1
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Soo XYD, Muiruri JK, Wu WY, Yeo JCC, Wang S, Tomczak N, Thitsartarn W, Tan BH, Wang P, Wei F, Suwardi A, Xu J, Loh XJ, Yan Q, Zhu Q. Bio-Polyethylene and Polyethylene Biocomposites: An Alternative toward a Sustainable Future. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400064. [PMID: 38594967 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE), a highly prevalent non-biodegradable polymer in the field of plastics, presents a waste management issue. To alleviate this issue, bio-based PE (bio-PE), derived from renewable resources like corn and sugarcane, offers an environmentally friendly alternative. This review discusses various production methods of bio-PE, including fermentation, gasification, and catalytic conversion of biomass. Interestingly, the bio-PE production volumes and market are expanding due to the growing environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. Additionally, the production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites using agricultural waste as filler materials, highlights the growing demand for sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. According to previous studies, addition of ≈50% defibrillated corn and abaca fibers into bio-PE matrix and a compatibilizer, results in the highest Young's modulus of 4.61 and 5.81 GPa, respectively. These biocomposites have potential applications in automotive, building construction, and furniture industries. Moreover, the advancement made in abiotic and biotic degradation of PE and PE biocomposites is elucidated to address their environmental impacts. Finally, the paper concludes with insights into the opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives in the sustainable production and utilization of PE and bio-PE biocomposites. In summary, production of PE and bio-PE biocomposites can contribute to a cleaner and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yun Debbie Soo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wen-Ya Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Suxi Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Warintorn Thitsartarn
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Beng Hoon Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Fengxia Wei
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ady Suwardi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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2
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Boz Noyan EC, Rehle F, Boldizar A. Rheological and Functional Properties of Mechanically Recycled Post-Consumer Rigid Polyethylene Packaging Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1855. [PMID: 38673212 PMCID: PMC11052374 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The properties of recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste were studied, using sorted waste washed in the laboratory with water alone and with added detergent, and compared with large-scale high-intensity washed flakes. The washed flakes were compounded using three different temperature profiles in a twin-screw extruder and then injection molded. A higher compounding temperature reduced the thermo-oxidative stability, the average molecular mass, and the viscosity of the samples. Rheological measurements suggested that changes in chain branching occurred at different compounding temperatures. The strength and the elongation at break were also influenced by the compounding temperature in both the molten and solid states. Detergent washing maintained the thermo-oxidative stability in contrast to washing with water. The large-scale washed samples had a relatively high thermo-oxidative stability, a higher melt elasticity, and a lower elongation at break in both the molten and solid states than the laboratory-scale washed samples. The thermal properties, melt elasticity, Young's modulus, yield stress, and yield strain of the samples were not, however, significantly affected by either the compounding temperature or the washing medium and intensity. The results indicated that recycled post-consumer rigid polyethylene packaging waste has properties that can support further applications in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ceren Boz Noyan
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
| | - Franziska Rehle
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
- The International Reference Center for Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Transition (CIRAIG), Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, 3333 Queen Mary Rd Suite 310, Montreal, QC H3V 1A2, Canada
| | - Antal Boldizar
- Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Rännvägen 2A, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.B.N.); (F.R.)
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3
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Eggers T, Blumberg SM, von Lacroix F, Berlin W, Dröder K. Influence Analysis of Modified Polymers as a Marking Agent for Material Tracing during Cyclic Injection Molding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6304. [PMID: 37763581 PMCID: PMC10532741 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Injection molding (IM) is already an established technology for manufacturing polymer products. However, in the course of the increased use of recyclates for economic and ecological reasons, its application capability has been confronted with new requirements for reliability and reproducibility. In addition, the IM process is confronted with regulations regarding a verifiable recycling degree in polymers. With regard to the material identification and storage of manufacturer-, process- or product-related data in polymers, the implementation of a material-inherent marking technology forms a potential answer. The IM process combined with modified polymers (MP) as a marking technology turns out to be a feasible approach to manufacturing reproducibly and offers a high quality based on increased process awareness and fulfilling the required traceability. Therefore, this work focuses on the trial evaluation of MP within the IM process. The influence of MP on the material process behavior and mechanical and thermal component properties, as well as the influence of the IM process and recycling on MP traceability, are investigated. No discernible influences of MP on the investigated properties could be identified, and the traceability from the initial material to a recyclate could be confirmed. MP is suitable for monitoring the aging state of polymers in IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Eggers
- Volkswagen AG Wolfsburg, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Werner Berlin
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Dröder
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Schall C, Schöppner V. Material Characterization of Polypropylene and Polystyrene Regarding Molecular Degradation Behavior. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5891. [PMID: 37687584 PMCID: PMC10488556 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
During the processing of thermoplastics, polymers are subjected to high stress. As a result of this stress, the polymer chains break, leading to a lower molar mass. This further leads to a lower viscosity of the plastic melt and, eventually, to poorer mechanical properties of the manufactured plastic product. Especially in the context of recycling plastics, this poses a challenge to process technology and product properties. This work aims is to provide a prediction of the material degradation under known stress, so that, for example, a process design that is gentle on the material can be carried out. In order to be able to predict material degradation under a load, a test stand for defined material degradation was designed. The test stand allows for material damaging under a defined temperature, shear rate and residence time. At the same time, the test stand can be used to measure the viscosity, which is used to describe the degradation behavior, since the viscosity correlates with the molar mass. The measured decrease in viscosity under stress can be used to predict material damage under the influencing variables of temperature, shear rate and residence time by means of a test plan and a suitable mathematical description of the measured data. The mathematical description can thus be integrated into simulation environments for plastics processing, so that a simulation of the material degradation can be carried out, if necessary also taking the viscosity reduction into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Schöppner
- Kunststofftechnik Paderborn, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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5
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Molecular Pathways for Polymer Degradation during Conventional Processing, Additive Manufacturing, and Mechanical Recycling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052344. [PMID: 36903589 PMCID: PMC10004996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the extent of degradation of polymer molecules during processing via conventional (e.g., extrusion and injection molding) and emerging (e.g., additive manufacturing; AM) techniques is important for both the final polymer material performance with respect to technical specifications and the material circularity. In this contribution, the most relevant (thermal, thermo-mechanical, thermal-oxidative, hydrolysis) degradation mechanisms of polymer materials during processing are discussed, addressing conventional extrusion-based manufacturing, including mechanical recycling, and AM. An overview is given of the most important experimental characterization techniques, and it is explained how these can be connected with modeling tools. Case studies are incorporated, dealing with polyesters, styrene-based materials, and polyolefins, as well as the typical AM polymers. Guidelines are formulated in view of a better molecular scale driven degradation control.
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6
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Boz Noyan EC, Venkatesh A, Boldizar A. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Mixed PE Fractions from Post-Consumer Plastic Packaging Waste. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45181-45188. [PMID: 36530254 PMCID: PMC9753520 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The functional properties of recycled post-consumer flexible polyethylene packaging waste have been studied using materials collected and sorted at a large-scale facility in Sweden. The studied fraction was used both as received and after simple laboratory washing in water with added sodium hydroxide at 40 °C. The materials were melt-compounded with a twin-screw extruder using two different temperature profiles and two screw configurations and injection-molded into slabs, whose thermal and mechanical properties were assessed. The results showed that the mechanical properties of injection-molded samples were not changed significantly either by the washing or by the temperature or screw configuration used in the compounding. Washing reduced the viscosity and molecular mass to a minor extent. As expected, the ash content of the compounded pellets was reduced by washing. The thermo-oxidative stability decreased with increasing compounding temperature and with washing.
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7
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Davand R, Hassanajili S, Rahimpour MR, Rashedi R, Sepahi A, Hosseini S, Afzali K, Valieghbal K. The UV stability of polyethylene pipes with different comonomer content: Effect of carbon black masterbatch. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Davand
- Department of Chemical Engineering Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
- Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Bushehr Iran
| | | | | | - Reza Rashedi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Abdolhannan Sepahi
- Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Bushehr Iran
| | - Shahin Hosseini
- Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Bushehr Iran
| | - Kamal Afzali
- Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Bushehr Iran
| | - Khosro Valieghbal
- Research and Development Center, Jam Petrochemical Company Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Bushehr Iran
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8
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Pelletizing ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powders with a novel tapered die and addition of high density polyethylene (HDPE): Processing, morphology, and properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Aydoğmuş E, Dağ M, Yalçın ZG, Arslanoğlu H. Synthesis and characterization of waste polyethylene reinforced modified castor oil‐based polyester biocomposite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Aydoğmuş
- Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Fırat University Elazığ Turkey
| | - Mustafa Dağ
- Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Karatekin University Çankırı Turkey
| | - Zehra Gülten Yalçın
- Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Karatekin University Çankırı Turkey
| | - Hasan Arslanoğlu
- Engineering Faculty, Chemical Engineering Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Çanakkale Turkey
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10
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Schall C, Schöppner V. Measurement of material degradation in dependence of shear rate, temperature, and residence time. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schall
- Kunststofftechnik Paderborn Paderborn University Paderborn Germany
| | - Volker Schöppner
- Kunststofftechnik Paderborn Paderborn University Paderborn Germany
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11
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Polyolefins and Polyethylene Terephthalate Package Wastes: Recycling and Use in Composites. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are versatile materials used in a variety of sectors that have seen a rapid increase in their global production. Millions of tonnes of plastic wastes are generated each year, which puts pressure on plastic waste management methods to prevent their accumulation within the environment. Recycling is an attractive disposal method and aids the initiative of a circular plastic economy, but recycling still has challenges to overcome. This review starts with an overview of the current European recycling strategies for solid plastic waste and the challenges faced. Emphasis lies on the recycling of polyolefins (POs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which are found in plastic packaging, as packaging contributes a signification proportion to solid plastic wastes. Both sections, the recycling of POs and PET, discuss the sources of wastes, chemical and mechanical recycling, effects of recycling on the material properties, strategies to improve the performance of recycled POs and PET, and finally the applications of recycled POs and PET. The review concludes with a discussion of the future potential and opportunities of recycled POs and PET.
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12
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Production of a PET//LDPE Laminate Using a Reversibly Crosslinking Packaging Adhesive and Recycling in a Small-Scale Technical Plant. RECYCLING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling6030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multilayer packaging is an important part of the packaging market, but it is not recyclable with conventional methods since it is made of different thermodynamically immiscible materials. In this work, it was shown that it is possible to produce a PET//LDPE laminate in a pilot plant for lamination by using an adhesive consisting of maleimide- and furan-functionalized polyurethane prepolymers that cure through the Diels–Alder reaction. The material could then be delaminated in a small-scale recycling plant using a solvent-based recycling process by partially opening the Diels–Alder adducts through the influence of temperature. The PET and LDPE could be recovered without any adhesive residues before each material was regranulated, and in the case of the PE, a film was produced via cast film extrusion. The obtained PET granulate exhibited a slight, approximately 10%, decrease in molecular weight. However, since small amounts of LDPE could not be separated, compatibilization would still be required here for further use of the material. The obtained LDPE film was characterized by means of infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, determination of the melt index, and molecular weight. The film showed lower crosslinking than usual for LDPE recycling and exhibited good mechanical properties. In this work, it was thus shown that upscaling of the laminate production with the modified adhesive and also its recycling at the pilot plant scale is possible and thus could be an actual option for recycling multilayer packaging.
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13
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Davand R, Rahimpour MR, Hassanajili S, Rashedi R. Theoretical and experimental assessment of
UV
resistance of
high‐density
polyethylene: Screening and optimization of
hindered amine light stabilizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Davand
- Department of Chemical Engineering Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | | | | | - Reza Rashedi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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14
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Jimenez‐Francisco M, Carrillo JG, Garcia‐Cerda LA. Mechanochemical tuning of molecular weight distribution of styrene homopolymers as postpolymerization modification in solvent‐free solid‐state. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Alfonso Garcia‐Cerda
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
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15
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Schyns ZOG, Shaver MP. Mechanical Recycling of Packaging Plastics: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000415. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoé O. G. Schyns
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department of Materials The University of Manchester Manchester M1 7DN UK
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16
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Lizárraga-Laborín L, Quiroz-Castillo J, Encinas-Encinas J, Castillo-Ortega M, Burruel-Ibarra S, Romero-García J, Torres-Ochoa J, Cabrera-Germán D, Rodríguez-Félix D. Accelerated weathering study of extruded polyethylene/poly (lactic acid)/chitosan films. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Oblak P, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Zupančič B, Aulova A, Emri I. Mechanical Properties of Extensively Recycled High Density Polyethylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21762-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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18
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Oblak P, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Zupančič B, Aulova A, Emri I. Processability and mechanical properties of extensively recycled high density polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Lee KH, Lim SJ, Kim WN. Rheological and thermal properties of polyamide 6 and polyamide 6/glass fiber composite with repeated extrusion. Macromol Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-014-2086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Quiroz-Castillo JM, Rodríguez-Félix DE, Grijalva-Monteverde H, Del Castillo-Castro T, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Rodríguez-Félix F, Herrera-Franco PJ. Preparation of extruded polyethylene/chitosan blends compatibilized with polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 101:1094-100. [PMID: 24299879 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel films of polyethylene and chitosan were obtained using extrusion. These polymers have interesting properties, and processing them with methods that are of high use in the industry, such as the extrusion method, can have a significant effect on the potential applications of these materials. The individual materials were thermally characterized; after this, extruded films of low density polyethylene and chitosan mixtures were prepared with the addition of polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer for the blends, and glycerol, as a plasticizer for chitosan. The use of compatibilizer and plasticizer agents improved the processability and compatibility of the mixtures, as well as their mechanical properties, as revealed by mechanical property measurements and scanning electron microscopy. It was possible to prepare blends with a maximum chitosan content of 20 wt%. The material stiffness increased with the increase of chitosan in the sample. FTIR studies revealed the existence of an interaction between the compatibilizer and chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Quiroz-Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, C.P. 83 000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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21
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Wang Y, Pethrick RA, Hudson NE, Schaschke CJ. Rheology of Poly(acrylic acid): A Model Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow,
Scotland
| | - Richard A. Pethrick
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow,
Scotland
| | - Nicholas E. Hudson
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow,
Scotland
| | - Carl J. Schaschke
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, Scotland
- WestCHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow,
Scotland
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22
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Selonke MM, Moreira TF, Schafranski LL, Bassani A, Carvalho BDM, Pinheiro LA, Prestes RA, Almeida DM. Influence of Reprocessing in the formation of functional groups during low density polyethylene aging. POLIMEROS 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282012005000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jin H, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Oblak P, Zupančič B, Emri I. The effect of extensive mechanical recycling on the properties of low density polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen C, Liu M, Lii S, Gao C, Chen J. In vitro degradation and drug-release properties of water-soluble chitosan cross-linked oxidized sodium alginate core-shell microgels. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:2007-24. [PMID: 21967992 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x601720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels based on sodium alginate (SA) have already been widely used in biomedical applications using Ca(2+) as a cross-linker; however, these hydrogels tend to disintegrate in electrolyte solutions. To solve this problem, we present a kind of oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) microgel using water-soluble chitosan (WSC) as a cross-linker. This microgel was successfully prepared via an emulsion cross-linking technique at room temperature. The microgel was cross-linked by the formation of both Schiff base bonds and inter-polyelectrolyte complexes, which can efficiently eliminate the disintegration of the microgel in electrolyte solutions. Morphological properties of the resulting microgels were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), hydrodynamic diameters of the microgels were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The objective of this work was to achieve the colon-specific delivery of an anti-ulcerative colitis drug. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was chosen as a model drug and the in vitro drug-release profile was established in buffer solutions with 0.1 M HCl/NaCl (pH 1.2) and 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at 37°C. The microgel was incubated in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) at 37°C to determine its degradation behavior. Cell cytotoxicity (tested by MTT assay) showed that this microgel had no significant cytotoxicity. These results indicated that this microgel prepared by introducing WSC into OSA may have potential applications in oral controlled drug-delivery systems. Therefore, the OSA/WSC microgel may be a useful carrier for the colon-specific delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs including 5-ASA and the enhanced therapeutic effect of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China
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The regression of isothermal thermogravimetric data to evaluate degradation Ea values of polymers: A comparison with literature methods and an evaluation of lifetime prediction reliability. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Harnnarongchai W, Intawong N, Sombatsompop N. Effects of Roller Speed, Die Temperature, Volumetric Flow Rate, and Multiple Extrusions on Mechanical Strength of Molten and Solidified LDPE under Tensile Deformation. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2010.497465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlop Harnnarongchai
- a Polymer PROcessing and Flow (P-PROF) Group, Division of Materials Technology, School of Energy, Environment and Materials , King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thongkru , Bangmod , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Naret Intawong
- b Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, (RMUTL) , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Narongrit Sombatsompop
- a Polymer PROcessing and Flow (P-PROF) Group, Division of Materials Technology, School of Energy, Environment and Materials , King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Thongkru , Bangmod , Bangkok , Thailand
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