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Krakowka WI, Luo J, Craver A, Pinto JM, Ahsan H, Olopade CS, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B. Household air pollution disparities between socioeconomic groups in Chicago. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 6:091002. [PMID: 39238838 PMCID: PMC11373614 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7620/ad6d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess household air pollution levels in urban Chicago households and examine how socioeconomic factors influence these levels. Methods: We deployed wireless air monitoring devices to 244 households in a diverse population in Chicago to continuously record household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration. We calculated hourly average PM2.5 concentration in a 24-hour cycle. Four factors-race, household income, area deprivation, and exposure to smoking-were considered in this study. Results: A total of 93085 h of exposure data were recorded. The average household PM2.5 concentration was 43.8 μg m-3. We observed a significant difference in the average household PM2.5 concentrations between Black/African American and non-Black/African American households (46.3 versus 31.6 μg m-3), between high-income and low-income households (18.2 versus 52.5 μg m-3), and between smoking and non-smoking households (69.7 versus 29.0 μg m-3). However, no significant difference was observed between households in less and more deprived areas (43.7 versus 43.0 μg m-3). Implications: Household air pollution levels in Chicago households are much higher than the recommended level, challenging the hypothesis that household air quality is adequate for populations in high income nations. Our results indicate that it is the personal characteristics of participants, rather than the macro environments, that lead to observed differences in household air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Isaac Krakowka
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Andrew Craver
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
- Departments of Family Medicine and Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Christopher S Olopade
- Departments of Family Medicine and Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Briseis Aschebrook-Kilfoy
- Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
- Departments of Family Medicine and Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, United States of America
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Chen ZH, Li BW, Li B, Peng ZR, Huang HC, Wu JQ, He HD. Identification of particle distribution pattern in vertical profile via unmanned aerial vehicles observation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123893. [PMID: 38556146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Below the boundary layer, the air pollutants have been confirmed to present the decreasing trend with the height in most situaitons. However, the disperiosn rate of air pollutants in the vertical profile is rarely investigated in detail, especially through in-situ measurement. With this consideration, we employed an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with portable monitoring equipments to scrutinize the vertical distribution of PM2.5. Based on the original data, we found that PM2.5 concentration decreases gradually with altitude below the boundary layer and demonstrated an obvious linear correlation. Therefore, the vertical distribution of PM2.5 was quantified by representing the distribution of PM2.5 with the slope of PM2.5 vertical distribution. We used backward trajectories to reveal the causes of outliers (PM2.5 increasing with altitude), and found that PM2.5 in the high altitude came from the southwest. Besides, the relationship between the vertical distribution of PM2.5 and various meteorological factors was investigated using stepwise regression analysis. The results show that the four meteorological factors most strongly correlated with the slope values are: (a) the difference in relative humidity between the ground and the air; (b) the difference in temperature between the ground and the air; (c) the height of the boundary layer; and (d) the wind speed. The slope values increase with increasing the difference in relative humidity between ground and air and the difference in temperature between the ground and the air, and decrease with increasing boundary layer height and wind speed. According to the Random Forest calculations, the ground-to-air relative humidity difference is the most important at 0.718; the wind speed is the least important at 0.053; and the ground-to-air temperature difference and boundary layer height are 0.140 and 0.088, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Chen
- Center for ITS and UAV Applications Research, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Data-Driven Management Decision Making Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo-Wen Li
- Center for ITS and UAV Applications Research, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Zhong-Ren Peng
- International Center for Adaptation Planning and Design, College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, PO Box 115706, Gainesville, FL, 32611-5706, USA; Healthy Building Research Center, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hai-Chao Huang
- Center for ITS and UAV Applications Research, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wu
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong-Di He
- Center for ITS and UAV Applications Research, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Hou W, Wang J, Hu R, Chen Y, Shi J, Lin X, Qin Y, Zhang P, Du W, Tao S. Systematically quantifying the dynamic characteristics of PM 2.5 in multiple indoor environments in a plateau city: Implication for internal contribution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108641. [PMID: 38621323 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
People generally spend most of their time indoors, making a comprehensive evaluation of air pollution characteristics in various indoor microenvironments of great significance for accurate exposure estimation. In this study, field measurements were conducted in Kunming City, Southwest China, using real-time PM2.5 sensors to characterize indoor PM2.5 in ten different microenvironments including three restaurants, four public places, and three household settings. Results showed that the daily average PM2.5 concentrations in restaurants, public spaces, and households were 78.4 ± 24.3, 20.1 ± 6.6, and 18.0 ± 4.3 µg/m3, respectively. The highest levels of indoor PM2.5 in restaurants were owing to strong internal emissions from cooking activities. Dynamic changes showed that indoor PM2.5 levels increased during business time in restaurants and public places, and cooking time in residential kitchens. Compared with public places, restaurants generally exhibit more rapid increases in indoor PM2.5 due to cooking activities, which can elevate indoor PM2.5 to high levels (5.1 times higher than the baseline) in a short time. Furthermore, indoor PM2.5 in restaurants were dominated by internal emissions, while outdoor penetration contributed mostly to indoor PM2.5 in public places and household settings. Results from this study revealed large variations in indoor PM2.5 in different microenvironments, and suggested site-specific measures for indoor PM2.5 pollution alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Hou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinze Wang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruijing Hu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xianbiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Saraga DΕ, Querol X, Duarte RMBO, Aquilina NJ, Canha N, Alvarez EG, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Bekö G, Byčenkienė S, Kovacevic R, Plauškaitė K, Carslaw N. Source apportionment for indoor air pollution: Current challenges and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165744. [PMID: 37487894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment (SA) for indoor air pollution is challenging due to the multiplicity and high variability of indoor sources, the complex physical and chemical processes that act as primary sources, sinks and sources of precursors that lead to secondary formation, and the interconnection with the outdoor environment. While the major indoor sources have been recognized, there is still a need for understanding the contribution of indoor versus outdoor-generated pollutants penetrating indoors, and how SA is influenced by the complex processes that occur in indoor environments. This paper reviews our current understanding of SA, through reviewing information on the SA techniques used, the targeted pollutants that have been studied to date, and their source apportionment, along with limitations or knowledge gaps in this research field. The majority (78 %) of SA studies to date focused on PM chemical composition/size distribution, with fewer studies covering organic compounds such as ketones, carbonyls and aldehydes. Regarding the SA method used, the majority of studies have used Positive Matrix Factorization (31 %), Principal Component Analysis (26 %) and Chemical Mass Balance (7 %) receptor models. The indoor PM sources identified to date include building materials and furniture emissions, indoor combustion-related sources, cooking-related sources, resuspension, cleaning and consumer products emissions, secondary-generated pollutants indoors and other products and activity-related emissions. The outdoor environment contribution to the measured pollutant indoors varies considerably (<10 %- 90 %) among the studies. Future challenges for this research area include the need for optimization of indoor air quality monitoring and data selection as well as the incorporation of physical and chemical processes in indoor air into source apportionment methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikaia Ε Saraga
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina M B O Duarte
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science, Chemistry Building, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C(2)TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Elena Gómez Alvarez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Healthy and Sustainable Built Environment Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Steigvilė Byčenkienė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Kristina Plauškaitė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, UK
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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6
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Qin L, Zhai M, Cheng H. Indoor air pollution from the household combustion of coal: Tempo-spatial distribution of gaseous pollutants and semi-quantification of source contribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163502. [PMID: 37075989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coal is a widely used solid fuel for cooking and heating activities in rural households, whose incomplete combustion in inefficient household stoves releases a range of gaseous pollutants. To evaluate the impact of coal combustion on indoor air quality, this study comprehensively investigated the indoor air pollution of typical gaseous pollutants, including formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and methane (CH4), during coal combustion process in rural households using online monitoring with high tempo-spatial resolution. The indoor concentrations of gaseous pollutants were considerably elevated during the coal combustion period, with the indoor concentrations being significantly higher than those in courtyard air. The levels of several gaseous pollutants (CO2, CO, TVOC, and CH4) in indoor air were much higher during the flaming phase than the de-volatilization and smoldering phases, while HCHO peaked in the de-volatilization phase. The gaseous pollutant concentrations mostly decreased from the room ceiling to the ground level, while their horizontal distribution was relatively uniform within the room. It was estimated that coal combustion accounted for about 71 %, 92 %, 63 %, 59 %, and 21 % of total exposure to indoor CO2, CO, TVOC, CH4, and HCHO, respectively. Improved stove combined with clean fuel could effectively lower the concentrations of CO2, CO, TVOC, and CH4 in indoor air and reduce the contributions of coal combustion to these gaseous pollutants by about 21-68 %. These findings help better understand the indoor air pollution resulting from residential coal combustion and could guide the development of intervention programs to improve indoor air quality in rural households of northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengkun Zhai
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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7
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Wang J, Du W, Lei Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Mao K, Tao S, Pan B. Quantifying the dynamic characteristics of indoor air pollution using real-time sensors: Current status and future implication. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107934. [PMID: 37086491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
People generally spend most of their time indoors, making indoor air quality be of great significance to human health. Large spatiotemporal heterogeneity of indoor air pollution can be hardly captured by conventional filter-based monitoring but real-time monitoring. Real-time monitoring is conducive to change air assessment mode from static and sparse analysis to dynamic and massive analysis, and has made remarkable strides in indoor air evaluation. In this review, the state of art, strengths, challenges, and further development of real-time sensors used in indoor air evaluation are focused on. Researches using real-time sensors for indoor air evaluation have increased rapidly since 2018, and are mainly conducted in China and the USA, with the most frequently investigated air pollutants of PM2.5. In addition to high spatiotemporal resolution, real-time sensors for indoor air evaluation have prominent advantages in 3-dimensional monitoring, pollution peak and source identification, and short-term health effect evaluation. Huge amounts of data from real-time sensors also facilitate the modeling and prediction of indoor air pollution. However, challenges still remain in extensive deployment of real-time sensors indoors, including the selection, performance, stability, as well as calibration of sensors. In future, sensors with high performance, long-term stability, low price, and low energy consumption are welcomed. Furthermore, more target air pollutants are also expected to be detected simultaneously by real-time sensors in indoor air monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Wang
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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8
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Zhou Q, Zhong H, Li L, Wang Z. AlphaMobileSensing: A virtual testbed for mobile environmental monitoring. BUILDING SIMULATION 2023; 16:1-14. [PMID: 37359829 PMCID: PMC9971688 DOI: 10.1007/s12273-023-1001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring plays a critical role in creating and maintaining a comfortable, productive, and healthy environment. Built upon the advancements of robotics and data processing, mobile sensing demonstrates its potential to address problems regarding cost, deployment, and resolution that stationary monitoring encounters, which therefore has attracted increasing research attentions recently. To facilitate mobile sensing, two key algorithms are needed: the field reconstruction algorithm and the route planning algorithm. The field reconstruction algorithm is to reconstruct the entire environment field from spatially- and temporally-discrete measurements collected by the mobile sensors. The route planning algorithm is to instruct the mobile sensors where the mobile sensor needs to move to for the next measurements. The performance of mobile sensors highly depends on these two algorithms. However, developing and testing those algorithms in the real world is expensive, challenging, and time-consuming. To address these issues, we proposed and implemented an open-source virtual testbed, AlphaMobileSensing, that can be used to develop, test, and benchmark mobile sensing algorithms. AlphaMobileSensing aims to help users more easily develop and test the field reconstruction and route planning algorithms for mobile sensing solutions, without worrying about hardware fault, test accidents (such as collision during the test), etc. The separation of concerns can significantly reduce the cost of developing software solutions for mobile sensing. For versatility and flexibility, AlphaMobileSensing was wrapped up using the standardized interface of OpenAI Gym, and it also provides an interface for loading physical fields that were generated by numerical simulations as virtual test sites to perform mobile sensing and retrieving monitoring data. We demonstrated applications of the virtual testbed by implementing and testing algorithms for physical field reconstruction in both static and dynamic indoor thermal environments. AlphaMobileSensing provides a novel and flexible platform to develop, test, and benchmark mobile sensing algorithms more easily, conveniently, and efficiently. AlphaMobileSensing is open sourced at https://github.com/kishuqizhou/AlphaMobileSensing. Electronic Supplementary Material ESM the Appendix is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12273-023-1001-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoran Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linyan Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, China
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