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Fong KC, Heo S, Lim CC, Kim H, Chan A, Lee W, Stewart R, Choi HM, Son JY, Bell ML. The Intersection of Immigrant and Environmental Health: A Scoping Review of Observational Population Exposure and Epidemiologic Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:96001. [PMID: 36053724 PMCID: PMC9438924 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transnational immigration has increased since the 1950s. In countries such as the United States, immigrants now account for > 15 % of the population. Although differences in health between immigrants and nonimmigrants are well documented, it is unclear how environmental exposures contribute to these disparities. OBJECTIVES We summarized current knowledge comparing immigrants' and nonimmigrants' exposure to and health effects of environmental exposures. METHODS We conducted a title and abstract review on articles identified through PubMed and selected those that assessed environmental exposures or health effects separately for immigrants and nonimmigrants. After a full text review, we extracted the main findings from eligible studies and categorized each article as exposure-focused, health-focused, or both. We also noted each study's exposure of interest, study location, exposure and statistical methods, immigrant and comparison groups, and the intersecting socioeconomic characteristics controlled for. RESULTS We conducted a title and abstract review on 3,705 articles, a full text review on 84, and extracted findings from 50 studies. There were 43 studies that investigated exposure (e.g., metals, organic compounds, fine particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants) disparities, but only 12 studies that assessed health disparities (e.g., mortality, select morbidities). Multiple studies reported higher exposures in immigrants compared with nonimmigrants. Among immigrants, studies sometimes observed exposure disparities by country of origin and time since immigration. Of the 50 studies, 43 were conducted in North America. DISCUSSION The environmental health of immigrants remains an understudied area, especially outside of North America. Although most identified studies explored potential exposure disparities, few investigated subsequent differences in health effects. Future research should investigate environmental health disparities of immigrants, especially outside North America. Additional research gaps include the role of immigrants' country of origin and time since immigration, as well as the combined effects of immigrant status with intersecting socioeconomic characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, income, and education attainment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9855.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin C. Fong
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Seulkee Heo
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chris C. Lim
- Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Honghyok Kim
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alisha Chan
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Whanhee Lee
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rory Stewart
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Ji-Young Son
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Wattigney WA, Savadatti SS, Liu M, Pavuk M, Lewis-Michl E, Kannan K, Wang W, Spliethoff H, Marquez-Bravo L, Hwang SA. Biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in minority angler communities in central New York State. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112309. [PMID: 34728236 PMCID: PMC8715741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Onondaga Lake in central New York State was listed as a Superfund site in 1994 due to industrial disposal of pollutants. A biomonitoring program was conducted to assess exposure to over 70 legacy contaminants and contaminants of emerging concern in populations disproportionately at risk for exposure residing near Onondaga Lake and to educate these communities on how to reduce exposures. The populations of focus were refugees from Burma and Bhutan and low-income, primarily African American, anglers (urban anglers). These communities consume locally caught fish for economic as well as cultural reasons and therefore may be at higher risk of exposure. This study focuses on assessment of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with local fish consumption. Using respondent driven sampling, 311 refugees and 89 urban anglers were enrolled in the study. Following informed consent, study participants provided blood and urine specimens and completed a questionnaire. Percentiles of locally caught fish meals in the past 12 months by race/ethnicity groups showed that the Burmese participants of Karen ethnicity were the highest consumers, with a median of 135 meals compared to 103 meals for the other Burmese participants, 70 meals for the urban anglers, and 44 meals for the Bhutanese participants. Compared to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-16 sample of the general U.S. population, the Karen participants had markedly elevated perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) levels with median serum concentrations 9.5 times greater (41.6 ng/mL vs. 4.4 ng/mL) and 26.9 times greater (2.69 ng/mL vs. 0.10 ng/mL), respectively; the other Burmese participants had moderately elevated levels of PFOS and PFDA with median serum concentrations 3.0 times greater (13.3 ng/mL vs. 4.4 ng/mL) and 7.3 greater times greater (0.73 ng/mL vs. 0.10 ng/mL), respectively; and, PFAS levels were not elevated in the Bhutanese or urban angler cohorts. Male gender was consistently the strongest predictor of PFAS exposure among all study cohorts. A positive association between local fish consumption was indicated only for PFOS among urban anglers. An association between local fish consumption and PFAS was not statistically significant among the refugee cohorts, perhaps due to the lack of 'lower-end' exposure or exposure variability. Community events were held by the program staff to present the biomonitoring results and distribute community outreach materials with visual aids specific for the study populations to promote safe fish eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Wattigney
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States.
| | - Sanghamitra S Savadatti
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Ming Liu
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lewis-Michl
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States
| | - Henry Spliethoff
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Lydia Marquez-Bravo
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Syni-An Hwang
- New York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health Assessment, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, United States
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Hsu WH, Zheng Y, Savadatti SS, Liu M, Lewis-Michl EL, Aldous KM, Parsons PJ, Kannan K, Rej R, Wang W, Palmer CD, Wattigney WA, Irvin-Barnwell E, Hwang SA. Biomonitoring of exposure to Great Lakes contaminants among licensed anglers and Burmese refugees in Western New York: Toxic metals and persistent organic pollutants, 2010-2015. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 240:113918. [PMID: 35016143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Between 2010 and 2015, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) conducted a biomonitoring program to gather exposure data on Great Lakes contaminants among licensed anglers and Burmese refugees living in western New York who ate locally caught fish. Four hundred and nine adult licensed anglers and 206 adult Burmese refugees participated in this program. Participants provided blood and urine samples and completed a detailed questionnaire. Herein, we present blood metal levels (cadmium, lead, and total mercury) and serum persistent organic pollutant concentrations [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and trans-nonachlor]. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate the associations between analyte concentrations and indicators of fish consumption (locally caught fish meals, store-bought fish meals, and consuming fish/shellfish in the past week). Licensed anglers consumed a median of 16 locally caught fish meals and 22 store-bought fish meals while Burmese refugees consumed a median of 106 locally caught fish meals and 104 store-bought fish/shellfish meals in the past year. Compared to the general U.S. adult population, licensed anglers had higher blood lead and mercury levels; and Burmese refuges had higher blood cadmium, lead, and mercury, and higher serum DDE levels. Eating more locally caught fish was associated with higher blood lead, blood mercury, and serum ∑PCBs concentrations among licensed anglers. Licensed anglers and Burmese refugees who reported fish/shellfish consumption in the past week had elevated blood mercury levels compared with those who reported no consumption. Among licensed anglers, eating more store-bought fish meals was also associated with higher blood mercury levels. As part of the program, NYSDOH staff provided fish advisory outreach and education to all participants on ways to reduce their exposures, make healthier choices of fish to eat, and waters to fish from. Overall, our findings on exposure levels and fish consumption provide information to support the development and implementation of exposure reduction public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsiang Hsu
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Health Policy, Management and Behavior, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA.
| | - Yue Zheng
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Sanghamitra S Savadatti
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Lewis-Michl
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Kenneth M Aldous
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Robert Rej
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
| | - Christopher D Palmer
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Wendy A Wattigney
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Syni-An Hwang
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12144, USA
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Wattigney WA, Irvin-Barnwell E, Li Z, Ragin-Wilson A. Biomonitoring of toxic metals, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated biphenyl 153 in Michigan urban anglers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111851. [PMID: 34384752 PMCID: PMC8711253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The 32-mile Detroit River and surrounding tributaries have been designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern due to pollution from decades of municipal and industrial discharges, sewer overflows and urban development. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services conducted a biomonitoring study to assess exposures to persistent toxic substances in Detroit urban shoreline anglers who may be at high exposure risk due to consumption of locally caught fish. Using a modified venue-based sampling approach, 287 adult shoreline anglers along the Detroit River were recruited and participated in the program. Study participants provided blood and urine specimens and completed a questionnaire interview. In this report, we examine percentile estimates for blood lead, blood manganese, urine arsenic, urine mercury, urine cadmium, organochlorine pesticides in serum (mirex, hexachlorobenzene, chlordane), and serum polybrominated biphenyl 153 (PBB 153) concentrations among study participants. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of contaminant concentrations. The Detroit urban anglers' blood lead concentrations were 2 times higher than the general adult U.S. population (median (95% CI): 2.9 μg/dL (1.8-2.3) vs. 0.94 μg/dL (0.90-0.98)). PBB 153 levels were 1.8 times higher than the general adult U.S. population at the 95th percentile (95th percentile, 95% CI: 62.7 ng/g of lipid, 53.2-75.2 vs. 34.6 ng/g of lipid, 12.8-66.8). Percentile estimates of the other study pollutants were similar to background levels found in the general U.S. population. Eating more locally caught fish was not associated with increased body burdens for any of the contaminants examined in this report. Higher blood lead was associated with increased age, male sex, current smoking, residing in a home built before 1960, an annual income less than $25,000, and a work history of lead paint removal. Evidence of PBB exposure in our study cohort likely reflects the continued effect of a widespread contamination of livestock feed in 1973 among Michigan's lower peninsula population. These study results help determine if the pollutants examined warrant further consideration in subsequent population-based biomonitoring of frequent consumers of fish from the Detroit River and surrounding waterways. The biomonitoring data from this study also served to inform public health officials regarding the potential need for environmental public health actions to reduce harmful exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Wattigney
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Zheng Li
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Angela Ragin-Wilson
- Office of Associate Director, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
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Liu M, Nordstrom M, Forand S, Lewis-Michl E, Wattigney WA, Kannan K, Wang W, Irvin-Barnwell E, Hwang SA. Assessing exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in two populations of Great Lakes Basin fish consumers in Western New York State. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113902. [PMID: 34915281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish and other seafood are an important dietary source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in many areas of the world, and PFAS were found to be pervasive in fish from the Great Lakes area. Few studies, however, have examined the associations between Great Lakes Basin fish consumption and PFAS exposure. Many licensed anglers and Burmese refugees and immigrants residing in western New York State consume fish caught from the Great Lakes and surrounding waters, raising their risk of exposure to environmental contaminants including PFAS. The aims of this study were to: 1) present the PFAS exposure profile of the licensed anglers and Burmese refugees and 2) examine the associations between serum PFAS levels and local fish consumption. METHODS Licensed anglers (n = 397) and Burmese participants (n = 199) provided blood samples and completed a detailed questionnaire in 2013. We measured 12 PFAS in serum. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between serum PFAS concentrations and self-reported consumption of fish from Great Lakes waters. RESULTS Licensed anglers and Burmese participants reported consuming a median of 16 (IQR: 6-36) and 88 (IQR: 44-132) meals of locally caught fish in the year before sample collection, respectively (data for Burmese group restricted to 10 months of the year). Five PFAS were detected in almost all study participants (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA; 97.5-100%). PFOS had the highest median serum concentration in licensed anglers (11.6 ng/mL) and the Burmese (35.6 ng/mL), approximately two and six times that of the U.S. general population, respectively. Serum levels of other PFAS in both groups were generally low and comparable to those in the general U.S. POPULATION Among licensed anglers, Great Lakes Basin fish meals over the past year were positively associated with serum PFOS (P < 0.0001), PFDA (P < 0.0001), PFHxS (P = 0.01), and PFNA (P = 0.02) and the number of years consuming locally caught fish was positively associated with serum PFOS (P = 0.01) and PFDA (P = 0.01) levels. In the Burmese group, consuming Great Lakes Basin fish more than three times a week in the past summer was positively associated with serum PFOS (P = 0.004) and PFDA (P = 0.02) among the Burmese of non-Karen ethnicity, but not among those of Karen ethnicity, suggesting potential ethnic differences in PFAS exposure. CONCLUSIONS Great Lakes Basin fish consumption was associated with an increase in blood concentrations of some PFAS, and especially of PFOS, among licensed anglers and Burmese refugees and immigrants in western New York State. In the Burmese population, there may be other important PFAS exposure routes related to residential history and ethnicity. Continued outreach efforts to increase fish advisory awareness and reduce exposure to contaminants are needed among these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY, 12237, United States.
| | - Monica Nordstrom
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Steven Forand
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lewis-Michl
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY, 12237, United States
| | - Wendy A Wattigney
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States; New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States
| | - Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA, 30341, United States
| | - Syni-An Hwang
- New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental & Occupational Epidemiology, Empire State Plaza-Corning Tower, Room 1203, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; University at Albany, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
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Cheng B, Alapaty K, Zartarian V, Poulakos A, Strynar M, Buckley T. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure science: current knowledge, information needs, future directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2021; 0:1-16. [PMID: 34956374 PMCID: PMC8697342 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-021-03710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances have been documented at all spatial scales with concerns of adverse ecological and human health effects. Human exposures and relative pathway contributions depend on the specific population, their exposure scenarios, and pathways of local sources. OBJECTIVES Provide a narrative overview of (1) current per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances knowledge for sources, concentrations, and exposures; (2) critical per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure information gaps and needs, and (3) United States Environmental Protection Agency's strategies and action plans in collaboration with other federal, industrial, and academic partners. METHODS A literature review was conducted for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (primarily perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid) compounds in blood, water, soil, house dust, indoor and outdoor air, consumer products, food, and fish, as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure modeling. RESULTS Large variability exists in measured per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances environmental concentrations and human exposures. Literature indicated that ingestion of food ("background"), drinking water ("contaminated" scenarios), and house dust (for children) are main pathways for perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. DISCUSSION Needs for addressing critical data gaps are identified. More information is available on long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances than for replacement and emerging compounds. A large-scale research effort by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other federal agencies is underway for a better understanding of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Postdoctoral Research Participant at U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Alapaty
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - V. Zartarian
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A. Poulakos
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
- LinTech Global, Inc., 5 Post Office Square, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Strynar
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T. Buckley
- Office of Research and Development, Atmospheric and Environmental Systems Modeling Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Room E211-A, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Vera-Herrera L, Sadutto D, Picó Y. Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019). Molecules 2021; 26:3688. [PMID: 34208757 PMCID: PMC8235395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. METHODS A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. RESULTS The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. CONCLUSIONS All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Moncada-Naquera Road km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (D.S.)
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Jain RB. Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids in serum and lead and mercury in whole blood among US children aged 3-11 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31933-31940. [PMID: 33616824 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Data for 639 US children aged 3-11 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2013-2014 were analyzed by fitting regression models with log10-transformed values of blood lead and methyl and total mercury as dependent variables and log10-transformed values of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) as one of the independent variables. PFAAs considered were 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid (MPAH), linear isomer of perfluorooctanoic acid (NPFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), linear isomer of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (NPFOS), and monomethyl branch isomer of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (MPFOS). Adjusted regression slopes (β) indicating associations between the concentrations of PFAAs with blood lead and mercury were estimated. Statistically significant associations between concentrations of each PFAA and blood lead were observed. For 10% increases in concentrations of MPAH, NPFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, NPFOS, and MPFOS, percent increases in the concentrations of blood lead were 0.45%, 1.59%, 0.78%, 0.32%, 0.65%, 1.32%, and 0.89% respectively. For 10% increases in concentrations of MPAH, PFNA, PFDA, and NPFOS, percent increases in the concentrations of total mercury in the blood were 1.62%, 1.44%, and 3.24% respectively. For 10% increases in concentrations of PFDA and NPFOS, percent increases in the concentrations of methyl mercury in the blood were 2.07% and 4.57% respectively. While concentrations of each of the seven PFAAs were positively associated with the concentrations of blood lead, concentrations of only PFDA and NPFOS were positively associated with increases in total and methyl mercury. PFAAs having positive associations with lead and mercury imply co-exposure and/or co-existence of high concentrations of PFAAs and lead/mercury. Since PFAAs as well as lead/mercury are known to be neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, and endocrine disruptors, their co-existence/co-exposure may lead to neurodevelopmental deficits that are additive/synergistic than neurodevelopmental deficits associated with exposures to PFAAs and lead/mercury alone. Future studies are needed to investigate additive/synergistic neurodevelopmental deficits associated with co-exposures to PFAAs and lead/mercury.
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