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Deriabin KV, Filippova SS, Islamova RM. Self-Healing Silicone Materials: Looking Back and Moving Forward. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:286. [PMID: 37504174 PMCID: PMC10807480 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to self-healing silicone materials, which can partially or entirely restore their original characteristics after mechanical or electrical damage is caused to them, such as formed (micro)cracks, scratches, and cuts. The concept of self-healing materials originated from biomaterials (living tissues) capable of self-healing and regeneration of their functions (plants, human skin and bones, etc.). Silicones are ones of the most promising polymer matrixes to create self-healing materials. Self-healing silicones allow an increase of the service life and durability of materials and devices based on them. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the current existing types of self-healing silicone materials and their functional properties, which can be used in biomedicine, optoelectronics, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, soft robotics, skin-inspired electronics, protection of surfaces, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Deriabin
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
- South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Sofia S. Filippova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
| | - Regina M. Islamova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.D.); (S.S.F.)
- South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
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Cazacu M, Dascalu M, Stiubianu GT, Bele A, Tugui C, Racles C. From passive to emerging smart silicones. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amassing remarkable properties, silicones are practically indispensable in our everyday life. In most classic applications, they play a passive role in that they cover, seal, insulate, lubricate, water-proof, weather-proof etc. However, silicone science and engineering are highly innovative, seeking to develop new compounds and materials that meet market demands. Thus, the unusual properties of silicones, coupled with chemical group functionalization, has allowed silicones to gradually evolve from passive materials to active ones, meeting the concept of “smart materials”, which are able to respond to external stimuli. In such cases, the intrinsic properties of polysiloxanes are augmented by various chemical modifications aiming to attach reactive or functional groups, and/or by engineering through proper cross-linking pattern or loading with suitable fillers (ceramic, magnetic, highly dielectric or electrically conductive materials, biologically active, etc.), to add new capabilities and develop high value materials. The literature and own data reflecting the state-of-the art in the field of smart silicones, such as thermoplasticity, self-healing ability, surface activity, electromechanical activity and magnetostriction, thermo-, photo-, and piezoresponsivity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cazacu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihaela Dascalu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - George-Theodor Stiubianu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Adrian Bele
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Codrin Tugui
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
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Nabiyev AA, Olejniczak A, Islamov AK, Pawlukojc A, Ivankov OI, Balasoiu M, Zhigunov A, Nuriyev MA, Guliyev FM, Soloviov DV, Azhibekov AK, Doroshkevich AS, Ivanshina OY, Kuklin AI. Composite Films of HDPE with SiO 2 and ZrO 2 Nanoparticles: The Structure and Interfacial Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102673. [PMID: 34685114 PMCID: PMC8539266 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the influence of two types of nanoparticle fillers, i.e., amorphous SiO2 and crystalline ZrO2, on the structural properties of their nanocomposites with high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The composite films were prepared by melt-blending with a filler content that varied from 1% to 20% v/v. The composites were characterized by small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For both fillers, the nanoaggregates were evenly distributed in the polymer matrix and their initial state in the powders determined their surface roughness and fractal character. In the case of the nano-ZrO2 filler, the lamellar thickness and crystallinity degree remain unchanged over a broad range of filler concentrations. SANS and SEM investigation showed poor interfacial adhesion and the presence of voids in the interfacial region. Temperature-programmed SANS investigations showed that at elevated temperatures, these voids become filled due to the flipping motions of polymer chains. The effect was accompanied by a partial aggregation of the filler. For nano-SiO2 filler, the lamellar thickness and the degree of crystallinity increased with increasing the filler loading. SAXS measurements show that the ordering of the lamellae is disrupted even at a filler content of only a few percent. SEM images confirmed good interfacial adhesion and integrity of the SiO2/HDPE composite. This markedly different impact of both fillers on the composite structure is discussed in terms of nanoparticle surface properties and their affinity to the HDPE matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif A. Nabiyev
- ANAS Institute of Radiation Problems, Baku AZ1143, Azerbaijan;
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(496)-21-66-275
| | - Andrzej Olejniczak
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Akhmed Kh. Islamov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlukojc
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oleksandr I. Ivankov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants NAS of Ukraine, 07270 Kiev, Ukraine
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria Balasoiu
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, P.O. Box MG-6, RO-077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - Alexander Zhigunov
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-162 06 Praha, Czech Republic;
| | - Musa A. Nuriyev
- ANAS Institute of Radiation Problems, Baku AZ1143, Azerbaijan;
| | - Fovzi M. Guliyev
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku AZ1073, Azerbaijan;
| | - Dmytro V. Soloviov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants NAS of Ukraine, 07270 Kiev, Ukraine
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Aidos K. Azhibekov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Institute of Natural Science, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kyzylorda 120001, Kazakhstan
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Ministry of Energy, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander S. Doroshkevich
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering Named after O.O. Galkin NAS of Ukraine, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olga Yu. Ivanshina
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Alexander I. Kuklin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (A.O.); (A.K.I.); (A.P.); (O.I.I.); (M.B.); (D.V.S.); (A.K.A.); (A.S.D.); (O.Y.I.); (A.I.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Low-Temperature-Meltable Elastomers Based on Linear Polydimethylsiloxane Chains Alpha, Omega-Terminated with Mesogenic Groups as Physical Crosslinker: A Passive Smart Material with Potential as Viscoelastic Coupling. Part II-Viscoelastic and Rheological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122840. [PMID: 33260294 PMCID: PMC7760245 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheological and viscoelastic properties of physically crosslinked low-temperature elastomers were studied. The supramolecularly assembling copolymers consist of linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic chains terminated on both ends with mesogenic building blocks (LC) of azobenzene type. They are generally and also structurally highly different from the well-studied LC polymer networks or LC elastomers: The LC units make up only a small volume fraction in our materials and act as fairly efficient physical crosslinkers with thermotropic properties. The aggregation (nano-phase separation) of the relatively rare, small and spatially separated terminal LC units generates temperature-switched viscoelasticity in the molten copolymers. Their rheological behavior was found to be controlled by an interplay of nano-phase separation of the LC units (growth and splitting of their aggregates) and of the thermotropic transitions in these aggregates (which change their stiffness). As a consequence, multiple gel points (up to three) are observed in temperature scans of the copolymers. The physical crosslinks also can be reversibly disconnected by large mechanical strain in the 'warm' rubbery state, as well as in melt (thixotropy). The kinetics of crosslink formation was found to be fast if induced by temperature and extremely fast in case of internal self-healing after strain damage. Thixotropic loop tests hence display only very small hysteresis in the LC-melt-state, although the melts show very distinct shear thinning. Our study evaluates structure-property relationships in three homologous systems with elastic PDMS segments of different length (8.6, 16.3 and 64.4 repeat units). The studied copolymers might be of interest as passive smart materials, especially as temperature-controlled elastic/viscoelastic mechanical coupling.
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Low-Temperature Meltable Elastomers Based on Linear Polydimethylsiloxane Chains Alpha, Omega-Terminated with Mesogenic Groups as Physical Crosslinkers: A Passive Smart Material with Potential as Viscoelastic Coupling. Part I: Synthesis and Phase Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112476. [PMID: 33113875 PMCID: PMC7693640 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically crosslinked low-temperature elastomers were prepared based on linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic chains terminated on both ends with mesogenic building blocks (LC) of azobenzene type. They are generally (and also structurally) highly different from the well-studied LC polymer networks (light-sensitive actuators). The LC units also make up only a small volume fraction in our materials and they do not generate elastic energy upon irradiation, but they act as physical crosslinkers with thermotropic properties. Our elastomers lack permanent chemical crosslinks—their structure is fully linear. The aggregation of the relatively rare, small, and spatially separated terminal LC units nevertheless proved to be a considerably strong crosslinking mechanism. The most attractive product displays a rubber plateau extending over 100 °C, melts near 8 °C, and is soluble in organic solvents. The self-assembly (via LC aggregation) of the copolymer molecules leads to a distinctly lamellar structure indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This structure persists also in melt (polarized light microscopy, XRD), where 1–2 thermotropic transitions occur. The interesting effects of the properties of this lamellar structure on viscoelastic and rheological properties in the rubbery and in the melt state are discussed in a follow-up paper (“Part II”). The copolymers might be of interest as passive smart materials, especially as temperature-controlled elastic/viscoelastic mechanical coupling. Our study focuses on the comparison of physical properties and structure–property relationships in three systems with elastic PDMS segments of different length (8.6, 16.3, and 64.4 repeat units).
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