance of the MAR system in retaining MPs and contribute to the growing body of knowledge on MPs pollution in freshwater systems while providing insights into the dynamics of MPs transport and accumulation in soil. Such information can inform the development of effective wastewater management strategies to mitigate the impacts of these pollutants on water resources and safeguard the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Contreras-Llin
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Koner S, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Elucidating the effects of naturally weathered aged-polypropylene microplastics and newly procured polypropylene microplastics on raw 264.7 macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: NANO 2024; 11:983-999. [DOI: 10.1039/d3en00742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated weathered aged-PPMPs and naturally obtained polypropylene microplastics (NP-PPMPs) with raw 264.7 macrophages, which causes cytotoxicity and an imbalance in the intracellular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shramana Koner
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Center for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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38
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Liu Z, You XY. Recent progress of microplastic toxicity on human exposure base on in vitro and in vivo studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166766. [PMID: 37666331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are widely distributed in the environment, including the atmosphere, soil and water bodies. They have been found to have toxic effects on organisms. The impact on human health is also receiving considerable attention. Microplastics can be found in drinking water, food, air and plastic products, and they can enter human body through the pathways such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. After exposure to microplastics, they can induce cellular toxicity and produce toxic effects on multiple organs and systems, including the digestive, respiratory, nervous, reproductive and cardiovascular systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis on the recent progress of human exposure studies, in vitro experiments, rodent experiments, and other model experiments in microplastic human toxicity research. It comprehensively analyzes the potential human toxic effects of microplastics, providing a theoretical basis for further research on microplastic human toxicity and its mechanisms. Furthermore, this paper highlights the knowledge gaps and provides the recommendations for future research on human toxicity of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Liu
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xue-Yi You
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Zhou T, Wu J, Liu Y, Xu A. Seawater Accelerated the Aging of Polystyrene and Enhanced Its Toxic Effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17219. [PMID: 38139049 PMCID: PMC10743734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants and pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems. Although previous studies have documented the mechanisms and toxic effects of aging MPs in various environments, the impact of the marine environment on MPs remains unclear. In the present study, the aging process of polystyrene (PS) in seawater was simulated and the changes in its physicochemical properties were investigated. Our results showed that the surface of the PS eroded in the seawater, which was accompanied by the release of aged MPs with a smaller size. In situ optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy revealed that the mechanism of PS aging was related to the opening of the carbonyl group and breaking of the bond between carbon and benzene removal. To verify the toxic effects of aged PS, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed to PS. Aged PS resulted in a greater reduction in locomotion, vitality, and reproduction than virgin PS. Mechanistically, aged PS led to oxidative stress, high glutathione s-transferase activity, and high total glutathione in worms. Together, our findings provided novel information regarding the accelerated aging of PS in seawater and the increased toxicity of aged PS, which could improve our understanding of MPs' ecotoxicity in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Graduate Students, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiajie Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Graduate Students, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Graduate Students, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Graduate Students, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Peng M, Vercauteren M, Grootaert C, Rajkovic A, Boon N, Janssen C, Asselman J. Cellular and bioenergetic effects of polystyrene microplastic in function of cell type, differentiation status and post-exposure time. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122550. [PMID: 37716692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of microplastics (MPs) in food sources and personal care products increasingly raises concerns on human health. However, little is known about the duration of the effects of MPs and whether effects depend on cellular differentiation status. Herein, cellular and bioenergetic effects of MPs in different exposure scenarios on four types of human cell lines derived from lung (A549 and BEAS-2B), colon (Caco-2) and liver (HepG2) were investigated. These cell lines are models for the major exposure routes in the body (inhalation, ingestion and physiological transport through the liver by the portal vein). To this aim, different scenarios were implemented by exposing undifferentiated and differentiated cells to single dosing of 2-μm polystyrene (PS) (102-105 particles/mL) for 48 h and 12 days. The undifferentiated Caco-2 cells with short exposure (48 h) showed the highest uptake rate of PS yet without significant cellular and mitochondrial responses. The biological effects, with the exception of ROS production, were not influenced by differentiation states of A549 and Caco-2 cells although differentiated cells showed much weaker ability to internalize PS. However, PS had significantly long-term impacts on cellular and mitochondrial functions even after the initial exposure period. In particular, Caco-2 cells that were post-exposed for 12 days after single PS dosing suffered higher oxidative stress and exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction than that for short exposure. Correspondingly, we observed that PS particles still remained in cell membrane and even in nuclei with high retention rate by 14-d post exposure during which metabolism and exchange of internalization and release occurred in cells. This indicates PS could induce chronic stress and even harmful effects on human cells after single intake that persists for a long time. This study paves the way for assessing the influence of PS on human health at low particle concentrations and with multiple exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Peng
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400, Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Technology and Ecology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400, Oostende, Belgium
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41
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He T, Qu Y, Yang X, Liu L, Xiong F, Wang D, Liu M, Sun R. Research progress on the cellular toxicity caused by microplastics and nanoplastics. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1576-1593. [PMID: 36806101 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles of a diameter of less than 5 mm and a major carrier of pollution. In accordance with its diameter range, MPs can be divided into microplastics (100-5 mm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm). In recent years, in addition to the impact of MPs on the environment, the ways in which MPs affect the body has also attracted continuous attention. However, relevant studies on the cytotoxicity of MPs are not comprehensive. Based on the current research, this paper summarizes four main cytotoxic mechanisms of MPs, inducing oxidative stress, damaging cell membrane organelles, inducing immune response, and genotoxicity. Generally, MPs cause cytotoxicity such as oxidative stress, damage to cell membranes and organelles, activation of immune responses, and genotoxicity through mechanical damage or induction of cells to produce reactive oxygen species. Understanding these toxic mechanisms is helpful for the evaluation and prevention of human toxicity of MPs. This paper also analyzes the limitations of current research and prospects for future research into cellular MPs, with the aim of providing a scientific basis and reference for further research into the toxic mechanism of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwei He
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manman Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Jeon S, Jeon JH, Jeong J, Kim G, Lee S, Kim S, Maruthupandy M, Lee K, Yang SI, Cho WS. Size- and oxidative potential-dependent toxicity of environmentally relevant expanded polystyrene styrofoam microplastics to macrophages. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132295. [PMID: 37597397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene (EPS), also known as Styrofoam, is a widespread global pollutant, and its lightweight floating property increases its chances of weathering by abrasion and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, resulting in microplastics. Herein, we investigated the effects of particle size ((1 µm versus 10 µm), UV irradiation (pristine versus UV oxidation), and origin (secondary versus primary) on the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics. The target cells used in this study were selected based on human exposure-relevant cell lines: differentiated THP-1 cells for macrophages, Caco-2 for enterocytes, HepG2 for hepatocytes, and A549 for alveolar epithelial cells. In the differentiated THP-1 cells, the levels of cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokines showed size- (1 µm > 10 µm), UV oxidation- (UV > pristine), and origin- (secondary > primary) dependency. Furthermore, the intrinsic oxidative potential of the test particles was positively correlated with cellular oxidative levels and toxicity endpoints, suggesting that the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics also follows the oxidative stress paradigm. Additionally, all microplastics induced the activation of the pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These results imply that weathering process can aggravate the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics due to the increased oxidative potential and decreased particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hui Jeon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinuk Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyeon Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthuchamy Maruthupandy
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ik Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Emenike EC, Okorie CJ, Ojeyemi T, Egbemhenghe A, Iwuozor KO, Saliu OD, Okoro HK, Adeniyi AG. From oceans to dinner plates: The impact of microplastics on human health. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20440. [PMID: 37790970 PMCID: PMC10543225 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplastics, measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, are now found in various environmental media, including soil, water, and air, and have infiltrated the food chain, ultimately becoming a part of the human diet. This study offers a comprehensive examination of the intricate nexus between microplastics and human health, thereby contributing to the existing knowledge on the subject. Sources of microplastics, including microfibers from textiles, personal care products, and wastewater treatment plants, among others, were assessed. The study meticulously examined the diverse routes of microplastic exposure-ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact-offering insights into the associated health risks. Notably, ingestion of microplastics has been linked to gastrointestinal disturbances, endocrine disruption, and the potential transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Inhalation of airborne microplastics emerges as a critical concern, with possible implications for respiratory and cardiovascular health. Dermal contact, although less explored, raises the prospect of skin irritation and allergic reactions. The impacts of COVID-19 on microplastic pollution were also highlighted. Throughout the manuscript, the need for a deeper mechanistic understanding of microplastic interactions with human systems is emphasized, underscoring the urgency for further research and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebuka Chizitere Emenike
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Chika J. Okorie
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Toluwalase Ojeyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, USA
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abel Egbemhenghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Art and Science, Texas Tech University, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley O. Iwuozor
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseyi D. Saliu
- Department of Indutrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Hussein K. Okoro
- Department of Indutrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adewale George Adeniyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Landmark University, Omu-aran, Nigeria
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Kim HY, Ashim J, Park S, Kim W, Ji S, Lee SW, Jung YR, Jeong SW, Lee SG, Kim HC, Lee YJ, Kwon MK, Hwang JS, Shin JM, Lee SJ, Yu W, Park JK, Choi SK. A preliminary study about the potential risks of the UV-weathered microplastic: The proteome-level changes in the brain in response to polystyrene derived weathered microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116411. [PMID: 37354929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of plastic materials has resulted in a constant increase in the risk associated with microplastics (MPs). Ultra-violet (UV) light and wind break down modify MPs in the environment into smaller particles known as weathered MPs (WMPs) and these processes increase the risk of MP toxicity. The neurotoxicity of weathered polystyrene-MPs remains unclear. Therefore, it is important to understand the risks posed by WMPs. We evaluated the chemical changes of WMPs generated under laboratory-synchronized environmentally mimetic conditions and compared them with virgin MPs (VMPs). We found that WMP had a rough surface, slight yellow color, reduced molecular weight, and structural alteration compared with those of VMP. Next, 2 μg of ∼100 μm in size of WMP and VMP were orally administered once a day for one week to C57BL/6 male mice. Proteomic analysis revealed that the WMP group had significantly increased activation of immune and neurodegeneration-related pathways compared with that of the VMP group. Consistently, in in vitro experiments, the human brain-derived microglial cell line (HMC-3) also exhibited a more severe inflammatory response to WMP than to VMP. These results show that WMP is a more profound inflammatory factor than VMP. In summary, our findings demonstrate the toxicity of WMPs and provide theoretical insights into their potential risks to biological systems and even humans in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Kim
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Janbolat Ashim
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Park
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansoo Kim
- School of Life Science, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative Bioresearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Ji
- Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Woo Lee
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Rang Jung
- Department of Companion Animal Health Management, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Jeong
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Guen Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kwon
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jung Min Shin
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wookyung Yu
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Division of Biotechnology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Zingaro F, Gianoncelli A, Ceccone G, Birarda G, Cassano D, La Spina R, Agostinis C, Bonanni V, Ricci G, Pascolo L. Morphological and lipid metabolism alterations in macrophages exposed to model environmental nanoplastics traced by high-resolution synchrotron techniques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247747. [PMID: 37744340 PMCID: PMC10515218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment is a significant health concern for long-term exposed humans. Although their usage has certainly revolutionized several application fields, at nanometer size, NPs can easily interact at the cellular level, resulting in potential harmful effects. Micro/Nanoplastics (M/NPs) have a demonstrated impact on mammalian endocrine components, such as the thyroid, adrenal gland, testes, and ovaries, while more investigations on prenatal and postnatal exposure are urgently required. The number of literature studies on the NPs' presence in biological samples is increasing. However, only a few offer a close study on the model environmental NP-immune system interaction exploited by advanced microscopy techniques. The present study highlights substantial morphological and lipid metabolism alterations in human M1 macrophages exposed to labeled polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride nanoparticles (PP and PVC NPs) (20 μg/ml). The results are interpreted by advanced microscopy techniques combined with standard laboratory tests and fluorescence microscopy. We report the accurate detection of polymeric nanoparticles doped with cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe-QDs NPs) by following the Se (L line) X-ray fluorescence emission peak at higher sub-cellular resolution, compared to the supportive light fluorescence microscopy. In addition, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) imaging successfully revealed morphological changes in NP-exposed macrophages, providing input for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, which underlined the chemical modifications in macromolecular components, specifically in lipid response. The present evidence was confirmed by quantifying the lipid droplet (LD) contents in PP and PVC NPs-exposed macrophages (0-100 μg/ml) by Oil Red O staining. Hence, even at experimental NPs' concentrations and incubation time, they do not significantly affect cell viability; they cause an evident lipid metabolism impairment, a hallmark of phagocytosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Rita La Spina
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorella Pascolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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46
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El Gazzar WB, Sliem RE, Bayoumi H, Nasr HE, Shabanah M, Elalfy A, Radwaan SE, Gebba MA, Mansour HM, Badr AM, Amer MF, Ashour SS, Morsi H, Aboelkomsan ESAF, Baioumy B, Sayed AEDH, Farag AA. Melatonin Alleviates Intestinal Barrier Damaging Effects Induced by Polyethylene Microplastics in Albino Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13619. [PMID: 37686424 PMCID: PMC10488227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been concerns about the potential health risks posed by microplastics (MP). The detection of MP in a variety of food products revealed that humans are ingesting MP. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data about their impacts, as well as their uptake, on intestinal barrier integrity. This study examined the toxic effects of oral administration of two doses of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) (3.75 or 15 mg/kg/day for 5 weeks; mean particle size: 4.0-6.0 µm) on the intestinal barrier integrity in rats. Moreover, the effect of melatonin treatment with MP exposure was also assessed. The PE-MP particle uptake, histopathological changes, Alcian blue staining, Muc2 mRNA, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), and cleaved caspase-3, as well as tight junction proteins (claudin-1, myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)) were assessed. Oral administration of PE-MP resulted in apparent jejunal histopathological alterations; significantly decreased mucin secretion, occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 expression; and significantly upregulated MLCK mRNA, IL-1β concentration, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Melatonin reversed these altered parameters and improved the PE-MP-induced histopathological and ultrastructure changes. This study highlighted the PE-MP's toxic effect on intestinal barrier integrity and revealed the protective effect of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Bayoumie El Gazzar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Rania E. Sliem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (R.E.S.); (S.E.R.)
| | - Heba Bayoumi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (H.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Hend Elsayed Nasr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Manar Shabanah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35511, Egypt;
| | - Amira Elalfy
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (H.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Shaimaa E. Radwaan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (R.E.S.); (S.E.R.)
| | - Mohammed A. Gebba
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (M.A.G.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12573, Egypt;
| | - Amul M. Badr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11451, Egypt; (A.M.B.); (M.F.A.); (S.S.A.); (H.M.)
| | - Marwa Fathy Amer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11451, Egypt; (A.M.B.); (M.F.A.); (S.S.A.); (H.M.)
| | - Sara S. Ashour
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11451, Egypt; (A.M.B.); (M.F.A.); (S.S.A.); (H.M.)
| | - Heba Morsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11451, Egypt; (A.M.B.); (M.F.A.); (S.S.A.); (H.M.)
| | | | - Bodour Baioumy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt; (M.A.G.)
| | | | - Amina A. Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
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47
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Paul MB, Böhmert L, Hsiao IL, Braeuning A, Sieg H. Complex intestinal and hepatic in vitro barrier models reveal information on uptake and impact of micro-, submicro- and nanoplastics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108172. [PMID: 37657408 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastic particles are found almost ubiquitously in the environment and can get ingested orally by humans. We have used food-relevant microplastics (2 µm polylactic acid), submicroplastics (250 nm polylactic acid and 366 nm melamine formaldehyde resin) and nanoplastics (25 nm polymethylmethacrylate) to study material- and size-dependent uptake and transport across the human intestinal barrier and liver. Therefore, different Transwell™-based in vitro (co-)culture models were used: Differentiated Caco-2 cells mimicking the intestinal enterocyte monolayer, an M-cell model complementing the Caco-2 monoculture with antigen uptake-specialized cells, a mucus model complementing the barrier with an intestinal mucus layer, and an intestinal-liver co-culture combining differentiated Caco-2 cells with differentiated HepaRG cells. Using these complex barrier models, uptake and transport of particles were analyzed based on the fluorescence of the particles using confocal microscopy and a fluorescence-based quantification method. Additionally, the results were verified by Time-of-Flight - Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis. Furthermore, an effect screening at the mRNA level was done to investigate oxidative stress response, inflammation and changes to xenobiotic metabolism in intestinal and hepatic cells after exposure to plastic particles. Oxidative stress and inflammation were additionally analyzed using a flow-cytometric assay for reactive oxygen species and cytokine measurements. The results reveal a noteworthy uptake into and transport of microplastic and submicroplastic particles across the intestinal epithelium. Particularly, we show a pronounced uptake of particles into liver cells after crossing of the intestinal epithelium, using the intestinal-liver co-culture. The particles evoke some alterations in xenobiotic metabolism, but did not cause increased oxidative stress or inflammatory response on protein level. Taken together, these complex barrier models can be applied on micro-, submicro- and nanoplastics and reveal information in particle uptake, transport and cellular impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi B Paul
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Linda Böhmert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - I-Lun Hsiao
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Qiu Y, Zhang T, Zhang P. Fate and environmental behaviors of microplastics through the lens of free radical. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131401. [PMID: 37086675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), as plastics with a size of less than 5 mm, are ubiquitously present in the environment and become an increasing environmental concern. The fate and environmental behavior of MPs are significantly influenced by the presence of free radicals. Free radicals can cause surface breakage, chemical release, change in crystallinity and hydrophilicity, and aggregation of MPs. On the other hand, the generation of free radicals with a high concentration and oxidation potential can effectively degrade MPs. There is a limited review article to bridge the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions. This paper reviews the sources, types, detection methods, generation mechanisms, and influencing factors of free radicals affecting the environmental processes of MPs, the environmental effects of MPs controlled by free radicals, and the degradation strategies of MPs based on free radical-associated technologies. Moreover, this review elaborates on the limitations of the current research and provides ideas for future research on the interactions between MPs and free radicals to better explain their environmental impacts and control their risks. This article aims to keep the reader abreast of the latest development in the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions and to bridge free radical chemistry with MP control methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
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49
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Pelegrini K, Pereira TCB, Maraschin TG, Teodoro LDS, Basso NRDS, De Galland GLB, Ligabue RA, Bogo MR. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity: A review on size, type, source, and test-organism implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162954. [PMID: 36948318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric wastes are among the current major environmental problems due to potential pollution and contamination. Within the spectrum of polymeric waste, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have gained ground in recent research since these particles can affect the local biota, inducing toxic effects on several organisms. Different outcomes have been reported depending on particle sizes, shape, types, and exposed organisms and conditions, among other variables. This review aimed to compile and discuss the current knowledge and possible literature gaps regarding the MPs and NPs generation and their toxicological effects as stressors, considering polymer type (as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or others), size (micro- or nano-scale), source (commercial, lab-synthesized, or environmental) and test organism group. In that sense, 615 publications were analyzed, among which 72 % discussed micro-sized plastics, while <28 % assayed the toxicity of NPs (<1 μm). For most polymers, MPs and NPs were commercially purchased and used without additional size reduction processes; except for polyethylene terephthalate studies that mostly used grinding and cutting methods to obtain MPs. Polystyrene (PS) was the main polymer studied, as both MPs and NPs. PS accounts for >90 % of NPs reports evaluated, reflecting a major literature gap if compared to its 35.3 % share on MPs studies. Among the main organisms, arthropods and fish combined accounted for nearly 40 % of toxicity testing. Overall, the different types of plastics showed a tendency to report toxic effects, except for the 'Survival/lethality' category, which might indicate that polymeric particles induce mostly sublethal toxic effects. Furthermore, despite differences in publication numbers, we observed greater toxicity reported for NPs than MPs with oxidative stress among the majorly investigated endpoints. This study allowed a hazard profile overview of micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) and the visualization of literature gaps, under a broad diversity of toxicological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Pelegrini
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thuany Garcia Maraschin
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lilian De Souza Teodoro
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nara Regina De Souza Basso
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Griselda Ligia Barrera De Galland
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91570-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Angelica Ligabue
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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50
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Ding R, Ma Y, Li T, Sun M, Sun Z, Duan J. The detrimental effects of micro-and nano-plastics on digestive system: An overview of oxidative stress-related adverse outcome pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163144. [PMID: 37003332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
With the massive manufacture and use of plastics, plastic pollution-related environmental impacts have raised great concern in recent years. As byproducts of plastic fragmentation and degradation, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have been identified as novel pollutants that posed a threat to the ecosystem and humans. Since MPs/NPs could be transported via the food chain and retained in the water, the digestive system should be one of the major targets of MPs/NPs-related toxicity. Although considerable evidence has supported the digestive toxicity of MPs/NPs, the proposed mechanisms remained ambiguous due to the variety of study types, models, and endpoints. This review provided a mechanism-based perspective on MPs/NPs-induced digestive effects by adopting the adverse outcome pathway framework as a promising tool. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species was identified as the molecular initiating event in MPs/NPs-mediated injury to the digestive system. A series of detrimental effects including oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, dysbiosis, and metabolic disorders were summarized as key events. Finally, the occurrence of these effects eventually led to an adverse outcome, suggesting a possible increase in the incidence of digestive morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ding
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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