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Rice RB, Boaggio K, Olson NE, Foley KM, Weaver CP, Sacks JD, McDow SR, Holder AL, LeDuc SD. Wildfires Increase Concentrations of Hazardous Air Pollutants in Downwind Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21235-21248. [PMID: 38051783 PMCID: PMC10862657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Due in part to climate change, wildfire activity is increasing, with the potential for greater public health impact from smoke in downwind communities. Studies examining the health effects of wildfire smoke have focused primarily on fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but there is a need to better characterize other constituents, such as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). HAPs are chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects that are regulated by the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency. Here, we analyzed concentrations of 21 HAPs in wildfire smoke from 2006 to 2020 at 309 monitors across the western US. Additionally, we examined HAP concentrations measured in a major population center (San Jose, CA) affected by multiple fires from 2017 to 2020. We found that concentrations of select HAPs, namely acetaldehyde, acrolein, chloroform, formaldehyde, manganese, and tetrachloroethylene, were all significantly elevated on smoke-impacted versus nonsmoke days (P < 0.05). The largest median increase on smoke-impacted days was observed for formaldehyde, 1.3 μg/m3 (43%) higher than that on nonsmoke days. Acetaldehyde increased 0.73 μg/m3 (36%), and acrolein increased 0.14 μg/m3 (34%). By better characterizing these chemicals in wildfire smoke, we anticipate that this research will aid efforts to reduce exposures in downwind communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Byron Rice
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Katie Boaggio
- US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kristen M Foley
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christopher P Weaver
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jason D Sacks
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephen R McDow
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Amara L Holder
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Stephen D LeDuc
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Yang CE, Fu JS, Liu Y, Dong X, Liu Y. Projections of future wildfires impacts on air pollutants and air toxics in a changing climate over the western United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119213. [PMID: 35351594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires emit smoke particles and gaseous pollutants that greatly aggravate air quality and cause adverse health impacts in the western US (WUS). This study evaluates how wildfire impacts on air pollutants and air toxics evolve from the present climate to the future climate under a high anthropogenic emission scenario at regional and city scales. Through employing multiple climate and chemical transport models, small changes in domain-averaged air pollutant concentrations by wildfires are simulated over WUS. However, such changes significantly increase future city-scale pollutant concentrations by up to 53 ppb for benzene, 158 ppb for formaldehyde, 655 μg/m3 for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and 102 ppb for ozone, whereas that for the present climate are 104 ppb for benzene, 332 ppb for formaldehyde, 1,378 μg/m3 for PM2.5, and 140 ppb for ozone. Despite wildfires induce smaller changes in the future, the wildfire contribution ratios can increase by more than tenfold compared to the present climate, indicating wildfires become a more critical contributor to future air pollution in WUS. In addition, additional 6 exceedance days/year for formaldehyde and additional 3 exceedance days/year for ozone suggest increasing health impacts by wildfires in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-En Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA; Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Center for Forest Disturbance Science, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xinyi Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Naughten SM, Aguilera R, Gershunov A, Benmarhnia T, Leibel S. A Perspective on Pediatric Respiratory Outcomes During California Wildfires Due to Smoke and PM 2.5 Exposure. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:891616. [PMID: 35874572 PMCID: PMC9298841 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.891616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As wildfires increase in prevalence and intensity across California and globally, it is anticipated that more children will be exposed to wildfire smoke, and thus face associated adverse health outcomes. Here, we provide a concise summary of the respiratory effects of California's wildfires on pediatric healthcare utilization, examine global examples of wildfire smoke exposure within the pediatric population and associated physiological effects, and assess the efficacy of metrics used to measure and communicate air quality during wildfires within the United States and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Naughten
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rosana Aguilera
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Gershunov
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sydney Leibel
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States.,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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4
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Air pollution and lung function in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1-14. [PMID: 34238501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we summarize the literature and provide updates on recent studies of air pollution exposures and child lung function and lung function growth. We include exposures to outdoor air pollutants that are monitored and regulated through air quality standards, and air pollutants that are not routinely monitored or directly regulated, including wildfires, indoor biomass and coal burning, gas and wood stove use, and volatile organic compounds. Included is a more systematic review of the recent literature on long-term air pollution and child lung function because this is an indicator of future adult respiratory health and exposure assessment tools have improved dramatically in recent years. We present "summary observations" and "knowledge gaps." We end by discussing what is known about what can be done at the individual/household, local/regional, and national levels to overcome structural impediments, reduce air pollution exposures, and improve child lung function. We found a large literature on adverse air pollution effects on children's lung function level and growth; however, many questions remain. Important areas needing further research include whether early-life effects are fixed or reversible; and what are windows of increased susceptibility, long-term effects of repeated wildfire events, and effects of air quality interventions.
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S, Tiwari S, Jain VK. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in an urban area of eastern central India: Seasonal variation, size distribution and source characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110802. [PMID: 33516684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient aerosols were collected at an urban site of eastern central India from monsoon to summer 2016-17 for the characterization of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA). The BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in size-distributed aerosols were studied. Concentrations of total SOAI (Isoprene secondary organic aerosols) were found more abundant than α/β-pinene in summer, while contradictory trends were found in the winter season, where SOAM (monoterpene derived SOA) and SOAS (sesquiterpenes derived SOA) were dominated. Size-distribution study revealed that most of the BSOA were formed in the aerosol phase and dominated in fine mode, except cis-pinonic acid. They were formed in the gaseous phase and partitioned onto the aerosol phase. The alkaline nature of mineral dust particles that triggered the adsorption of gaseous species onto pre-existing particles could be the reason for bimodal size distribution with major coarse mode peak and miner fine mode peak. Temporal variations suggest that the BSOA must be derived from terrestrial vegetation and biomass burning. The isoprene SOC (secondary organic carbon) contributed 0.91%, 1.38%, 0.88% and 1.04% to OC during winter, summer, post-monsoon and monsoon season, respectively. The isoprene SOC in fine mode was found to be higher than the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Improving the Indoor Air Quality of Residential Buildings during Bushfire Smoke Events. CLIMATE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cli9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bushfire smoke is associated with acute and chronic health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Residential buildings are important places of refuge from bushfire smoke, however the air quality within these locations can become heavily polluted by smoke infiltration. Consequently, some residential buildings may offer limited protection from exposure to poor air quality, especially during extended smoke events. This paper evaluates the impact of bushfire smoke on indoor air quality within residential buildings and proposes strategies and guidance to reduce indoor levels of particulates and other pollutants. The paper explores the different monitoring techniques used to measure air pollutants and assesses the influence of the building envelope, filtration technologies, and portable air cleaners used to improve indoor air quality. The evaluation found that bushfire smoke can substantially increase the levels of pollutants within residential buildings. Notably, some studies reported indoor levels of PM2.5 of approximately 500µg/m3 during bushfire smoke events. Many Australian homes are very leaky (i.e., >15 ACH) compared to those in countries such as the USA. Strategies such as improving the building envelope will help reduce smoke infiltration, however even in airtight homes pollutant levels will eventually increase over time. Therefore, the appropriate design, selection, and operation of household ventilation systems that include particle filtration will be critical to reduce indoor exposures during prolonged smoke events. Future studies of bushfire smoke intrusion in residences could also focus on filtration technologies that can remove gaseous pollutants.
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Holm SM, Miller MD, Balmes JR. Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:1-20. [PMID: 32952154 PMCID: PMC7502220 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke is an increasing environmental health threat to which children are particularly vulnerable, for both physiologic and behavioral reasons. To address the need for improved public health messaging this review summarizes current knowledge and knowledge gaps in the health effects of wildfire smoke in children, as well as tools for public health response aimed at children, including consideration of low-cost sensor data, respirators, and exposures in school environments. There is an established literature of health effects in children from components of ambient air pollution, which are also present in wildfire smoke, and an emerging literature on the effects of wildfire smoke, particularly for respiratory outcomes. Low-cost particulate sensors demonstrate the spatial variability of pollution, including wildfire smoke, where children live and play. Surgical masks and respirators can provide limited protection for children during wildfire events, with expected decreases of roughly 20% and 80% for surgical masks and N95 respirators, respectively. Schools should improve filtration to reduce exposure of our nation's children to smoke during wildfire events. The evidence base described may help clinical and public health authorities provide accurate information to families to improve their decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Holm
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Children's Environmental Health Center, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA.
| | - Mark D Miller
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Children's Environmental Health Center, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John R Balmes
- Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Salthammer T, Gunschera J. Release of formaldehyde and other organic compounds from nitrogen fertilizers. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127913. [PMID: 32822931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to nitrogen, carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde and crotonaldehyde can be released from slow release fertilizers based on urea-aldehyde by hydrolytic or biotic processes. A possible relevance of such releases in the practical application of corresponding products was investigated in laboratory experiments. In the first part, emissions of organic compounds from the pure products were determined in desiccators under static conditions in dry and water-saturated air as well as during direct contact with water. Significant emissions of isobutyraldehyde were found for products containing isobutylidene diurea. Several formulations emitted acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, especially in the case of higher air humidity and when solved in water. However, crotonaldehyde was not detected in the desiccator air. Other organic components such as herbicides or their degradation products and nitrification inhibitors were released from fertilizers containing these compounds. In further experiments, sticks and granules were applied into potting soil and the release of organic compounds in emission chambers was examined under dynamic conditions. No substances that could be directly attributed to the fertilizers were detected in these experiments. However, relevant emission rates of formaldehyde were observed for the spray fertilizers containing urea-formaldehyde after application to tomato plants. The possible contribution of these emissions to atmospheric formaldehyde concentrations is discussed. Finally, the formaldehyde concentrations in a greenhouse for private use are estimated. It is likely that immediately after spray application of a urea-formaldehyde fertilizer increased formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing air of the greenhouse occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jan Gunschera
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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Stowell JD, Geng G, Saikawa E, Chang HH, Fu J, Yang CE, Zhu Q, Liu Y, Strickland MJ. Associations of wildfire smoke PM 2.5 exposure with cardiorespiratory events in Colorado 2011-2014. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105151. [PMID: 31520956 PMCID: PMC8163094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial increases in wildfire activity have been recorded in recent decades. Wildfires influence the chemical composition and concentration of particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). However, relatively few epidemiologic studies focus on the health impacts of wildfire smoke PM2.5 compared with the number of studies focusing on total PM2.5 exposure. OBJECTIVES We estimated the associations between cardiorespiratory acute events and exposure to smoke PM2.5 in Colorado using a novel exposure model to separate smoke PM2.5 from background ambient PM2.5 levels. METHODS We obtained emergency department visits and hospitalizations for acute cardiorespiratory outcomes from Colorado for May-August 2011-2014, geocoded to a 4 km geographic grid. Combining ground measurements, chemical transport models, and remote sensing data, we estimated smoke PM2.5 and non-smoke PM2.5 on a 1 km spatial grid and aggregated to match the resolution of the health data. Time-stratified, case-crossover models were fit using conditional logistic regression to estimate associations between fire smoke PM2.5 and non-smoke PM2.5 for overall and age-stratified outcomes using 2-day averaging windows for cardiovascular disease and 3-day windows for respiratory disease. RESULTS Per 1 μg/m3 increase in fire smoke PM2.5, statistically significant associations were observed for asthma (OR = 1.081 (1.058, 1.105)) and combined respiratory disease (OR = 1.021 (1.012, 1.031)). No significant relationships were evident for cardiovascular diseases and smoke PM2.5. Associations with non-smoke PM2.5 were null for all outcomes. Positive age-specific associations related to smoke PM2.5 were observed for asthma and combined respiratory disease in children, and for asthma, bronchitis, COPD, and combined respiratory disease in adults. No significant associations were found in older adults. DISCUSSION This is the first multi-year, high-resolution epidemiologic study to incorporate statistical and chemical transport modeling methods to estimate PM2.5 exposure due to wildfires. Our results allow for a more precise assessment of the population health impact of wildfire-related PM2.5 exposure in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Stowell
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guannan Geng
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Mailstop 1131-002-1AA, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 851 Neyland Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Cheng-En Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 851 Neyland Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Qingzhao Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 851 Neyland Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Matthew J Strickland
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Geng G, Murray NL, Tong D, Fu JS, Hu X, Lee P, Meng X, Chang HH, Liu Y. Satellite-Based Daily PM 2.5 Estimates During Fire Seasons in Colorado. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:8159-8171. [PMID: 31289705 PMCID: PMC6615892 DOI: 10.1029/2018jd028573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The western United States has experienced increasing wildfire activities, which have negative effects on human health. Epidemiological studies on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from wildfires are limited by the lack of accurate high-resolution PM2.5 exposure data over fire days. Satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) data can provide additional information in ground PM2.5 concentrations and has been widely used in previous studies. However, the low background concentration, complex terrain, and large wildfire sources add to the challenge of estimating PM2.5 concentrations in the western United States. In this study, we applied a Bayesian ensemble model that combined information from the 1 km resolution AOD products derived from the Multi-angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm, Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations, and ground measurements to predict daily PM2.5 concentrations over fire seasons (April to September) in Colorado for 2011-2014. Our model had a 10-fold cross-validated R 2 of 0.66 and root-mean-squared error of 2.00 μg/m3, outperformed the multistage model, especially on the fire days. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations over large fire events were successfully captured. The modeling technique demonstrated in this study could support future short-term and long-term epidemiological studies of wildfire PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Geng
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy L Murray
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Tong
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
- Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Climate Change Science Institute and Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xuefei Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pius Lee
- NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Backe WJ. A novel mass spectrometric method for formaldehyde in children's personal-care products and water via derivatization with acetylacetone. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1047-1056. [PMID: 28386963 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New legislation in the state of Minnesota prohibits the sale of children's personal-care products (PCPs) that contain more than 500 ng/mg formaldehyde. Previous attempts to quantify formaldehyde in PCPs use nonspecific derivatization procedures that employ harsh reagents and/or nonspecific detection. Derivatization of formaldehyde by acetylacetone occurs under mild conditions and is specific for formaldehyde but it has not been investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass-spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). METHODS To determine formaldehyde, PCPs were dissolved and then interferences were minimized by graphitized-carbon solid-phase extraction. Formaldehyde was derivatized to 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) using an acetylacetone solution. Post-derivatization, samples were diluted and analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was performed by isotopic dilution. Product-ion spectra were acquired for DDL and D12 -DDL. The mass shifts between the two product-ion spectra were used to assign fragment structures. To confirm molecular formulas, high-resolution accurate-mass analysis of the DDL product ions was performed by quadrupole time-of-flight MS. RESULTS Structures were proposed for all product ions of DDL above 10% relative intensity. Method accuracy ranged between 96-104% for all matrices at all concentrations tested. Method precision was less than 4% relative standard deviation. The reporting limit was 10 ng/mg in PCPs and 100 μg/L in water. Twenty children's PCPs were tested to demonstrate the method and formaldehyde was reported in five from 23-1500 ng/mg. Of those five, two samples contained formaldehyde above the Minnesota regulatory limit. CONCLUSIONS The developed method allows for the accurate quantification of formaldehyde in PCPs at levels below those required by a new regulation on children's products in Minnesota. The method includes a derivatization procedure that is newly adapted to HPLC/MS/MS; therefore, structures were proposed for the product ions of the derivative (DDL). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, 55164-0899, USA
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12
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Brandão PF, Ramos RM, Valente IM, Almeida PJ, Carro AM, Lorenzo RA, Rodrigues JA. Gas-diffusion microextraction coupled with spectrophotometry for the determination of formaldehyde in cork agglomerates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2885-2892. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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He C, Miljevic B, Crilley LR, Surawski NC, Bartsch J, Salimi F, Uhde E, Schnelle-Kreis J, Orasche J, Ristovski Z, Ayoko GA, Zimmermann R, Morawska L. Characterisation of the impact of open biomass burning on urban air quality in Brisbane, Australia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:230-242. [PMID: 26989811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Open biomass burning from wildfires and the prescribed burning of forests and farmland is a frequent occurrence in South-East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. This work reports on data collected from 10 to 30 September 2011, which covers the days before (10-14 September), during (15-20 September) and after (21-30 September) a period of biomass burning in SEQ. The aim of this project was to comprehensively quantify the impact of the biomass burning on air quality in Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland. A multi-parameter field measurement campaign was conducted and ambient air quality data from 13 monitoring stations across SEQ were analysed. During the burning period, the average concentrations of all measured pollutants increased (from 20% to 430%) compared to the non-burning period (both before and after burning), except for total xylenes. The average concentration of O3, NO2, SO2, benzene, formaldehyde, PM10, PM2.5 and visibility-reducing particles reached their highest levels for the year, which were up to 10 times higher than annual average levels, while PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations exceeded the WHO 24-hour guidelines and O3 concentration exceeded the WHO maximum 8-hour average threshold during the burning period. Overall spatial variations showed that all measured pollutants, with the exception of O3, were closer to spatial homogeneity during the burning compared to the non-burning period. In addition to the above, elevated concentrations of three biomass burning organic tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), together with the amount of non-refractory organic particles (PM1) and the average value of f60 (attributed to levoglucosan), reinforce that elevated pollutant concentration levels were due to emissions from open biomass burning events, 70% of which were prescribed burning events. This study, which is the first and most comprehensive of its kind in Australia, provides quantitative evidence of the significant impact of open biomass burning events, especially prescribed burning, on urban air quality. The current results provide a solid platform for more detailed health and modelling investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Leigh R Crilley
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Surawski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia; Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Jennifer Bartsch
- Material Analysis & Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institute (WKI), Braunschweig, 38108, Germany
| | - Farhad Salimi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia; Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Erik Uhde
- Material Analysis & Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institute (WKI), Braunschweig, 38108, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
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The formaldehyde dilemma. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:433-6. [PMID: 25772784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The IARC's 2004 classification of formaldehyde as a human carcinogen has led to intensive discussion on scientific and regulatory levels. In June 2014, the European Union followed and classified formaldehyde as a cause of cancer. This automatically triggers consequences in terms of emission minimization and the health-related assessment of building and consumer products. On the other hand, authorities are demanding and authorizing technologies and products which can release significant quantities of formaldehyde into the atmosphere. In the outdoor environment, this particularly applies to combusting fuels. The formation of formaldehyde through photochemical smog has also been a recognized problem for years. Indoors there are various processes which can contribute to increased formaldehyde concentrations. Overall, legislation faces a dilemma: primary sources are often over-regulated while a lack of consideration of secondary sources negates the regulations' effects.
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15
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Salthammer T. Formaldehyd in der Umgebungsluft: von der Innenluftverunreinigung zur Außenluftverunreinigung? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Salthammer T. Formaldehyde in the ambient atmosphere: from an indoor pollutant to an outdoor pollutant? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3320-7. [PMID: 23365016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde has been discussed as a typical indoor pollutant for decades. Legal requirements and ever-lower limits for formaldehyde in indoor air have led to a continual reduction in the amount of formaldehyde released from furniture, building materials, and household products over many years. Slowly, and without much attention from research on indoor air, a change of paradigm is taking place, however. Today, the formaldehyde concentrations in outdoor air, particularly in polluted urban areas, sometimes already reach indoor levels. This is largely a result of photochemical processes and the use of biofuels. In the medium term, this development might have consequences for the way buildings are ventilated and lead to a change in the way we evaluate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R. Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2536-72. [PMID: 20067232 PMCID: PMC2855181 DOI: 10.1021/cr800399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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18
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Voukides AC, Konrad KM, Johnson RP. Competing Mechanistic Channels in the Oxidation of Aldehydes by Ozone. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2108-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8026593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C. Voukides
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Kaleen M. Konrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Richard P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
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