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Darvishi N, Farhadi M, Azmi-Naei B, Poorolajal J. The role of problem-solving skills in the prevention of suicidal behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293620. [PMID: 37906576 PMCID: PMC10617726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between problem-solving skills and suicidal behaviors and elucidate the potential role of problem-solving skills in influencing the occurrence of suicidal behaviors. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until August 16, 2023. Studies addressing the associations between problem-solving skills and suicidal behaviors were included. The I2 statistics were used to examine between-study heterogeneity. The Begg and Egger tests were used to determine the possibility of publication bias. Using a random-effects model, the overall effect size was presented as an odds ratio (OR) or standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of 8040 identified studies, 29 (including 974,542 participants) were eligible. Based on observational studies, problem-solving skills were found to be inversely related to suicidal ideation (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.82); suicide attempts (OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.89), and suicide death (OR = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.03). The overall score of problem-solving skills was higher in those who did not attempt suicide than those who did (SMD = 0.84; 95% CI: 54, 1.13). Based on randomized clinical trials, problem-solving therapy was found to reduce the risk of suicide (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.87). Furthermore, the overall risk of suicide was lower among those who received problem-solving therapy than those who did not (SMD = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.25). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed an inverse association between problem-solving skills and suicidal behaviors. However, further research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between problem-solving skills and suicidal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Darvishi
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
- Consultation Center, Department of Education, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehran Farhadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University Hamadan, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bita Azmi-Naei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Colmenero-Navarrete L, García-Sancho E, Salguero JM. Relationship Between Emotion Regulation and Suicide Ideation and Attempt in Adults and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:1702-1735. [PMID: 34821201 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.1999872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is one of the main causes of death in adults and adolescents, so research focused on identifying risk factors for suicidal behavior is needed. In recent years, emotion regulation, mainly the presence of difficulties regulating one's own negative emotions, has been associated with negative mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to systematically review the available evidence on the association between emotion regulation and suicide (ideation and attempt) in both adults and adolescents. METHOD A systematic search of scientific articles published in English and Spanish was carried out through the databases PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS We identified 76 eligible studies, of which 70 reported that people with difficulties in emotion regulation reported higher levels of suicide ideation and more suicide attempts. The results were consistent in adolescents and adults, in clinical and general population samples, and when studies assessed both emotion regulation processes and strategies. However, few studies were longitudinal and most of them were with women. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the theoretical implications of the results, suggesting that actual psychological models might benefit from considering individual differences in ER in understanding why people engage in suicide behavior. Clinical implications are also discussed.HIGHLIGHTSDifficulties regulating one's emotions is associated with suicide behavior (SI and SA).Consistent results at all the ages and in the clinical and general population.Individual differences in ER could help researchers to understand suicide.
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Sun L, Li K, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning was Associated With Lifetime Suicidal Ideation: Evidence From A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Hebei Province, China. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604462. [PMID: 35783447 PMCID: PMC9240916 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We want to test the association between carbon monoxide poisoning (CMP) experiencing and lifetime suicidal ideation/suicide plan among community residents.Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study conducted among community residents in Hebei province, China. We analyzed a total of 21,376 valid questionnaires. CMP experience and lifetime suicidal ideation/suicide plan were assessed in this study. Logistic regression and false discovery rate correction were conducted to analyze the associations and correct the p values.Results: We found that CMP (OR = 2.56, p < 0.001, corrected-p = 0.001) was associated with lifetime suicidal ideation, and the other risk factors were female (OR = 0.53, p < 0.001, corrected-p = 0.001). The association between CMP and suicide plan was not supported after false discovery rate correction (OR = 2.15, p = 0.035, corrected-p = 0.385). For the CMP patients, experiencing ≥2 times CMP (OR = 2.76, p = 0.001, corrected-p = 0.011) was also in higher risk of lifetime suicidal ideation. The association between CMP times and lifetime suicidal plan was not supported after false discovery rate correction (OR = 4.95, p = 0.021, corrected-p = 0.231).Conclusion: CMP patients are in higher risk of lifetime suicidal ideation. For CMP patients, some strategies are needed to control their suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Health Commission of China Key Lab for Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Keqing Li
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Yunshu Zhang,
| | - Lili Zhang
- The Sixth People Hospital of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
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Wyrwa JM, Shirel TM, Hostetter TA, Schneider AL, Hoffmire CA, Stearns-Yoder KA, Forster JE, Odom NE, Brenner LA. Suicide After Stroke in the United States Veteran Health Administration Population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 102:1729-1734. [PMID: 33811852 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk for suicide among veterans with a history of stroke, seeking care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we analyzed existing clinical data. DESIGN This retrospective cohort study was approved and performed in accordance with the local Institutional Review Board. Veterans were identified via the VHA's Corporate Data Warehouse. Initial eligibility criteria included confirmed veteran status and at least 90 days of VHA utilization between fiscal years 2001-2015. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between history of stroke and suicide. Among those veterans who died by suicide, the association between history of stroke and method of suicide was also investigated. SETTING VHA. PARTICIPANTS Veterans with at least 90 days of VHA utilization between fiscal years 2001-2015 (N=1,647,671). Data from these 1,647,671 veterans were analyzed (1,405,762 without stroke and 241,909 with stroke). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Suicide and method of suicide. RESULTS The fully adjusted model, which controlled for age, sex, mental health diagnoses, mild traumatic brain injury, and modified Charlson/Deyo Index (stroke-related diagnoses excluded), demonstrated a hazard ratio of 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.25; P=.02). The majority of suicides in both cohorts was by firearm, and a significantly larger proportion of suicides occurred by firearm in the group with stroke than the cohort without (81.2% vs 76.6%). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that veterans with a history of stroke are at increased risk for suicide, specifically by firearm, compared with veterans without a history of stroke. Increased efforts are needed to address the mental health needs and lethal means safety of veterans with a history of stroke, with the goal of improving function and decreasing negative psychiatric outcomes, such as suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Wyrwa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
| | - Tyler M Shirel
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Trisha A Hostetter
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
| | - Alexandra L Schneider
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
| | - Claire A Hoffmire
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
| | - Kelly A Stearns-Yoder
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
| | - Jeri E Forster
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
| | - Nathan E Odom
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Aurora, CO
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Shelef L, Rabbany JM, Gutierrez PM, Kedem R, Ben Yehuda A, Mann JJ, Yacobi A. The Role of Past Suicidal Behavior on Current Suicidality: A Retrospective Study in the Israeli Military. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E649. [PMID: 33466594 PMCID: PMC7828732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Past suicide attempts are a significant risk factor for future suicidality. Therefore, the present military-based study examined the past suicidal behavior of soldiers who recently made a severe suicide attempt. Our sample consisted of 65 active-duty soldiers (61.5% males), between the ages of 18 and 28 years old (M = 20.4, SD ± 1.3). The inclusion criterion was a recent severe suicide attempt, requiring at least a 24 h hospitalization. This sample was divided into two groups, according to previous suicidal behavior, namely whether their first suicide attempt was before or after enlistment (n = 25; 38.5% and n = 40; 61.5%, respectively). We then examined the lethality and intent of the recent event in regard to this division. Four measures were used to assess the subjects' suicidal characteristics: the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. No significant difference in the severity of the suicide attempts (either actual or potential severity) were found between those who had suicide attempts before enlistment and those who had their first attempt in the service. As a matter of fact, most of the suicide attempts that occurred for the first time during military service had used a violent method (58.3%, n = 21). Finally, using multivariate analyses, we found that current thoughts and behavior, rather than past suicidality, was the strongest predictor for the lethality of suicide attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Shelef
- Department of Health and Well-Being, IDF’s Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel;
| | | | - Peter M Gutierrez
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ron Kedem
- Statistican, Medical Corps-Israel Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel;
| | - Ariel Ben Yehuda
- Department of Health and Well-Being, IDF’s Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel;
| | - J. John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Assaf Yacobi
- Beer Ya’akov-Ness Ziona Mental Health Medical Center, Beer Yaakov 70350, Israel;
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Decker SE, Hoff R, Martino S, Mazure CM, Park CL, Porter E, Kraus SW. Is Emotion Dysregulation Associated With Suicidal Ideation in Post 9/11 Veterans? Arch Suicide Res 2021; 25:126-140. [PMID: 31556798 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1661895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation, a risk factor for suicide ideation and attempts, has not been studied in U.S. veterans of Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Data were collected through standardized telephone interviews and computer-based surveys from 278 OEF/OIF/OND veterans (70.6% male, 29.4% female). Bivariate analyses indicated that emotion dysregulation was associated with suicidal ideation during the past-three-months (r = 0.30, p < 0.05) and lifetime suicide attempts (r = 0.21, p < 0.05). When PTSD and depression symptoms were added to a sequential logistic regression model, emotion dysregulation was no longer significantly associated with ideation or attempt. Emotion dysregulation was associated with suicidal ideation and attempt; however, current distress had greater associations. Dysregulation is one of several factors in veteran suicide risk.
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Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:3620-3637. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Depression and impulsiveness among soldiers who died by suicide: A psychological autopsy study. J Affect Disord 2018; 235:341-347. [PMID: 29665517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the accumulated knowledge about suicide, suicidal acts remain difficult to predict, and many suicides are acted out impulsively. METHODS We performed a psychological autopsy study based on inquiries about the deaths of all male soldiers aged 18-21 years who served in the Israeli army and died by suicide between 2009 and 2013 (n = 69). The study population was first divided into two groups: those who had depressive disorder (n = 31); and those who did not (n = 38). Socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects and the characteristics of the suicidal act were compared. Afterwards, the study population was re-divided by the presence or absence of impulsive personality traits (n = 22, and n = 47, respectively), and investigated for distinct suicidal behavior features. RESULTS No significant socio-demographic differences were found between the depressed and non-depressed suicide victims. The depressed group had showed more signs of planning the act (47% vs. 23%), and had expressed suicidal ideation in the days preceding the suicide (51.6% vs. 21%). One third of the subjects were found to have an impulsive personality trait, with significantly more histories of disciplinary issues, violence and cluster B personality disorders. Alcohol use during the act was significantly more prevalent among impulsive than non-impulsive subjects (45.4% vs. 14.9%). CONCLUSION Identification of distinct clinical groups of suicide victims among young males might help clinicians evaluate high risk cases, and may provide valuable opportunities to alleviate and prevent these events in the future.
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Chiurliza B, Gutierrez PM, Joiner T, Hanson J, Ben-Yehuda A, Tatsa-Lauer L, Chu C, Schneider ME, Stanley IH, Rogers ML, Shelef L. Evaluation of Suicide Risk Assessment Measures in an Israel Defense Forces Military Sample. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2018.1470585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Chiurliza
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Peter M. Gutierrez
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Jetta Hanson
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | - Carol Chu
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | - Ian H. Stanley
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Megan L. Rogers
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Deisenhammer EA, Schmid SK, Kemmler G, Moser B, Delazer M. Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in depressed suicide attempters, depressed non-attempters and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2018; 226:261-266. [PMID: 29020650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of neuropsychological alterations have been found in patients who have attempted suicide. Most studies investigating decision making (DM) abilities in suicide attempters so far have used one single DM task and included patients with a lifetime history of suicide attempts. These studies have yielded conflicting results. METHOD In this study, currently depressed in-patients who had a recent suicide attempt (within the last six months) (n = 21), depressed in-patients without a lifetime history of suicide attempts (n = 31) and a healthy control group (n = 26) were assessed with two tasks for the assessment of DM. The Game of Dice Task (GDT) measures DM under risk and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) DM under ambiguity. Further, depression severity, impulsiveness and suicidal intent of the current suicide attempt were assessed. RESULTS Both depressed groups differed from controls with respect to marital and partnership status, smoking, impulsiveness and psychiatric family history. In terms of DM, IGT scores did not differ significantly between groups. However, suicide attempters made significantly more risky decisions as assessed with the GDT than both control groups (p < 0.05 for pairwise comparisons, p = 0.065 for overall comparison of the 3 groups). LIMITATIONS The available tasks assess DM under laboratory conditions which may not reflect the emotional status of suicidal individuals. No general cognitive assessment was included. CONCLUSIONS Depressed suicide attempters differed with regard to DM under risk but not DM under ambiguity. When studying DM it appears crucial to take varying aspects of DM into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffen K Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of Psychiatry 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernadette Moser
- Department of Psychiatry 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Chu C, Buchman-Schmitt JM, Stanley IH, Hom MA, Tucker RP, Hagan CR, Rogers ML, Podlogar MC, Chiurliza B, Ringer-Moberg FB, Michaels MS, Patros C, Joiner TE. The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:1313-1345. [PMID: 29072480 PMCID: PMC5730496 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide was significantly related to a greater number of prior suicide attempts. However, effect sizes for these interactions were modest. Alternative configurations of theory variables were similarly useful for predicting suicide risk as theory-consistent pathways. We conclude with limitations and recommendations for the interpersonal theory as a framework for understanding the suicidal spectrum. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chu
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian H. Stanley
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Melanie A. Hom
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Raymond P. Tucker
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Megan L. Rogers
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | - Bruno Chiurliza
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | | | - Connor Patros
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thomas E. Joiner
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL
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