Progressive generalized tonic-clonic seizures in a transgenic mouse model of adult-onset epilepsy: Implications for morphological changes in cortico-limbic and brainstem structures

Asymmetrical cortical surface area decrease in epilepsy patients with postictal generalized electroencephalography suppression

Postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression is a possible electroencephalographic marker for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We aimed to investigate the cortical surface area abnormalities in epilepsy patients with postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression. We retrospectively included 30 epilepsy patients with postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression (PGES+), 21 epilepsy patients without postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression (PGES-), and 30 healthy controls. Surface-based analysis on high-resolution T1-weighted images was conducted and cortical surface areas were compared among the three groups, alongside correlation analyses with seizure-related clinical variables. Compared with PGES- group, we identified reduced surface area in the bilateral insula with more extensive distribution in the right hemisphere in PGES+ group. The reduced right insular surface area was associated with younger seizure-onset age. When compared with healthy controls, PGES- group presented reduced surface area in the left caudal middle frontal gyrus; PGES+ group presented more widespread surface area reductions in the right posterior cingulate gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus. Our results suggested cortical microstructural impairment in patients with postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression. The significant surface area reductions in the insular cortex supported the autonomic network involvement in the pathology of postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression, and its right-sided predominance suggested the potential shared abnormal brain network for postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.