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Zhang L, Wang D, Yuan J, Chen J, Ding T, Zhu T, Li J. Ecotoxicological impact of naproxen on Eisenia fetida: Unraveling soil contamination risks and the modulating role of microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172267. [PMID: 38583628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Soils represent crucial sinks for pharmaceuticals and microplastics, making them hotspots for pharmaceuticals and plastic pollution. Despite extensive research on the toxicity of pharmaceuticals and microplastics individually, there is limited understanding of their combined effects on soil biota. This study focused on the earthworm Eisenia fetida as test organism to evaluate the biotoxicity and bioaccumulation of the typical pharmaceutical naproxen and microplastics in earthworms. Results demonstrated that high concentrations of naproxen (100 mg kg-1) significantly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, inducing lipid peroxidation. Even though the low exposure of naproxen exhibits no significant influence to Eisenia fetida, the lipid peroxidation caused by higher concentration than environmental relevant concentrations necessitate attention due to temporal and spatial concentration variability found in the soil environment. Meanwhile, microplastics caused oxidative damage to antioxidant enzymes by reducing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and MDA content in earthworms. Metabolome analysis revealed increased lipid metabolism in naproxen-treated group and reduced lipid metabolism in the microplastic-treated group. The co-exposure of naproxen and microplastics exhibited a similar changing trend to the microplastics-treated group, emphasizing the significant influence of microplastics. The detection of numerous including lipids like 17-Hydroxyandrostane-3-glucuronide, lubiprostone, morroniside, and phosphorylcholine, serves to identify potential biomarkers for naproxen and microplastics exposure. Additionally, microplastics increased the concentration of naproxen in earthworms at sub-organ and subcellular level. This study contributes valuable insights into the biotoxicity and distribution of naproxen and microplastics in earthworms, enhancing our understanding of their combined ecological risk to soil biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dingxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiahui Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiazhe Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tengda Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Yang Z, Tian X, Shu W, Yang Y, Xu J, Kan S. Combined toxicity of polyethylene microplastics and nickel oxide nanoparticle on earthworm (Eisenia andrei): oxidative stress responses, bioavailability and joint effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34910-34921. [PMID: 38713352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of heavy metals and microplastics (MPs) is an emerging issue that has attracted considerable attention. However, the interaction of nickel oxide nanoparticle (nano-NiO) combined with MPs in soil was poorly researched. Here, experiments were conducted to study the influence of nano-NiO (200 mg/kg) and polyethylene (PE) MPs with different concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10%) and sizes (13, 50, and 500 µm) on earthworms for 28 days. Compared to control, the damage was induced by PE and nano-NiO, which was evaluated by biomarker Integrated Biomarker Response index: version 2 (IBRv2) based on six biomarkers including SOD, POD, CAT, MDA, AChE, Na+/K+-ATPase and cellulase. The majority of the chosen biomarkers showed significant but complicated responses with increasing contaminant concentrations after 28 days of exposure. Moreover, the joint effect was assessed as antagonism by the effect addition index (EAI). Overall, this work expands our understanding of the combined toxicity of PE and nano-NiO in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyue Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simeng Kan
- China Huadian Corporation LTD, Chengdu, China
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3
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Chen H, Yang L, Zhao S, Xu H, Zhang Z. Long-term toxic effects of iron-based metal-organic framework nanopesticides on earthworm-soil microorganism interactions in the soil environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170146. [PMID: 38278247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread use of controlled-release nanopesticides in field conditions, the interactions between these nanopesticides and biological systems are complex and highly uncertain. The toxicity of iron-based metal organic frameworks (CF@MIL-101-SL) loaded with chlorfenapyr (CF) to terrestrial invertebrate earthworms in filter paper and soil environments and the potential mechanisms of interactions in the nanopesticide-earthworm-cornfield soil microorganism system were investigated for the first time. The results showed that CF@MIL-101-SL was more poisonous to earthworms in the contact filter paper test than suspension concentrate of CF (CF-SC), and conversely, CF@MIL-101-SL was less poisonous to earthworms in the soil test. In the soil environment, the CF@MIL-101-SL treatment reduced oxidative stress and the inhibition of detoxifying enzymes, and reduced tissue and cellular substructural damage in earthworms compared to the CF-SC treatment. Long-term treatment with CF@MIL-101-SL altered the composition and abundance of microbial communities with degradative functions in the earthworm intestine and soil and affected the soil nitrogen cycle by modulating the composition and abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities in the earthworm intestine and soil, confirming that soil microorganisms play an important role in reducing the toxicity of CF@MIL-101-SL to earthworms. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the ecological risks of nanopesticides to soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liupeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiji Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Méndez Rodríguez KB, Jiménez Avalos JA, Fernández Macias JC, González Palomo AK. Microplastics: challenges of assessment in biological samples and their implication for in vitro and in vivo effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:119733-119749. [PMID: 37971585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have attracted global interest because they have been recognized as emerging pollutants that require urgent attention. MPs are plastic particles with a size between 1 micron and 5 mm (1 µm-5mm); those measuring less than 1 µm are known as nanoplastics (NPs). MP is distributed in the environment in various physical forms that depend on the degradation process, the erosion factors to which it was subjected, or the original form in which it was intentionally manufactured. Humans may be exposed to these pollutants mainly by ingestion or inhalation, which could adversely affect human health with effects that are still unknown due to limitations that are often dependent on their analytical determination and lack of studies over time, as it is a relatively new topic. Therefore, this review focuses on the challenges currently faced by laboratories for determining MPs in different matrices. We highlight the application of methods and techniques to assess the precise levels of exposure to MPs in biological samples. In addition, exposure pathways, sources, and evidence of adverse effects reported in vitro and in vivo studies are described to generate knowledge about their potential threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Beatriz Méndez Rodríguez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Juan Carlos Fernández Macias
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Ana Karen González Palomo
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
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5
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Chen H, Deng Y, Wang Q, Chen W, Liu Z, Tan H, Chen D. Large polystyrene microplastics results in hepatic lipotoxicity in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122015. [PMID: 37343913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Like small microplastics (MPs), recent studies reveal that large MPs could cause health risks in mice, even if they are not enriched in tissues. However, potential hepatoxicity following large MPs exposure and the underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, we explored the disruption of hepatic lipid metabolism and potential underlying toxic mechanisms in mice caused by long-term exposure to large polystyrene MPs (40-100 μm) based on a multi-omic approach. After 21 weeks of feeding foods containing MPs (50 and 500 mg/kg food), lipidomic revealed that environmentally relevant and higher doses MP exposures resulted in significant changes in a total of 20 lipid classes. Ceramide (Cer) and dihydroceramide (dhCer) were significantly reduced, while cholesteryl ester (CE), lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine (LPCO), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and total glyceride (TG) were all elevated by MPs. The transcriptomic and other physiological data suggested that the potential toxic mechanisms may be related to disorders of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and metabolism disorders, and transporting of TG. Our findings demonstrate the hepatic lipotoxicity following exposure to environmentally relevant and higher doses of large MPs, calling for future research and management of the environmental risks of MPs with relatively large particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexia Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiteng Liu
- Shenzhen Colleage of International Education, Shenzhen 518043, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Seta AS, Müller L, Tavella R, da Silva Júnior FMR, Pedrosa V, Romano LA, Wasielesky W, Josende ME, Ventura-Lima J. Oxidative effects of consuming microplastics in different tissues of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115137. [PMID: 37307751 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of microplastic (MP, polystyrene, 1.1 μm) exposure through diet at two different levels (40 and 400 μg MP/kg of ration) in the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei for seven days. After the exposure period, oxidative stress parameters, histological alterations, and MP accumulation in different shrimp tissues (gut, gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle) were also evaluated. The results showed that MP was detected in the gills, muscles, and hepatopancreas. In addition, in the gut, gills, and hepatopancreas, disruption in redox cells was observed. Also, lipid and DNA damage was evident in the hepatopancreas. Histopathological analysis revealed edema in the intestine, hepatopancreas, and in the muscle. Granuloma formation with infiltrated hemocytes occurred in the intestine and hepatopancreas. These results show that MP exposure can affect the health and welfare of L. vannamei and may also affect the final consumers once MP is accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Suanes Seta
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas (PPGCF), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Müller
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas (PPGCF), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronan Tavella
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da saúde, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da saúde, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Pedrosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura, FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Estrella Josende
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas (PPGCF), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas (PPGCF), FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquacultura, FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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7
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Thormeyer M, Tseng M. No Effect of Realistic Microplastic Exposure on Growth and Development of Wild-caught Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:604-607. [PMID: 36798997 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a threat to environments around the world and mosquitoes are particularly affected because of their high chance of encountering MP as larvae. Mosquitoes have been shown to readily consume microplastics and they have a significant impact on health in society, yet we have limited knowledge on the effects of MP exposure on fitness-related traits. Additionally, the data we do have come primarily from studies that have used unrealistically high microplastic concentrations, or unrealistic methods of exposure. Here we exposed wild-type first instar Culex pipiens and Culex tarsalis larvae to two 4.8-5.8 μm polystyrene microplastic concentrations (0 particles/ml, 200 particles/ml, 20,000 particles/ml) to evaluate the effect of MP exposure on body size, development, and growth rate. We found no effect of microplastics on any of the traits in either species. These results indicate microplastic exposures comparable to levels found in nature have minimal effects on these fitness-related traits. Future directions for this work include examining whether the effects of MP exposure are exacerbated when evaluated in combination with other common stressors, such as warming temperatures, pesticides, and food limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thormeyer
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michelle Tseng
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3156-6720 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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8
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Ning Y, Zhou H, Wang X, Lu J, Yang Y, Zou D, Zhou D. A method to study the effects of combined stress of cadmium and microplastics on the acute toxicity of Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61123-61133. [PMID: 37055689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The compound pollutants formed by microplastics and cadmium present a significant potential threat to the soil-based ecosystem, and it is urgent to carry out relevant ecotoxicological studies. However, the lack of appropriate test methods and scientific mathematical analysis models has restricted the progress of research. Based on an orthogonal test design, a ternary combined stress test was performed to study the effect of microplastics and cadmium on earthworms. This study used the particle size and concentration of microplastics as well as the concentration of cadmium as test factors. Using the improved factor analysis model and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method, a new model was constructed according to the response surface methodology to analyze the acute toxic effects on earthworms under the combined stress of microplastics and cadmium. In addition, the model was tested in a soil-polluted environment. The results show that the model can perfectly integrate the spatiotemporal cross effects of the concentration and time of the applied stress, and the scientific data analysis process ensures the efficient development of ecotoxicological research in the actual compound pollution environment. Moreover, the results of the filter paper test and soil test showed that the equivalent toxicity ratio of cadmium concentration, microplastic concentration, and microplastic particle size to earthworms as 26:35:39 and 23:36:41, respectively. In terms of the interaction effect, a certain positive interaction was observed between the cadmium concentration and that of the microplastics and their particle size, while a negative interaction was observed between the concentration of microplastics and their particle size. This research provides a test basis and model reference for early monitoring of the health of contaminated soils and assessments of ecological safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Ning
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Modern Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiyang Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanna Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Detang Zou
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongxing Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhao Y, Jia H, Deng H, Xing W, Feng D, Li J, Ge C, Yu H, Zhang Y, Chen H. Response of earthworms to microplastics in soil under biogas slurry irrigation: Toxicity comparison of conventional and biodegradable microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160092. [PMID: 36370787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a reliable environment-friendly alternative, biodegradable plastic mulching films have been introduced into agricultural practice to reduce the adverse threats posed by conventional plastic products. Information regarding whether potential untoward effects of biodegradable plastics exist in soil and how strong are such effects on terrestrial organisms, however, still remains unknown. This study examined differences in the responses of earthworm, represented by Eisenia fetida, to exposure to biodegradable (PLA: polylactic acid) and conventional microplastics (PVC: polyvinylchloride, LDPE: low-density polyethylene) in soil with biogas slurry irrigation. Mortality, growth, histopathology and biochemical enzymes of the earthworms exposed to different concentrations of microplastics (5, 20 and 50 g/kg wet weight of soil, respectively) were investigated after 28 days of incubation in the experiment. The obtained results showed that the ecotoxicity of microplastics (MPs) to earthworms was time-dependent. Regardless of MPs type, continuous exposure to MPs at the concentration of 50 g/kg induced mucous vacuolization, longitude muscle disorder, and granular lipofuscin-like deposits generation in the epithelium. Moreover, tissue fibrosis and cavity formation were also observed in intestinal tissue. The presence of MPs stimulated the oxidative stress system of the earthworms, as indicated by the enhancement of malonaldehyde (MDA) content in vivo. The antioxidative defense system in earthworms was supposed to collapse at the MPs concentration of 50 g/kg after 28 days of exposure. Interestingly, PLA exhibited similar ecotoxicity effects with LDPE, which might violate the original intention of biodegradable plastics with less harmful or nontoxic influence on the terrestrial biotas. Thus, knowledge regarding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of the earthworms in soil containing biodegradable plastics should be further explored to better understand the risk posed by biodegradable plastics in the agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Huiting Jia
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Wenzhe Xing
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Dan Feng
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jiatong Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chengjun Ge
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Huamei Yu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Haiying Chen
- Hainan Qingshi Environmental Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd, Haikou 570100, China.
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