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Takahashi Y, Hakamada K, Morohashi H, Wakasa Y, Fujita H, Ebihara Y, Oki E, Hirano S, Mori M. Effects of communication delay in the dual cockpit remote robotic surgery system. Surg Today 2024; 54:496-501. [PMID: 38071250 PMCID: PMC11026268 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of dual cockpit telesurgery on proctors and operators, and acceptable levels of processing delay for video compression and restoration. METHODS Eight medical advisors and eight trainee surgeons, one highly skilled per group, performed gastrectomy, rectal resection, cholecystectomy, and bleeding tasks on pigs. Using the Medicaroid surgical robot hinotori™, simulated delay times (0 ms, 50 ms, 100 ms, 150 ms, and 200 ms) were inserted mid-surgery to evaluate the tolerance level. Operative times and dual cockpit switching times were measured subjectively using 5-point scale questionnaires (mSUS [modified System Usability Scale], and Robot Usability Score). RESULTS No significant difference was observed in operative times between proctors and operators (proctor: p = 0.247, operator: p = 0.608) nor in switching times to the dual cockpit mode (p = 0.248). For each survey setting, proctors tended to give lower ratings to delays of ≥ 150 ms. No marked difference was observed in the operator evaluations. On the postoperative questionnaires, there were no marked differences in the mSUS or Robot Usability Score between the proctors and operators (mSUS: p = 0.779, Robot Usability Score: p = 0.261). CONCLUSION Telesurgery using a dual cockpit with hinotori™ is practical and has little impact on surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki, Aomori, Tokyo, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki, Aomori, Tokyo, 036-8562, Japan.
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hajime Morohashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki, Aomori, Tokyo, 036-8562, Japan
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wakasa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki, Aomori, Tokyo, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho Hirosaki, Aomori, Tokyo, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuma Ebihara
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Committee for Promotion of Remote Surgery Implementation, Japan Surgical Society, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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Xu L, Shen C, Li X, Zhao F, Huang W, Yang K, Zhang P, DU Y, Fan S, Cui L, Zhou L, Li X. Feasibility and safety of dual-console telesurgery with the KangDuo Surgical Robot-1500 System using fifth-generation and wired networks: an animal experiment and sea-spanning clinical study. Minerva Urol Nephrol 2024; 76:241-246. [PMID: 38742557 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6051.24.05808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the feasibility and safety of dual-console telesurgery with the new KangDuo system in an animal experiment and clinical study. METHODS Six canine models were performed radical prostatectomy with dual-console KanDuo surgical robot-1500 (KD-SR-1500-RARP). The perioperative outcomes, physical and mental workload of the surgeon were collected. Physical workload was evaluated with surface electromyography. Mental workload was evaluated with NASA-TLX. After conducting animal experiments to verify safety of dual-console KD-SR-1500-RARP, we conducted the clinical trial using 5G and wired networks. RESULTS In the animal experiment, all surgeries were performed successfully. The operative time was 80.2±32.1 min. The docking time was 2.4±0.5 min. The console time was 49.7±25.3 min. There were no perioperative complications or equipment related adverse events. All dogs can micturate after catheter removal at one week postoperatively. The mental workload was at a low level (a scale ranging from 0 to 60), which scored 15.7±6.9. Among the eight recorded muscles, the fatigue degree of the right radial flexor and left biceps was the highest two (iEMG, resection, 299.8±344 uV, 109.9±16.9 uV; suture, 849.4±1252.5 uV, 423.1±621.3 uV, respectively). In the clinical study, the console time was 136 min. The mean latency time was ≤200 ms. The data pocket loss was <1%. The operation was successfully completed without malfunctions occurring throughout the entire process. CONCLUSIONS Dual-console telesurgery with the KD-SR-1500 system was shown to be feasible and safe in radical prostatectomy using 5G and wired networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfei Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Urology, Hainan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan, China
| | - Kunlin Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yicong DU
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shubo Fan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cui
- Department of Urology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, China -
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Faitatziadis S, Tatanis V, Katsakiori P, Peteinaris A, Gkeka K, Vagionis A, Spinos T, Tsaturyan A, Vrettos T, Kallidonis P, Stolzenburg JU, Liatsikos E. Feasibility study of a novel robotic system for transperitoneal partial nephrectomy: An in vivo experimental animal study. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2023; 95:11852. [PMID: 38058288 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2023.11852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and feasibility of partial nephrectomy with the use of the novel robotic system in an in vivo animal model. METHODS Right partial nephrectomy was performed in female pigs by a surgical team consisting of one surgeon and one bedside assistant. Both were experienced in laparoscopic surgery and trained in the use of the novel robotic system. The partial nephrectomies were performed using four trocars (three trocars for the robotic arms and one as an assistant trocar). The completion of the operations, set-up time, operation time, warm ischemia time (WIT) and complication events were recorded. The decrease in all variables between the first and last operation was calculated. RESULTS In total, eight partial nephrectomies were performed in eight female pigs. All operations were successfully completed. The median set-up time was 19.5 (range, 15-30) minutes, while the estimated median operative time was 80.5 minutes (range, 59-114). The median WIT was 23.5 minutes (range, 17-32) and intra- or postoperative complications were not observed. All variables decreased in consecutive operations. More precisely, the decrease in the set-up time was calculated to 15 minutes between the first and third attempts. The operative time was reduced by 55 minutes between the first and last operation, while the WIT was decreased by 15 minutes during the consecutive attempts. No complications were noticed in any operation. CONCLUSIONS Using the newly introduced robotic system, all the advantages of robotic surgery are optimized and incorporated, and partial nephrectomies can be performed in a safe and effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arman Tsaturyan
- Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Urology, Erebouni Medical Center, Yerevan.
| | | | | | | | - Evangelos Liatsikos
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Patras, Patras.
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