1
|
Wu G, Hu Y, Gong C, Wang D, Zhang F, Herath IK, Chen Z, Shi G. Spatial distribution, sources, and direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosol along a transect from the Arctic Ocean to Antarctica. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:170136. [PMID: 38242463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) have a high impact on air quality and climate. However, the composition and spatial variability of CA in the marine boundary layer (MBL) remain understudied, especially in the remote regions. Here, atmospheric organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements using DRI Model 2001 Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer in the MBL were performed during the Chinese Antarctic (2019-2020) and Arctic (2021) research expedition, spanning about 160 latitudes. Due to varying intensities of atmospheric transport from the continents, a significant latitudinal gradient in OC and EC was observed. OC exhibited the highest concentration over the coastal East Asia (CEA), with a mean of 4324 ng m-3 (358-18027 ng m-3), followed by the Arctic Ocean (AO). Similar OC levels were detected over the Southern Ocean (SO) and the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). Similarly, the highest EC was also observed over CEA, with a mean of 867 ng m-3 (71-3410 ng m-3), followed by AO and SO, while the lowest EC appeared over the AIS, with a mean of 30 ng m-3 (2-70 ng m-3). The lower Char-EC/Soot-EC ratios over AO and CEA compared to SO and AIS indicated that fossil fuel combustion contributed more to EC over AO and CEA, while biomass burning played a more significant role in EC levels over SO and AIS. The high OC/EC ratio over AIS was associated with an extremely low EC level and the formation of secondary OC over AIS. SBDART model results suggested that EC had a net warming effect on the atmospheric column, with the highest direct radiative effects (DRE) over AO (5.50 ± 0.15 W m-2, corresponding a heating rate of 0.15 K day-1) and the lowest DRE over SO (1.35 ± 0.04 W m-2, corresponding a heating rate of 0.04 K day-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chongshui Gong
- Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Danhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Imali Kaushalya Herath
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhenlou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guitao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, School of Geographic Sciences and State Key Lab of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Liang L, Liu J. The Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon: A Review. Toxics 2023; 11:975. [PMID: 38133376 PMCID: PMC10748019 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Black Carbon (BC), the second-largest contributor to global warming, has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. However, the accurate quantification of BC poses a significant challenge, impeding the comprehensive assessment of its impacts. Therefore, this paper aims to critically review three quantitative methods for measuring BC: Thermal Optical Analysis (TOA), the Optical Method, and Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII). The determination principles, available commercial instruments, sources of deviation, and correction approaches associated with these techniques are systematically discussed. By synthesizing and comparing the quantitative results reported in previous studies, this paper aims to elucidate the underlying relationships and fundamental disparities among Elemental Carbon (EC), Equivalent Black Carbon (eBC), and Refractory Black Carbon (rBC). Finally, based on the current advancements in BC quantification, recommendations are proposed to guide future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aurell J, Gullett B, Grier G, Holder A, George I. Seasonal Emission Factors from Rangeland Prescribed Burns in the Kansas Flint Hills Grasslands. Atmos Environ (1994) 2023; 304:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119769. [PMID: 37388538 PMCID: PMC10302544 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Operational-sized prescribed grassland burns at three mid-West U.S. locations and ten 1-ha-sized prescribed grassland burns were conducted in the Flint Hills of Kansas to determine emission factors and their potential seasonal effects. Ground-, aerostat-, and unmanned aircraft system-based platforms were used to sample plume emissions for a range of gaseous and particulate pollutants. The ten co-located, 1-ha-sized plots allowed for testing five plots in the spring and five in the late summer, allowing for control of vegetation type, biomass loading, climate history, and land use. The operational-sized burns provided a range of conditions under which to determine emission factors relevant to the Flint Hills grasslands. The 1-ha plots showed that emission factors for pollutants such as PM2.5 and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) were higher during the late summer than during the traditional spring burn season. This is likely due to increased biomass density and fuel moisture in the growing season biomass resulting in reduced combustion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Aurell
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Brian Gullett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gina Grier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7, 11201 Renner Blvd., Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Amara Holder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Ju Q, Xing Z, Zhao J, Guo S, Li F, Du K. Observation of black carbon in Northern China in winter of 2018-2020 and its implications for black carbon mitigation. Sci Total Environ 2023; 877:162897. [PMID: 36934935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced observations of BC in hotspot regions with a high temporal resolution are critical to refining our BC mitigation strategies, which are co-directed by air-quality and climate goals. In this work, the temporal variation and emission sources of BC in Shijiazhuang, Northern China, during the winter of 2018-2020 were investigated on the basis of multi-wavelength Aethalometer BC observations. The average BC concentrations decreased from 9.13 ± 6.63 μg/m3 in the winter of 2018 to 3.51 ± 2.48 μg/m3 in the winter of 2020. The BC source attributions derived from the Aethalometer model showed that the BC concentrations in Shijiazhuang in the winter of 2018 were mainly contributed by biomass burning (53 %). In contrast, during the winter of 2019 and 2020, fossil fuel combustion (BCff) exhibited higher contributions, and higher BC concentrations attributed to greater BCff contributions. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis suggested that local emissions in Shijiazhuang and transport from highly industrialized regions like central Shanxi and southern Hebei contributed significantly to BC in Shijiazhuang. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis revealed that the BC contributions from source regions decreased successively from the winter of 2018 to the winter of 2020. Our results also implied an air quality/climate co-benefit effect of enforcing multi-scale air-quality improvement regulations. Yet, it is still worth noting that some of the measures in favor of reducing BC emissions contradict the measures for reducing CO2. The synergies of BC to air quality and climate should be considered and addressed by policymakers with the aim of realizing a sustainable environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change, Shijiazhuang, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuge Ju
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenyu Xing
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Jiaming Zhao
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxing Li
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Remote Sensing Identification of Environmental Change, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu P, Zhou H, Chun X, Wan Z, Liu T, Sun B. Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in a semi-arid city: Quantifying anthropogenic and meteorological impacts. Chemosphere 2023; 335:139056. [PMID: 37247672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosols have great adverse impacts on air quality, human health, and climate. However, there is a limited understanding of carbonaceous aerosols in semi-arid areas. The correlation between carbonaceous aerosols and control measures is still unclear owing to the insufficient information regarding meteorological contribution. To reveal the complex relationship between control measures and carbonaceous aerosols, offline and online observations of carbonaceous aerosols were conducted from October 8, 2019 to October 7, 2020 in Hohhot, a semi-arid city. The characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols and impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions were studied. The annual mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were 42.81 (±40.13), 7.57 (±6.43), and 2.25 (±1.39) μg m-3, respectively. The highest PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations were observed in winter, whereas the lowest was observed in summer. The result indicated that coal combustion for heating had a critical role in air quality degradation in Hohhot. A boost regression tree model was applied to quantify the impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions on carbonaceous aerosols. The results suggested that the anthropogenic contributions of PM2.5, OC, and EC during the COVID-19 lockdown period were 53.0, 15.0, and 2.36 μg m-3, respectively, while the meteorological contributions were 5.38, 2.49, and -0.62 μg m-3, respectively. Secondary formation caused by unfavorable meteorological conditions offset the emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Coal combustion (46.4% for OC and 35.4% for EC) and vehicular emissions (32.0% for OC and 50.4% for EC) were the predominant contributors of carbonaceous aerosols. The result indicated that Hohhot must regulate coal use and vehicle emissions to reduce carbonaceous aerosol pollution. This study provides new insights and a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between control strategies, meteorological conditions, and air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Xi Chun
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- College of Geographical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau's Climate System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China; Inner Mongolia Repair Engineering Laboratory of Wetland Eco-environment System, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Environmental Monitoring Center Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- Hohhot Environmental Monitoring Branch Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou R, Yan C, Yang Q, Niu H, Liu J, Xue F, Chen B, Zhou T, Chen H, Liu J, Jin Y. Characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in two typical cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China: Insights from multiyear measurements. Environ Res 2023; 216:114469. [PMID: 36195159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the impact of "Blue Sky War" implemented during 2018-2020 on carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, China, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected simultaneously in Tianjin and Handan in three consecutive winters from 2018 to 2020. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 were measured with the same thermal-optical methods and analysis protocols. Significant reductions in primary organic carbon (POC) and EC concentrations were observed both in Tianjin and Handan, with decreasing rates of 0.65 and 2.95 μg m-3 yr-1 for POC and 0.13 and 0.64 μg m-3 yr-1 for EC, respectively. The measured absorption coefficients of EC (babs, EC) also decreased year by year, with a decreasing rate of 1.82 and 6.16 Mm-1 yr-1 in Tianjin and Handan, respectively. The estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations decreased first and then increased in both Tianjin and Handan, accounting for more than half of the total OC in winter of 2020-2021 and with increasing contributions especially in highly polluted days. SOC was recognized as one of key factors influencing EC light absorption. EC in the two cities was relatively more related to coal combustion and industrial sources. The reductions of primary carbonaceous components may be attributed to the air quality regulations targeting coal combustion and industrial sources emissions in BTH area. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis results indicated that the major source areas of OC and EC in Tianjin were the southwest region of the sampling site, while the southeast areas for Handan. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of air quality regulation in primary emissions in typical polluted cities in BTH region and highlighted the needs for further control and in-depth investigation of SOC formation along with implementation of air pollution control act in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Fanli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Taomeizi Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haibiao Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yali Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|