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Nandana MB, Bharatha M, Praveen R, Nayaka S, Vishwanath BS, Rajaiah R. Dimethyl ester of bilirubin ameliorates Naja naja snake venom-induced lung toxicity in mice via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Toxicon 2024; 244:107757. [PMID: 38740099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Naja naja snake bite causes thousands of deaths worldwide in a year. N. naja envenomed victims exhibit both local and systemic reactions that potentially lead to death. In clinical practice, pulmonary complications in N. naja envenomation are commonly encountered. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity remain unknown. Here, we reasoned that N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity is prompted by NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation in mice. Treatment with dimethyl ester of bilirubin (BD1), significantly inhibited the N. naja venom-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs both in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05). Further, BD1 reduced N. naja venom-induced recruitment of inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage in the lung toxicity examined by histopathology. BD1 also diminished N. naja venom-induced local toxicities in paw edema and myotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, BD1 was able to enhance the survival time against N. naja venom-induced mortality in mice. In conclusion, the present data showed that BD1 alleviated N. naja venom-induced lung toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and MAPKs activation. Small molecule inhibitors that intervene in venom-induced toxicities may have therapeutic applications complementing anti-snake venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuganahalli B Nandana
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Madeva Bharatha
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Raju Praveen
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Spandan Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India
| | - Bannikuppe S Vishwanath
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, 570006, India.
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Deka A, Bhatia S, Santra V, Bharti OK, Lalremsanga HT, Martin G, Wüster W, Owens JB, Graham S, Doley R, Malhotra A. Multilevel Comparison of Indian Naja Venoms and Their Cross-Reactivity with Indian Polyvalent Antivenoms. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040258. [PMID: 37104196 PMCID: PMC10142961 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake envenoming is caused by many biological species, rather than a single infectious agent, each with a multiplicity of toxins in their venom. Hence, developing effective treatments is challenging, especially in biodiverse and biogeographically complex countries such as India. The present study represents the first genus-wide proteomics analysis of venom composition across Naja species (N. naja, N. oxiana, and N. kaouthia) found in mainland India. Venom proteomes were consistent between individuals from the same localities in terms of the toxin families present, but not in the relative abundance of those in the venom. There appears to be more compositional variation among N. naja from different locations than among N. kaouthia. Immunoblotting and in vitro neutralization assays indicated cross-reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenom, in which antibodies raised against N. naja are present. However, we observed ineffective neutralization of PLA2 activities of N. naja venoms from locations distant from the source of immunizing venoms. Antivenom immunoprofiling by antivenomics revealed differential antigenicity of venoms from N. kaouthia and N. oxiana, and poor reactivity towards 3FTxs and PLA2s. Moreover, there was considerable variation between antivenoms from different manufacturers. These data indicate that improvements to antivenom manufacturing in India are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Deka
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Siddharth Bhatia
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species, Hyderabad 500048, Telangana, India
| | - Vishal Santra
- Society for Nature Conservation, Research and Community Engagement (CONCERN), Nalikul, Hooghly 712407, West Bengal, India
- Captive and Field Herpetology, Anglesey LL65 1YU, UK
- Snake Research Institute, Gujarat Forest Department, Government of Gujarat, Valsad 396050, Gujarat, India
| | - Omesh K. Bharti
- State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution @ Bangor (MEEB), School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - John B. Owens
- Captive and Field Herpetology, Anglesey LL65 1YU, UK
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution @ Bangor (MEEB), School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Stuart Graham
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution @ Bangor (MEEB), School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Robin Doley
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Anita Malhotra
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution @ Bangor (MEEB), School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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Bhargava S, Kumari K, Sarin RK, Singh R. Comparative Snake Venom Analysis for Facilitating Wildlife Forensics: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:8644993. [PMID: 35694612 PMCID: PMC9187493 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8644993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Confirm and authentic identification of species is required for the implementation of wildlife laws in cases of illegal trafficking of snake venoms. Illegally trafficked snake venom might be misidentified with other drugs of abuse, and sometimes, the species of venom-yielding snake cannot be verified. Snake venoms from medically important snake species, Naja naja and Daboia russelii, were procured from Irula Snake Catcher's Society, Tamil Nadu, India. Comparative analyses of both venoms were carried out using SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS, and mtDNA analysis. The protein concentration of Naja naja and Daboia russelii venoms was 76.1% and 83.9%, respectively. SDS analysis showed a distinct banding pattern of both venoms. LC-MS/MS results showed proteins and toxins from 12 to 14 protein families in Naja naja and Daboia russelii venoms. Elemental analysis using ICP-MS showed a different profile of some elements in both venoms. mtDNA analysis of venoms using universal primers against Cyt b gene showed homology with sequence of Naja naja and Daboia russelii genes. The study proposed a template of various conventional and advanced molecular and instrumental techniques with their pros and cons. The template can be used by forensic science laboratories for detection, screening, and confirmatory analysis of suspected venoms of snakes. Clubbing of various techniques can be used to confirm the identification of species of snake from which the alleged venom was milked. The results can be helpful in framing charge-sheets against accused of illegal venom trafficking and can also be used to verify the purity and quality of commercially available snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhargava
- Department of Forensic Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
- School of Advanced Sciences & Languages, VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Kumari
- Department of Forensic Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
- Forensic Science Department, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (144001), Punjab, India
| | | | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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4
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Mukherjee AK. Species-specific and geographical variation in venom composition of two major cobras in Indian subcontinent: Impact on polyvalent antivenom therapy. Toxicon 2020; 188:150-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Adhikari R, Suriyagoda L, Premarathna A, De Silva N, Dangolla A, Mallawa C, Silva I, Gawarammana I. Development of a Treatment Protocol for Cobra ( Naja naja) Bite Envenoming in Dogs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110694. [PMID: 33147770 PMCID: PMC7694019 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of Indian cobra (Naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in Sri Lanka. Dogs with cobra bites presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. We studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. A grading system was established using a combination of anatomical site of fang marks, as well as local and systemic clinical manifestations. Accordingly, treatment strategies were established using Indian polyvalent antivenom (AVS). Pain and swelling at the bite site were major clinical signs observed, while neurotoxic manifestations (mydriasis, wheezing, and crackles) were detected in most dogs. Leukocytosis was observed in 78% of them. Statistical analysis revealed that the grading scores obtained were compatible to initiate AVS administration according to the severity. The minimum number required was 2 AVS vials (range 2-12). Almost 20% of the dogs developed wheezing, crackles, hypersalivation, restlessness, and dyspnea as adverse reactions to AVS treatment. Necrotic wounds on bitten anatomical sites developed in 19% of the dogs and 2.5% developed acute kidney injuries as a consequence of envenoming crisis. Despite treatment, 3% of dogs died. No dry bites were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Adhikari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (R.A.); (N.D.S.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Lalith Suriyagoda
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Amal Premarathna
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka;
| | - Niranjala De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (R.A.); (N.D.S.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ashoka Dangolla
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (R.A.); (N.D.S.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Chandima Mallawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (R.A.); (N.D.S.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Indira Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; (R.A.); (N.D.S.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Indika Gawarammana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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Yu C, Yu H, Li P. Highlights of animal venom research on the geographical variations of toxin components, toxicities and envenomation therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2994-3006. [PMID: 33122066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Geographical variation of animal venom is common among venomous animals. This kind of intraspecific variation based on geographical location mainly concerned from envenomation cases and brought new problems in animal venom studies, including venom components regulatory mechanisms, differentiation of venom activities, and clinical treatment methods. At present, food is considered as the most related factor influencing venom development. Related research defined the variational venomous animal species by the comparison of venom components and activities in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions, cone snails, ants, parasitoid wasps, spiders and toads. In snake venom studies, researchers found that antivenom effectiveness was variated to different located venom samples. As described in some snake venom research, developing region-specific antivenom is the development trend. The difficulties of developing region-specific antivenom and theoretical solutions have been discussed. This review summarized biological studies of animal venom geographical variation by species, compared venom components and major biological activities of the vary venom from the same species, and listed the basic methods in comparing venom protein compositions and major toxicity differences to provide a comprehensive reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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7
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Chanda A, Mukherjee AK. Mass spectrometric analysis to unravel the venom proteome composition of Indian snakes: opening new avenues in clinical research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:411-423. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1778471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chanda
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K. Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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8
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Comparative analysis of Naja kaouthia venom from North-East India and Bangladesh and its cross reactivity with Indian polyvalent antivenoms. Toxicon 2019; 164:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Karam H, Mohamed M. Beneficial effect of low dose gamma irradiation or quercetin on Cerastes cerastes snake venom induced toxicity in male rats. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1580746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Karam
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohamed
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Costa KCT, de Sousa BB, Dias EHV, Pereira DFDC, Matias MS, Oliveira WJ, Mundim AV, Mamede CCN, Izidoro LFM, Costa JDO, de Oliveira F. Systemic alterations induced by phospholipase A 2 , BmooTX-I, isolated from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:226-235. [PMID: 30456925 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidic accidents are among the problems of public health in Brazil. The components from bothropic venom are responsible for many systemic clinical complications resulting from envenomation. The present work aimed to analyse the systemic changes induced in mice after intraperitoneal administration of BmooTX-I, a myotoxic acidic phospholipase A2 isolated from Bothrops moojeni venom. Urinalysis was performed and the following plasma biochemical markers were documented: urea, creatinine and uric acid (renal function); glucose and amylase (pancreatic function); alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-GT (intra- and extrahepatic function); creatine kinase and enzymatic lactate (muscle function). Our results showed that after the intraperitoneal injection of BmooTX-I the urine of these animals showed glycosuria, proteinuria, haematuria, bacteriuria, bilirubinuria, polyuria and nitrite. The plasma biochemical analysis showed alterations in levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid. Amylase concentration was not altered significantly, but the plasma glucose increased significantly compared to controls. The plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase decreased and increased, respectively, in these same animals. On the other hand, the plasma γGT concentration did not undergo significant modification compared to the control group. The plasma concentration of CK increased, while the enzymatic lactate concentration decreased after the injection of the BmooTX-I. Therefore, in mice BmooTX-I is capable of causing systemic alterations which manifest as renal, muscular, hepatic and pancreatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen Cristina Torres Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Santos Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson Júnior Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Vicente Mundim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Júnia de Oliveira Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Ituiutaba, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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The Venom of Spectacled Cobra (Elapidae: Naja naja): In Vitro Study from Distinct Geographical Origins in Sri Lanka. J Toxicol 2018; 2018:7358472. [PMID: 30363742 PMCID: PMC6180993 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7358472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several countries residing envenomation due to Naja naja had revealed a disparity in the venom composition according to their geographic location and Sri Lankan cobra still lacks the evidence to support this. Therefore, the current study was focused on addressing relationship between the histopathological changes according to geographic variation of Sri Lankan N. naja venom. The histopathological changes in vital organs and muscle tissues following intramuscular administration of venom of N. naja were studied using BALB/c mice. The median lethal dose of venom of N. naja in the present study was determined to be 0.55, 0.66, 0.68, 0.62, and 0.7 mg/kg for North (NRP), Central (CRP), Western, Southern, and Sabaragamuwa Regional Population venoms, respectively. Histopathological changes were observed in different levels in vital organs and muscle tissues of mice. NRP accompanied significantly higher infiltration of inflammatory and necrotic cells into skeletal muscle and CRP venom demonstrated high level of cardiotoxic effects comparing to other regions. This study revealed a certain extent of variations in the pathological effects of N. naja venom samples according to their geographical distribution.
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12
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Teixera LF, de Carvalho LH, de Castro OB, Bastos JSF, Néry NM, Oliveira GA, Kayano AM, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Local and systemic effects of BdipTX-I, a Lys-49 phospholipase A2 isolated from Bothrops diporus snake venom. Toxicon 2018; 141:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Yücel Ağan AF, Hayretdağ S. The effects of Macrovipera lebetina venom on mice. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1419266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Fülden Yücel Ağan
- Enstitute of Natural and Applied Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sibel Hayretdağ
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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14
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Comparison of proteomic profiles of the venoms of two of the 'Big Four' snakes of India, the Indian cobra (Naja naja) and the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), and analyses of their toxins. Toxicon 2017; 135:33-42. [PMID: 28602829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are mixtures of biologically-active proteins and peptides, and several studies have described the characteristics of some of these toxins. However, complete proteomic profiling of the venoms of many snake species has not yet been done. The Indian cobra (Naja naja) and common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) are elapid snake species that are among the 'Big Four' responsible for the majority of human snake envenomation cases in India. As understanding the composition and complexity of venoms is necessary for successful treatment of envenomation in humans, we utilized three different proteomic profiling approaches to characterize these venoms: i) one-dimensional SDS-PAGE coupled with in-gel tryptic digestion and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS) of individual protein bands; ii) in-solution tryptic digestion of crude venoms coupled with ESI-LC-MS/MS; and iii) separation by gel-filtration chromatography coupled with tryptic digestion and ESI-LC-MS/MS of separated fractions. From the generated data, 81 and 46 different proteins were identified from N. naja and B. caeruleus venoms, respectively, belonging to fifteen different protein families. Venoms from both species were found to contain a variety of phospholipases A2 and three-finger toxins, whereas relatively higher numbers of snake venom metalloproteinases were found in N. naja compared to B. caeruleus venom. The analyses also identified less represented venom proteins including L-amino acid oxidases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, 5'-nucleotidases and venom nerve growth factors. Further, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors, cobra venom factors, phosphodiesterases, vespryns and aminopeptidases were identified in the N. naja venom, while acetylcholinesterases and hyaluronidases were found in the B. caeruleus venom. We further analyzed protein coverage (Lys/Arg rich and poor regions as well as potential glycosylation sites) using in-house software. These studies expand our understanding of the proteomes of the venoms of these two medically-important species.
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15
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Proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern India Naja naja: Correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties. J Proteomics 2017; 156:29-39. [PMID: 28062377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex venom proteome of the eastern India (EI) spectacled cobra (Naja naja) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. About 75% of EI N. naja venom proteins were <18kDa and cationic at physiological pH of blood. SDS-PAGE (non-reduced) analysis indicated that in the native state venom proteins either interacted with each-other or self-aggregated resulting in the formation of higher molecular mass complexes. Proteomic analysis revealed that 43 enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in EI N. naja venom with a percent composition of about 28.4% and 71.6% respectively were distributed over 15 venom protein families. The three finger toxins (63.8%) and phospholipase A2s (11.4%) were the most abundant families of non-enzymatic and enzymatic proteins, respectively. nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis demonstrated the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, cholinesterase and snake venom serine proteases in N. naja venom previously not detected by proteomic analysis. ATPase, ADPase, hyaluronidase, TAME, and BAEE-esterase activities were detected by biochemical analysis; however, due to a limitation in the protein database depository they were not identified in EI N. naja venom by proteomic analysis. The proteome composition of EI N. naja venom was well correlated with its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties in experimental animals and envenomed human. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteomic analysis reveals the complex and diverse protein profile of EI N. naja venom which collectively contributes to the severe pathophysiological manifestation upon cobra envenomation. The study has also aided in comprehending the compositional variation in venom proteins of N. naja within the Indian sub-continent. In addition, this study has also identified several enzymes in EI N. naja venom which were previously uncharacterized by proteomic analysis of Naja venom.
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Sudarshan S, Dhananjaya BL. Antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase A2 (NN-XIb-PLA2) from the venom of Naja naja (Indian cobra). SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:112. [PMID: 26885465 PMCID: PMC4740474 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. In this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein—NN-XIb-PLA2 (Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 fraction—XIb) of Naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal action against the human pathogenic strains tested. It inhibited more effectively the gram positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, when compared to gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiell pneumoniae and Salmonella paratyphi. It inhibited the bacterial growth, with a MIC values ranging from 17 to 20 µg/ml. It was interesting to observe that NN-XIb-PLA2 showed comparable antibacterial activity to the used standards antibiotics. It was found that their was a strong correlation between PLA2 activities, hemolytic and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, it is found that in the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), there is a significant decrease in enzymatic activity and associated antibacterial activities, suggesting that a strong association exists between catalytic activity and antimicrobial effects, which thereby destabilize the membrane bilayer.
These studies encourage further in dept study on molecular mechanisms of bactericidal properties of NN-XIb-PLA2 and thereby help in development of this protein into a possible therapeutic lead molecule for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudarshan
- Venom Research Unit, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Mandya, Karnataka 571 448 India
| | - B L Dhananjaya
- Venom Research Unit, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Mandya, Karnataka 571 448 India ; Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara, Karnataka 562112 India
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A comparative study of venomics of Naja naja from India and Sri Lanka, clinical manifestations and antivenomics of an Indian polyspecific antivenom. J Proteomics 2015; 132:131-43. [PMID: 26506536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Naja naja (Indian cobra) from Sri Lanka and India is the WHO Category 1 medically important snakes in both countries. Some antivenom produced against Indian N. naja (NNi) were less effective against Sri Lankan N. naja (NNsl). Proteomes of NNi and NNsl venoms were studied by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and LC/MS/MS. Six protein families were identified in both venoms with the most abundant were the 3 finger toxins (3FTs) where cytotoxins (CTX) subtype predominated, followed by phospholipase A2, cysteine-rich venom protein, snake venom metalloproteases, venom growth factors, and protease inhibitors. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the venomics profiles were observed. Some proteins were isolated from either NNi or NNsl venom. Postsynaptic neurotoxins (NTX) were identified for the first time in NNsl venom. Thus, there are geographic intra-specific variations of venom composition of the two N. naja. The relative abundance of CTX and NTX explained well the clinical manifestations of these venoms. Antivenomics study of an Indian antivenom (Vins) showed the antibodies effectively bound all venom toxins from both snakes but more avidly to the Indian venom proteins. The lower antibody affinity towards the 'heterologous' venom was the likely cause of poor efficacy of the Indian antivenom used to treat NNsl envenoming.
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Kadali R, Kadiyala G, Gurunathan J. Pre-clinical assessment of the effectiveness of modified polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization ofNaja najavenom toxicity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:827-833. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Kadali
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore India
| | - Gopi Kadiyala
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore India
| | - Jayaraman Gurunathan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore India
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Sudarshan S, Dhananjaya BL. The Antimicrobial Activity of an Acidic Phospholipase A2 (NN-XIa-PLA2) from the Venom of Naja naja naja (Indian Cobra). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:2027-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abdel Moneim AE, Ortiz F, Leonardo-Mendonça RC, Vergano-Villodres R, Guerrero-Martínez JA, López LC, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage induced by Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) crude venom in rats. Acta Trop 2015; 143:58-65. [PMID: 25542296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Naja haje envenomation is one of the leading causes of death due to snakebite. Antiserum therapy sometimes fails to provide enough protection against venom toxicity. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of melatonin against N. haje venom in rats. The animals were injected with venom (0.25mg/kg) and/or melatonin (10mg/kg) and compared with vehicle-treated rats. There was oxidative/nitrosative damage and apoptosis in the liver, heart, and kidneys of venom-injected rats. Melatonin counteracted the increased lipoperoxidation and nitric oxide, prevented decreased glutathione peroxidase and reductase activity, reduced the glutathione disulfide/glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio, and maintained the GSH pool. Furthermore, melatonin administration was associated with a reduction of apoptosis, which was increased in venom-injected rats. Overall, these results suggest that melatonin mitigates oxidative/nitrosative stress in venom-induced cardio-hepato-renal injury in rats. Our results suggest that melatonin treatment may ameliorate some of the effects of N. haje envenomation.
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Dutta S, Gogoi D, Mukherjee AK. Anticoagulant mechanism and platelet deaggregation property of a non-cytotoxic, acidic phospholipase A2 purified from Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom: inhibition of anticoagulant activity by low molecular weight heparin. Biochimie 2015; 110:93-106. [PMID: 25576831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, anticoagulant and platelet modulating activities of an acidic phospholipase A2 (NnPLA2-I) purified from Indian cobra Naja naja venom was investigated. The NnPLA2-I displayed a mass of 15.2 kDa and 14,186.0 Da when analyzed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of the NnPLA2-I showed its significant similarity with phospholipase A2 enzymes purified from cobra venom. BLAST analysis of one tryptic peptide sequence of NnPLA2-I demonstrated putative conserved domains of the PLA2-like superfamily. The Km and Vmax values of NnPLA2-I toward hydrolysis of its most preferred substrate-phosphotidylcholine (PC)-were determined to be 0.72 mM and 29.3 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The anticoagulant activity of NnPLA2-I was found to be higher than the anticoagulant activity of heparin/AT-III or warfarin. The histidine modifying reagent, monovalent and polyvalent antivenom differentially inhibited the catalytic and anticoagulant activities of NnPLA2-I. Low molecular weight heparin did not inhibit the catalytic and platelet deaggregation activity of NnPLA2-I, albeit its anticoagulant activity was significantly reduced. The NnPLA2-I showed a non-enzymatic, mixed inhibition of thrombin with a Ki value of 9.3 nM. Heparin significantly decreased, with an IC50 value of 15.23 mIU, the thrombin inhibitory activity of NnPLA2-I. The NnPLA2-I uniquely increased the amidolytic activity of FXa without influencing its prothrombin activating property. NnPLA2-I showed dose-dependent deaggregation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and inhibited the collagen and thrombin-induced aggregation of PRP. However, deaggregation of washed platelets by NnPLA2-I demonstrated in presence of PC or platelet poor plasma. Alkylation of histidine residue of NnPLA2-I resulted in 95% and 21% reduction of its platelet deaggregation and platelet binding properties, respectively. NnPLA2-I did not show cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma U87MG cells, bactericidal or hemolytic activity. The future therapeutic application of NnPLA2-I for treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders is therefore suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Dutta
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Debananda Gogoi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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Berger M, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Oliveira FMS, Caliari MV, Yates JR, Vieira MAR, Guimarães JA. Mechanisms of acute kidney injury induced by experimental Lonomia obliqua envenomation. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:459-83. [PMID: 24798088 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which can be responsible for its deadly actions. This study evaluates the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. To characterize L. obliqua venom effects, we subcutaneously injected rats and examined renal functional, morphological and biochemical parameters at several time points. We also performed discovery-based proteomic analysis to measure protein expression to identify molecular pathways of renal disease. L. obliqua envenomation causes acute tubular necrosis, which is associated with renal inflammation; formation of hematic casts, resulting from intravascular hemolysis; increase in vascular permeability and fibrosis. The dilation of Bowman's space and glomerular tuft is related to fluid leakage and intra-glomerular fibrin deposition, respectively, since tissue factor procoagulant activity increases in the kidney. Systemic hypotension also contributes to these alterations and to the sudden loss of basic renal functions, including filtration and excretion capacities, urinary concentration and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In addition, envenomed kidneys increase the expression of proteins involved in cell stress, inflammation, tissue injury, heme-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and complement system activation. Finally, the localization of the venom in renal tissue agrees with morphological and functional alterations, suggesting also a direct nephrotoxic activity. In conclusion, the mechanisms of L. obliqua-induced AKI are complex involving mainly glomerular and tubular functional impairment and vascular alterations. These results are important to understand the mechanisms of renal injury and may suggest more efficient ways to prevent or attenuate the pathology of Lonomia's envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Berger M, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, de Oliveira IM, Jorge PM, Henriques JAP, Driemeier D, Vieira MAR, Guimarães JA. Acute Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation-induced physiopathological alterations in rats: evidence of new toxic venom activities and the efficacy of serum therapy to counteract systemic tissue damage. Toxicon 2013; 74:179-92. [PMID: 23994591 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation are systemic hemorrhage and acute kidney injury. In an effort to better understand the physiopathological mechanisms of envenomation, a rat model was established to study systemic tissue damage during L. obliqua envenomation. An array of acute venom effects was characterized, including biochemical, hematological, histopathological, myotoxic and genotoxic alterations. Rapid increases in serum alanine and aspartate transaminases, γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine, urea and uric acid were observed, indicating that intravascular hemolysis and liver and kidney damage had occurred. Treatment with a specific antivenom (antilonomic serum) for up to 2 h post-venom injection neutralized the biochemical alterations. However, treatment after 6 h post-venom injection failed to normalize all biochemical parameters, despite its efficacy in reversing coagulation dysfunction. The hematological findings were consistent with hemolytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis. The histopathological alterations were mainly related to hemorrhage and inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue, lung, heart and kidneys. Signs of congestion and hemosiderosis were evident in the spleen, and hemoglobin and/or myoglobin casts were also detected in the renal tubules. Increased levels of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB were correlated with the myocardial necrosis observed in vivo and confirmed the myotoxicity detected in vitro in isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles. Significant DNA damage was observed in the kidneys, heart, lung, liver and lymphocytes. The majority of the DNA lesions in the kidney were due to oxidative damage. The results presented here will aid in understanding the pathology underlying Lonomia's envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Berger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Cep 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Liu PY, Shi ZY, Lin CF, Huang JA, Liu JW, Chan KW, Tung KC. Shewanella infection of snake bites: a twelve-year retrospective study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:431-5. [PMID: 22666785 PMCID: PMC3351262 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(05)05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infections of snake bite wounds by Shewanella are rarely discussed in the medical literature. This study aims to characterize the presentation and management of Shewanella infections in snake bite wounds. METHOD We retrospectively investigated the microbiology, clinical features, and outcomes of patients with Shewanella infected snake bite wounds admitted to a tertiary medical center from January 1998 to December 2009. RESULTS Ten patients with Shewanella-infected snake bite wounds were identified. All of the snake bites were caused by cobras. The majority of patients had moderate to severe local envenomation and polymicrobial infections. Shewanella isolates are susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, third-and fourth-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and quinolones but are resistant to penicillin and cefazolin. All of the patients examined had favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION It is recommended that Shewanella infection be considered in snake bite patients, especially when patients present with moderate to severe local envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Liu
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Taichung, Taiwan
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