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Cumulative Risks from Stressor Exposures and Personal Risk Factors in the Workplace: Examples from a Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115850. [PMID: 34072475 PMCID: PMC8199163 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protecting worker and public health involves an understanding of multiple determinants, including exposures to biological, chemical, or physical agents or stressors in combination with other determinants including type of employment, health status, and individual behaviors. This has been illustrated during the COVID-19 pandemic by increased exposure and health risks for essential workers and those with pre-existing conditions, and mask-wearing behavior. Health risk assessment practices for environmental and occupational health typically do not incorporate multiple stressors in combination with personal risk factors. While conceptual developments in cumulative risk assessment to inform a more holistic approach to these real-life conditions have progressed, gaps remain, and practical methods and applications are rare. This scoping review characterizes existing evidence of combined stressor exposures and personal factors and risk to foster methods for occupational cumulative risk assessment. The review found examples from many workplaces, such as manufacturing, offices, and health care; exposures to chemical, physical, and psychosocial stressors combined with modifiable and unmodifiable determinants of health; and outcomes including respiratory function and disease, cancers, cardio-metabolic diseases, and hearing loss, as well as increased fertility, menstrual dysfunction and worsened mental health. To protect workers, workplace exposures and modifiable and unmodifiable characteristics should be considered in risk assessment and management. Data on combination exposures can improve assessments and risk estimates and inform protective exposure limits and management strategies.
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Barth A, Brucker N, Moro AM, Nascimento S, Goethel G, Souto C, Fracasso R, Sauer E, Altknecht L, da Costa B, Duarte M, Menezes CB, Tasca T, Arbo MD, Garcia SC. Association between inflammation processes, DNA damage, and exposure to environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:353-362. [PMID: 27718115 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to pollutants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), could lead to carcinogenesis development. However, there is a gap on the mechanisms involved in this effect. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential relationship between exposure to environmental air pollution and inflammation process in DNA damage in taxi drivers. This study included 45 taxi drivers and 40 controls; non-smokers composed both groups. Biological monitoring was performed through quantification of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). ICAM-1 (CD54) expression, NTPDase activity, inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ) levels, and comet and micronucleus assays were evaluated. The results demonstrated that 1-OHP levels, ICAM-1 expression, NTPDase activity, and DNA damage biomarkers (% tail DNA and micronucleus frequency) were increased in taxi drivers compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant associations were found between 1-OHP levels and ICAM-1 expression, % tail DNA, and micronucleus frequency (p < 0.05). Besides, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were positively correlated to % tail DNA and micronucleus frequency (p < 0.001). Our findings suggest an important association between environmental exposure to air pollution with increase of ICAM-1 expression and NTPDase activity in taxi drivers. Additionally, the multiple regression linear-analysis demonstrated association between IL-6 and DNA damage. Thus, the present study has provided important evidence that, in addition to environmental exposure to air pollutants, the inflammation process may contribute to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Barth
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Angela M Moro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Nascimento
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Goethel
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Souto
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fracasso
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Louise Altknecht
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Bárbara da Costa
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Marta Duarte
- Department of Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila B Menezes
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Parasitology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research in Parasitology, Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D Arbo
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP.: 90610-000, Brazil.
- Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ciarrocca M, Rosati MV, Tomei F, Capozzella A, Andreozzi G, Tomei G, Bacaloni A, Casale T, Andrè JC, Fioravanti M, Cuartas MF, Caciari T. Is urinary 1-hydroxypyrene a valid biomarker for exposure to air pollution in outdoor workers? A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:17-26. [PMID: 23299300 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and specificity of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPu) as a biomarker of the exposure from urban pollution to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among outdoor workers in a meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis was performed according to standard methods, and the results show that the concentrations of 1-OHPu tend to be higher in exposed workers than in unexposed workers (if we exclude two highly heterogeneous articles), in exposed non-smokers than in unexposed non-smokers and in exposed than in unexposed workers who were carriers of the CYP1A1 genotype and in those with the glutathione-S-transferase M1 (-)genotype. These genotypes enhance the effect of exposure, particularly in non-smokers. Smoking reduces the differences between exposed and unexposed subjects. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of the 1-OHPu biomarker appears to be reliable for studying occupational exposure to PAHs from urban pollution, as long as environmental and behavioural factors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ciarrocca
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Rosati
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Tomei
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Assuntina Capozzella
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Andreozzi
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bacaloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodorico Casale
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Fioravanti
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Fernanda Cuartas
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caciari
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Manuela C, Francesco T, Tiziana C, Assunta C, Lara S, Nadia N, Giorgia A, Barbara S, Maria F, Carlotta C, Valeria DG, Pia SM, Gianfranco T, Angela S. Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural outdoor male workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1542-50. [PMID: 22555192 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate exposure to benzene in urban and rural areas, an investigation into personal exposure to benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural (roadmen) male outdoor workers was carried out. Personal samples and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure personal exposure to benzene in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen. Blood benzene, urinary trans-trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured at the end of work shift in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen and 34 smoker traffic policemen, 21 police drivers and 53 roadmen. Exposure to benzene was similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers and higher among non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers; blood benzene and t,t-MA were significantly higher in non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Significant increases in t,t-MA were found in smokers vs. non-smokers. In non-smoker urban workers airborne benzene and blood benzene, and t,t-MA and S-PMA were significantly correlated. This study gives an evaluation of the exposure to benzene in an urban area, comparing people working in the street or in cars, to people working in a rural area. Benzene is a certain carcinogen for humans. The results we showed should lead to more in-depth studies about the effects on health of these categories of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarrocca Manuela
- University of Rome Sapienza, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Clinical value of assaying tumor supplied group of factor/tumor specific growth factor in patients with solitary pulmonary nodule. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 12:192-6. [PMID: 21663863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study was designed to evaluate the clinical value of assaying tumor supplied group of factor/tumor specific growth factor (TSGF) in solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted from March 2007 to September 2010 and included 33 patients with SPN and 28 healthy volunteers. TSGF was assayed in preoperative serum, intraoperative pleural lavage fluid (IPLF), and postoperative serum. RESULTS At operation, 20 patients were diagnosed with malignancy and 13 patients were diagnosed with nonmalignancy and placed in group A and group B, respectively. In group A, pathologic staging demonstrated 8 patients (group A1) with stage T1N0M0, 7 patients (group A2) with stage T1N1M0 and 53 patients (group A) with stage T1N2M0 disease. In group B, 8 patients were diagnosed with tuberculoma (group B1) and 5 patients were diagnosed with inflammatory pseudotumor (group B2). Before operation, levels of TSGF in peripheral blood were significantly higher in group A compared with group B and the control group (98.8 ± 29.9 vs. 62.1 ± 24.9 and 50.1 ± 17.9, Student-Newman-Keuls test; P < .05). The percentage of patients with positive serum TSGF results was significantly higher in group A than in group B or the control group (90.0% vs. 30.8% and 17.9%, χ(2) test; P < .05). With respect to the diagnostic value of serum TSGF in malignant SPN, we found sensitivity to be 90%, specificity to be 69.2%, positive forecast rate to be 74.5%, negative forecast rate to be 87.4%, and accurate diagnosed rate to be 79.5%. The TSGF level in IPLF in group A was significantly higher than that in group B (132.2 ± 51.9 vs. 84.6 ± 12.6, Student t test, P < .05). Additionally, TSGF in group A2 and group A3 was significantly higher compared with group A1 (162.2 ± 52.3 and 176.4 ± 17.8 vs. 100.2 ± 35.8, Student-Newman-Keuls test; P < .05). Postoperative serum TSGF in the patients diagnosed with lung cancer decreased significantly after operation. TSGF returned to a normal threshold level (71 U/mL) in the sixth month postoperatively. In addition, there was no appreciable change in the patients in group B. CONCLUSION Serum TSGF is conducive to discriminating between benign and malignant features of SPN. Additionally, investigation of IPLF TSGF can potentially offer a new approach to predict the existence of lymph node metastases.
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