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Demirlek C, Karakılıç M, Sarıkaya E, Bayrakçı A, Verim B, Gülyüksel F, Yalınçetin B, Oral E, Gelal F, Zorlu N, Bora E. Neural correlates of mental state decoding and mental state reasoning in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 336:111744. [PMID: 37979348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Theory of mind skills are disrupted in schizophrenia. However, various theory of mind tasks measure different neurocognitive domains. This multimodal neuroimaging study aimed to investigate the neuroanatomical correlates of mental state decoding and reasoning components of theory of mind in schizophrenia and healthy controls (HCs) using T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted (DTI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sixty-two patients with schizophrenia and 34 HCs were included. The Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RMET) and Hinting tests were used to evaluate mental state decoding and reasoning, respectively. Correlations between social cognition and cortical parameters (thickness, volume, surface area), or DTI scalars (fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity) were cluster-based corrected for multiple comparisons. In schizophrenia, RMET scores showed positive correlations in 3 clusters, including left insula thickness, right superior-temporal thickness, left superior-temporal-sulcus volume, and DTI analysis revealed that fractional anisotropy showed positive correlations in 3 clusters, including right inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus, left forceps-major, left inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus. In schizophrenia, Hinting test scores showed positive correlations in 3 clusters in T1-weighted MRI, including left superior-temporal-sulcus volume, left superior-temporal-sulcus surface area, left pars-orbitalis volume. In conclusion, this study provided evidence for the involvement of particular cortical regions and white matter tracts in mental state decoding and reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Demirlek
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
| | - Merve Karakılıç
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ecenaz Sarıkaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adem Bayrakçı
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Verim
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Funda Gülyüksel
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Yalınçetin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Oral
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fazıl Gelal
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and, Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
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Pérez-Cervera L, De Santis S, Marcos E, Ghorbanzad-Ghaziany Z, Trouvé-Carpena A, Selim MK, Pérez-Ramírez Ú, Pfarr S, Bach P, Halli P, Kiefer F, Moratal D, Kirsch P, Sommer WH, Canals S. Alcohol-induced damage to the fimbria/fornix reduces hippocampal-prefrontal cortex connection during early abstinence. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:101. [PMID: 37344865 PMCID: PMC10286362 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol dependence is characterized by a gradual reduction in cognitive control and inflexibility to contingency changes. The neuroadaptations underlying this aberrant behavior are poorly understood. Using an animal model of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and complementing diffusion-weighted (dw)-MRI with quantitative immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings, we provide causal evidence that chronic intermittent alcohol exposure affects the microstructural integrity of the fimbria/fornix, decreasing myelin basic protein content, and reducing the effective communication from the hippocampus (HC) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Using a simple quantitative neural network model, we show how disturbed HC-PFC communication may impede the extinction of maladaptive memories, decreasing flexibility. Finally, combining dw-MRI and psychometric data in AUD patients, we discovered an association between the magnitude of microstructural alteration in the fimbria/fornix and the reduction in cognitive flexibility. Overall, these findings highlight the vulnerability of the fimbria/fornix microstructure in AUD and its potential contribution to alcohol pathophysiology. Fimbria vulnerability to alcohol underlies hippocampal-prefrontal cortex dysfunction and correlates with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-Cervera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Silvia De Santis
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Encarni Marcos
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzad-Ghaziany
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- Radiation Science and Biomedical Imaging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alejandro Trouvé-Carpena
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Mohamed Kotb Selim
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Úrsula Pérez-Ramírez
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Simone Pfarr
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Halli
- Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Department of Clinical Psychology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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Robinson EA, Gleeson J, Arun AH, Clemente A, Gaillard A, Rossetti MG, Brambilla P, Bellani M, Crisanti C, Curran HV, Lorenzetti V. Measuring white matter microstructure in 1,457 cannabis users and 1,441 controls: A systematic review of diffusion-weighted MRI studies. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2023; 2:1129587. [PMID: 37554654 PMCID: PMC10406316 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2023.1129587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis is the most widely used regulated substance by youth and adults. Cannabis use has been associated with psychosocial problems, which have been partly ascribed to neurobiological changes. Emerging evidence to date from diffusion-MRI studies shows that cannabis users compared to controls show poorer integrity of white matter fibre tracts, which structurally connect distinct brain regions to facilitate neural communication. However, the most recent evidence from diffusion-MRI studies thus far has yet to be integrated. Therefore, it is unclear if white matter differences in cannabis users are evident consistently in selected locations, in specific diffusion-MRI metrics, and whether these differences in metrics are associated with cannabis exposure levels. METHODS We systematically reviewed the results from diffusion-MRI imaging studies that compared white matter differences between cannabis users and controls. We also examined the associations between cannabis exposure and other behavioral variables due to changes in white matter. Our review was pre-registered in PROSPERO (ID: 258250; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/). RESULTS We identified 30 diffusion-MRI studies including 1,457 cannabis users and 1,441 controls aged 16-to-45 years. All but 6 studies reported group differences in white matter integrity. The most consistent differences between cannabis users and controls were lower fractional anisotropy within the arcuate/superior longitudinal fasciculus (7 studies), and lower fractional anisotropy of the corpus callosum (6 studies) as well as higher mean diffusivity and trace (4 studies). Differences in fractional anisotropy were associated with cannabis use onset (4 studies), especially in the corpus callosum (3 studies). DISCUSSION The mechanisms underscoring white matter differences are unclear, and they may include effects of cannabis use onset during youth, neurotoxic effects or neuro adaptations from regular exposure to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which exerts its effects by binding to brain receptors, or a neurobiological vulnerability predating the onset of cannabis use. Future multimodal neuroimaging studies, including recently developed advanced diffusion-MRI metrics, can be used to track cannabis users over time and to define with precision when and which region of the brain the white matter changes commence in youth cannabis users, and whether cessation of use recovers white matter differences. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: 258250.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Anne Robinson
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Gleeson
- Digital Innovation in Mental Health and Well-Being Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arush Honnedevasthana Arun
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Clemente
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandra Gaillard
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Gloria Rossetti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Crisanti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - H. Valerie Curran
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Neuroscience of Addiction and Mental Health Program, Healthy Brain and Mind Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Niloy N, Hediyal TA, Vichitra C, Sonali S, Chidambaram SB, Gorantla VR, Mahalakshmi AM. Effect of Cannabis on Memory Consolidation, Learning and Retrieval and Its Current Legal Status in India: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010162. [PMID: 36671547 PMCID: PMC9855787 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the oldest crops grown, traditionally held religious attachments in various cultures for its medicinal use much before its introduction to Western medicine. Multiple preclinical and clinical investigations have explored the beneficial effects of cannabis in various neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases affecting the cognitive domains. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component, is responsible for cognition-related deficits, while cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, has been shown to elicit neuroprotective activity. In the present integrative review, the authors focus on the effects of cannabis on the different cognitive domains, including learning, consolidation, and retrieval. The present study is the first attempt in which significant focus has been imparted on all three aspects of cognition, thus linking to its usage. Furthermore, the investigators have also depicted the current legal position of cannabis in India and the requirement for reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandi Niloy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Tousif Ahmed Hediyal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Vichitra
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharma Sonali
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasavi Rakesh Gorantla
- Department of Anatomical Science, St. George’s University, University Centre, St. Georges FZ818, Grenada
- Correspondence: (V.R.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, SS Nagar, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (V.R.G.); (A.M.M.)
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Edinoff AN, Doppalapudi P, Fort JM. Chronic Synthetic Marijuana Use: A Case of First-Onset Seizures as a Withdrawal Symptom. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:34617. [PMID: 35774900 PMCID: PMC9239357 DOI: 10.52965/001c.34617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 44-year-old male with no known past medical history but a known history of daily synthetic marijuana use presented to the emergency department after two witnessed seizures. The patient was admitted to the neurology service, where he was worked up with an MRI with epilepsy protocol and an EEG. During admission, the patient was admitted to daily synthetic marijuana use. He did note that he had started to decrease the amount of mojo he used daily in an attempt to stop. His last use was at 9 am the day of his admission. He was trying to decrease his use; his girlfriend of difficulty word-finding noted periods. Synthetic marijuana (SM) or "mojo" use has been increasing in the past decade for two reasons; It is considered an herbal product and has been legal. A withdrawal syndrome of SM use has been characterized chiefly as tachycardia, irritation, anxiety, and mood swings. These withdrawal symptoms are usually seen with chronic use. Some early results in the literature also show that SM use can lead to functional and structural neuronal changes. This manuscript discusses a case of a first on-set seizure as a possible withdrawal symptom in chronic SM use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Prithvi Doppalapudi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Juliana M Fort
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
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Yüncü Z, Cakmak Celik Z, Colak C, Thapa T, Fornito A, Bora E, Kitis O, Zorlu N. Resting state functional connectivity in adolescent synthetic cannabinoid users with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2781. [PMID: 33675677 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have become increasingly popular in recent years, especially among adolescents. The first aim of the current study was to examine resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in SC users compared to controls. Our second aim was to examine the influence of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology on rsFC changes in SC users compared to controls. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis included 25 SC users (14 without ADHD and 11 with ADHD combined type) and 12 control subjects. RESULTS We found (i) higher rsFC between the default mode network (DMN) and salience network, dorsal attention network and cingulo-opercular network, and (ii) lower rsFC within the DMN and between the DMN and visual network in SC users compared to controls. There were no significant differences between SC users with ADHD and controls, nor were there any significant differences between SC users with and without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS We found the first evidence of abnormalities within and between resting state networks in adolescent SC users without ADHD. In contrast, SC users with ADHD showed no differences compared to controls. These results suggest that comorbidity of ADHD and substance dependence may show different rsFC alterations than substance use alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Yüncü
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ciğdem Colak
- Department of Psychiatry, Cigli Regional Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tribikram Thapa
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omer Kitis
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Zhao M, Liu J, Cai W, Li J, Zhu X, Yu D, Yuan K. Support vector machine based classification of smokers and nonsmokers using diffusion tensor imaging. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:2242-2250. [PMID: 31428924 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in treatments for smoking cessation, smoking continues to be a significant public health concern, especially in young adulthood. Thus, developing a predictive model that can classify and characterize the brain-based biomarkers predicting smoking status would be imperative to improving treatment development. In this study, we applied a support vector machine-based classification method to discriminate 70 young male smokers and 70 matched nonsmokers using their diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. The classification procedure achieved an average accuracy of 88.6% and an average area under the curve of 0.95. The most discriminative features that contributed to the classification were primarily located in the sagittal stratum (SS), external capsule (EC), superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), anterior corona radiata (ACR) and inferior front-occipital fasciculus (IFOF). The following regression analysis showed a significant negatively correlation between the average RD values of the left ACR (r = -0.247, p = 0.039) and FTND. The average MD values in the right EC (r = -0.254, p = 0.034) and RD values in the right IFOF (r = -0.240, p = 0.046) were inversely associated with pack-years. Our findings indicate that the discriminative white matter (WM) features as brain biomarkers provide great predictive power for smoking status and suggest that machine learning techniques can reveal underlying smoking-related neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanye Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueling Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Dahua Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710071, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging Ministry of Education, Xi'an, People's Republic of China. .,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014010, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Pharmacology and adverse effects of new psychoactive substances: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:402-413. [PMID: 33811300 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, new psychoactive substances (NPS) have continuously been the focus of the international society since their emergence on the illicit drug market. NPS can be classified into six groups including; synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), stimulants, opioids, dissociatives, sedatives/hypnotics, and classic hallucinogens with psychoactive effects. These are sold as "herbal incense," "bath salts," "legal highs," and "research chemicals". They can be synthesized easily with slight changes in the chemical moieties of known psychoactive substances. NPS are sold worldwide via on- and off-line markets without proper scientific evaluation regarding their safety or harmfulness. Abuse of NPS poses a serious public health issue, and systematic studies on their adverse effects are lacking. Therefore, it would be meaningful to collect currently available data in order to understand NPS and to establish viable solutions to cope with the various health issues related to them. In this article, we reviewed the general pharmacological characteristics, recent findings, and adverse effects of representative NPS; SCRAs. SCRAs are known as the most commonly abused NPS. Most SCRAs, cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists, are often associated with severe toxicities, including cardiotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and even death, unlike natural cannabinoid Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol.
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9
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Dikmeer N, Besiroglu L, Di Biase MA, Zalesky A, Kasal MI, Bilge A, Durmaz E, Polat S, Gelal F, Zorlu N. White matter microstructure and connectivity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 143:72-81. [PMID: 33029781 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine white matter microstructure and connectivity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their unaffected siblings, relative to healthy controls. METHODS Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) scans were acquired in 30 patients with OCD, 21 unaffected siblings, and 31 controls. We examined white matter microstructure using measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). Structural networks were examined using network-based statistic (NBS). RESULTS Compared to controls, OCD patients showed significantly reduced FA and increased RD in clusters traversing the left forceps minor, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, and cingulum. Furthermore, the OCD group displayed significantly weaker connectivity (quantified by the streamline count) compared to controls in the right hemisphere, most notably in edges connecting subcortical structures to temporo-occipital cortical regions. The sibling group showed intermediate streamline counts, FA and RD values between OCD and healthy control groups in connections found to be abnormal in patients with OCD. However, these reductions did not significantly differ compared to controls. CONCLUSION Therefore, siblings of OCD patients display intermediate levels in dMRI measures of microstructure and connectivity, suggesting white matter abnormalities might be related to the familial predisposition for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Dikmeer
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Lutfullah Besiroglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Meltem I Kasal
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Bilge
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ercan Durmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Polat
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fazil Gelal
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nabi Zorlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Chye Y, Kirkham R, Lorenzetti V, McTavish E, Solowij N, Yücel M. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Brain Morphology: A Review of the Evidence. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:627-635. [PMID: 32948510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and cannabinoid-based products are increasingly being accepted and commodified globally. Yet there is currently limited understanding of the effect of the varied cannabinoid compounds on the brain. Exogenous cannabinoids interact with the endogenous cannabinoid system that underpins vital functions in the brain and body, and they are thought to perturb key brain and cognitive function. However, much neuroimaging research has been confined to observational studies of cannabis users, without examining the specific role of the various cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, etc.). This review summarizes the brain structural imaging evidence to date associated with cannabis use, its major cannabinoids (e.g., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol), and synthetic cannabinoid products that have emerged as recreational drugs. In doing so, we seek to highlight some of the key issues to consider in understanding cannabinoid-related brain effects, emphasizing the dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of cannabinoids, and the need to consider the distinct role of the varied cannabinoids in establishing their effect on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Chye
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Kirkham
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene McTavish
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Gökharman FD, Aydin S, Paltun SC, Fatihoğlu E, Yalçin Şahiner Ş, Koşar PN. DTI-MRI findings in synthetic cannabinoid users. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1022-1027. [PMID: 32336074 PMCID: PMC7379452 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are full agonists of both cannabinoid receptors. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of SC users are mainly defined as diffusion restriction and T2/FLAIR hyperintensity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies examining SC users have shown contradictory results. The aim of this study was to define white matter (WM) changes of SC users using DTI. Materials and methods The study included 22 patients with a history of using SC for 5–37 months, and 22 healthy, age and sex-matched control subjects. A total of 41 diffusion gradient directions were used in the acquisition of diffusion imaging data. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) values were obtained. ROIs were placed on WM areas of normal appearance. Results In the SC users, significantly lower FA values were determined in the left temporal lobe (216.2 ± 58.9 vs. 263 ± 27.4; P = 0.002) and right hippocampus (224.5 ± 61.5 vs. 255 ± 24.3; P = 0.040). The ADC values of the hippocampus and temporal lobe were significantly higher than those of the control group on both the left and right sides. Conclusion The SC use causes WM microstructural changes, especially in the hippocampus and temporal lobes. DTI is a useful tool to reveal WM changes in SC addicts and can be used earlier than conventional MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonay Aydin
- Department of Radiology, Dr. Sami Ulus Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Cihat Paltun
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara Turkey
| | - Erdem Fatihoğlu
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Şafak Yalçin Şahiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara Turkey
| | - Pinar Nercis Koşar
- Department of Radiology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Cohen K, Rosenzweig S, Rosca P, Pinhasov A, Weizman A, Weinstein A. Personality Traits and Psychotic Proneness Among Chronic Synthetic Cannabinoid Users. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32477173 PMCID: PMC7242629 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has been associated with a wide range of negative consequences for health including psychotic and affective disturbances. Accumulating evidence indicates that cannabinoids use may be a risk factor for schizophrenia, and chronic natural cannabis users score higher than non-users on measures of schizotypal personality traits. However, little is known regarding the personality characteristics of SC users, especially in comparison with recreational cannabis users and healthy individuals. This study aimed to examine the differences in personality characteristics and schizotypy between SC users, regular cannabis users, and non-users and to compare these measures between groups. METHODS Forty-two chronic SC users, 39 natural cannabis users, and 47 non-using control participants, without history of mental disorder, or current substance use diagnosis (mean age 26± 4.47 years; 23 females, 105 males), completed the Big-Five Factor Inventory (BFI), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), substance use history, rating scales of depression and anxiety, and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS On the BFI, SC users scored higher than natural cannabis users and non-users on neuroticism, but lower on agreeableness and extraversion, and endorsed greater schizotypal symptoms on the SPQ-B. In addition, SC users had lower scores on conscientiousness than non-users, and natural cannabis users were more extroverted than non-users. Higher openness and lower conscientiousness predicted schizotypy for both SC and natural cannabis users. Finally, greater neuroticism predicted schizotypy for natural cannabis users, and introversion predicted schizotypy for non-users. CONCLUSIONS These results show that chronic SC users differ from natural cannabis users and non-users on dimensions of specific personality traits and schizotypy that may indicate psychotic proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koby Cohen
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shiri Rosenzweig
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Paola Rosca
- Ministry of Health (Israel), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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13
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Rinaldi R, Bersani G, Marinelli E, Zaami S. The rise of new psychoactive substances and psychiatric implications: A wide-ranging, multifaceted challenge that needs far-reaching common legislative strategies. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2727. [PMID: 32144953 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing number of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) that have been surfacing globally, as well as related changes in drug abuse trends, undoubtedly constitute a difficult and multifaceted challenge for psychiatry. The intake and abuse of such substances has been linked to a risk of psychopathological disturbances, which stem from imbalances of a range of neurotransmitter pathways and receptors. Through an analysis of relevant research articles and reviews (particularly those outlining NPS neurological and cerebral mechanisms of action and psychopathological consequences arising from NPS abuse; research papers more closely focused on chemical/pharmacological aspects have been ruled out), through a systematic analysis of Pubmed, Medline, PsycLIT and EMBASE literature, as well as data released by health care institutions and drug enforcement agencies (among which the World Health Organization, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Eurojust, the Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network, the Court of Justice of the European Union), the authors aimed to elaborate on the most relevant data relative to NPS-related psychiatric effects, focusing on the conceptual and definition-related complexities inherent to NPS, clinical management and motivations for NPS use; moreover, an effort has been made to highlight the possible measures in order to tackle the unremitting rise of such elusive and potentially harmful substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Rinaldi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bersani
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Departmental Section of Legal Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Orsolini L, Chiappini S, Papanti D, De Berardis D, Corkery JM, Schifano F. The Bridge Between Classical and "Synthetic"/Chemical Psychoses: Towards a Clinical, Psychopathological, and Therapeutic Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31849723 PMCID: PMC6896660 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical spread and dissemination of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), particularly among the most vulnerable youngsters, may pose a further concern about the psychotic trajectories related to the intake of new synthetic drugs. The psychopathological pattern of the "new psychoses" appears to be extremely different from the classical presentation. Therefore, clinicians need more data on these new synthetic psychoses and recommendations on how to manage them. The present mini-review aims at deepening both the clinical, psychopathological features of synthetic/chemical NPS-induced psychoses and their therapeutic strategies, according to the different NPS classes implicated, by underlining the main differences with the "classical" psychoses. A comprehensive review was conducted using the PubMed/Medline database by combining the search strategy of free-text terms and exploding a range of MESH headings relating to the topics of novel psychoactive substances and synthetic/chemical psychoses as follows: {(Novel Psychoactive Substances[Title/Abstract]) AND Psychosis[Title/Abstract])} and for each NPS categories as well, focusing on synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones, without time and/or language restrictions. Finally, an overview of the main clinical and psychopathological features between classical versus NPS-induced chemical/synthetic psychoses is provided for clinicians working with dual disorders and addiction psychiatry. Further insight is given here on therapeutic strategies and practical guidelines for managing patients affected with synthetic/chemical NPS-induced psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy
| | - Stefania Chiappini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Duccio Papanti
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", Teramo, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University of "G. D’Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - John M. Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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15
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Schreiber S, Bader M, Lenchinski T, Meningher I, Rubovitch V, Katz Y, Cohen E, Gabet Y, Rotenberg M, Wolf E(U, Pick CG. Functional effects of synthetic cannabinoids versus Δ 9 -THC in mice on body temperature, nociceptive threshold, anxiety, cognition, locomotor/exploratory parameters and depression. Addict Biol 2019; 24:414-425. [PMID: 29423994 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are psychoactive substances designed to mimic the euphorigenic effects of the natural cannabis. Novel unregulated compounds appear once older compounds become illegal. It has been previously reported that synthetic cannabinoids are different than Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) as they have chemical structures unrelated to Δ9 -THC, different metabolism and, often, greater toxicity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three novel synthetic cannabinoids and pure Δ9 -THC on body temperature, nociceptive threshold, anxiety, memory function, locomotor and exploratory parameters, and depression. We performed a battery of behavioural and motor tests starting 50 minutes post i.p. injection of each drug to adult ICR mice. The synthetic cannabinoids that were used are AB-FUBINACA, AB-CHMINACA and PB-22. All synthetic cannabinoids and Δ9 -THC caused hypothermia, but only Δ9 -THC induced a clear antinociceptive effect. All synthetic cannabinoids and Δ9 -THC caused decreased anxiety levels, spatial memory deficits and decreased exploratory behaviour as measured in the elevated plus maze, Y-maze and staircase paradigm, respectively. However, all synthetic cannabinoids but not Δ9 -THC demonstrated decreased locomotor activity in the staircase test. Moreover, only AB-FUBINACA and Δ9 -THC affected the gait balance and grip strength of the mice as was assessed by the latency time to fall from a rod. In the forced swimming test, PB-22 caused elevated depression-like behaviour while AB-FUBINACA induced a reversed effect. These results suggest varied effects among different synthetic cannabinoids and Δ9 -THC. Further studies are needed to characterize the overall effects and differences between these synthetic cannabinoids and Δ9 -THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Schreiber
- Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University Israel
| | - Miaad Bader
- Department of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel‐Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
| | - Tatiana Lenchinski
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University Israel
- Department of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel‐Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
| | | | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel‐Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
| | - Yiffat Katz
- Analytical LaboratoryDivision of Identification and Forensic Science Israel
| | - Etia Cohen
- Analytical LaboratoryDivision of Identification and Forensic Science Israel
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University Israel
- Department of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel‐Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
| | - Michal Rotenberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Toxicology and PharmacologySheba Medical Center Israel
| | - Ehud (Udi) Wolf
- Analytical LaboratoryDivision of Identification and Forensic Science Israel
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel‐Aviv University Israel
- Department of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel‐Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive DiseasesTel‐Aviv University Israel
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16
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Çelik ZÇ, Çolak Ç, Di Biase MA, Zalesky A, Zorlu N, Bora E, Kitiş Ö, Yüncü Z. Structural connectivity in adolescent synthetic cannabinoid users with and without ADHD. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:505-514. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Hobbs M, Kalk NJ, Morrison PD, Stone JM. Spicing it up - synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and psychosis - a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1289-1304. [PMID: 30454908 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are suggested to have increased potential to induce psychosis compared to natural cannabis (NC). In this review we synthesise current knowledge about the association of SCRA use with psychotic symptoms. Following a literature search we identified 2 toxicology reports, 4 case-control studies, 3 cross-sectional studies and 15 case reports. In each of the case reports, we identified the presence or absence of symptoms based on the items of the Postitive and Negative Syndrome Scele (PANSS). The toxicology reports highlighted the main presenting features as being toxic psychosis and delirium (40%), agitation (10%) and hallucinations (4-7%). The median age was 25 years, and around 80% cases were male. Cross-sectional studies reported that SCRA use was present in approximately 10-13% patients presenting to acute psychiatric services, and was often the cause of their presentation, and that psychotic symptoms were present in 15% patients attending emergency departments following SCRA use. Case-control studies reported that SCRA use was significantly associated with psychotic symptoms and that SCRA users had higher levels of positive psychotic symptoms than NC users. The case reports supported the association of SCRA use with a wide range of positive and negative psychotic symptoms as well as with self-harm, agitation and aggressive behaviour. SCRA use is relatively prevalent in patients with psychosis and may lead to psychotic symptoms in individuals with no past psychiatric history. Further work is required to understand the long term risks of SCRA use and optimal management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hobbs
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Morrison
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom
| | - James M Stone
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, United Kingdom.
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18
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Jones SA, Morales AM, Nagel BJ. Resilience to Risk for Psychopathology: The Role of White Matter Microstructural Development in Adolescence. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 4:180-189. [PMID: 30322710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One major risk factor for the development of psychopathology is a family history of psychopathology (FHP). Cross-sectional studies have shown that FHP is associated with alterations in white matter microstructure in adolescents without current psychopathology; however, whether these associations persist throughout adolescence, particularly in those who remain resilient to developing psychopathology, is unclear. METHODS Sixty-six adolescents underwent diffusion-weighted imaging at baseline (12-16 years of age) and at one or two follow-up visits (142 total scans). Adolescents' parents completed a modified Family History Assessment Module to calculate FHP density (FHPD) based on familial alcohol use, substance use, and major depressive, generalized anxiety, substance-induced mood, and antisocial personality disorders. The relationship between FHPD and white matter microstructural development was examined using multilevel modeling. RESULTS FHPD was associated with significant alterations in white matter microstructure at baseline; in the bilateral superior corona radiata and left superior longitudinal fasciculus, these effects were transient (FHPD was associated with altered white matter microstructure only in early adolescence), while effects in the posterior limb of the internal capsule were persistent. Associations between FHPD and white matter microstructure in the body of the corpus callosum emerged later in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS This prospective, longitudinal study provides novel information indicating that the association between FHP and white matter microstructure previously observed in adolescents is transient in most regions but may persist into late adolescence in other regions, despite current resilience to developing psychopathology. Future studies are necessary to determine if these persistent alterations are associated with onset of psychopathology later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jones
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Angelica M Morales
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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19
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Cohen K, Weinstein AM. Synthetic and Non-synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs and Their Adverse Effects-A Review From Public Health Prospective. Front Public Health 2018; 6:162. [PMID: 29930934 PMCID: PMC5999798 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing use of novel psychoactive substances containing synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic cannabinoid products have effects similar to those of natural cannabis, yet, these drugs are more potent and dangerous, and have been associated with dangerous adverse effects. Here, we review current literature on the epidemiology, acute, and chronic effects of synthetic and natural cannabinoid-based drugs. Synthetic drugs contain a mixture of psychoactive compounds that mostly bind cannabinoid receptors with high potency. These synthetic drugs replicate the effects of natural cannabis and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol but they induce more severe adverse effects including respiratory difficulties, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitches, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and cognitive impairment. Chronic use of synthetic cannabinoids has been associated with serious psychiatric and medical conditions and even death. Given the growing popularity in the use of cannabinoid-based drugs and their harmful potential, there is a need for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koby Cohen
- Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv M Weinstein
- Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
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20
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d'Angelo LSC, Savulich G, Sahakian BJ. Lifestyle use of drugs by healthy people for enhancing cognition, creativity, motivation and pleasure. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3257-3267. [PMID: 28427114 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, there is continued, and in some cases growing, availability of not only psychoactive substances, including treatments for mental health disorders such as cognitive enhancers, which can enhance or restore brain function, but also 'recreational' drugs such as novel psychoactive substances (NPS). The use of psychoactive drugs has both benefits and risks: whilst new drugs to treat cognitive symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders could have great benefits for many patient groups, the increasing ease of accessibility to recreational NPS and the increasing lifestyle use of cognitive enhancers by healthy people means that the effective management of psychoactive substances will be an issue of increasing importance. Clearly, the potential benefits of cognitive enhancers are large and increasingly relevant, particularly as the population ages, and for this reason, we should continue to devote resources to the development of cognitive enhancers as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia. However, the increasing use of cognitive enhancers by healthy individuals raises safety, ethical and regulatory concerns, which should not be ignored. Similarly, understanding the short- and long-term consequences of the use of NPS, as well as better understanding the motivations and profiles of users could promote more effective prevention and harm reduction measures. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-S Camilla d'Angelo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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