Training needs of extension agents' regarding organic agriculture in Saudi Arabia

Supply Chain of Agriculture Extension Agent Quality

In this regard, this study aims to analyze the relationship between agriculture extension agent quality with farmers' soft skill competence, teamwork, and its impact on increasing productivity of farmers from the perspective of extension agents. This research was conducted using quantitative methods, with structural equation modeling (SEM)-Amos as a study tool. The study was conducted on 2,350 extension agents (civil servants) in South and West Sulawesi. Until the specified time limit, only 123 extension agents filled out the questionnaire from the total extension agents at the study site. This study found that the quality of agricultural extension agents can improve farmers' productivity through soft skills competence and teamwork. The result contributes to the empirical study limitations of the relationship between agriculture extension agent quality and productivity of farmers, especially the indirect effect through soft skill competence and teamwork, even though this study is in terms of the extension agent itself.

Perception of organic farmers towards organic agriculture and role of extension

The sustainability of organic agriculture is associated with the farmers’ experience, quality of information provided, management of risks, and compliance with legislation. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources used by the organic farmers to gain information related to organic production, and to assess organic farmers’ perceived attitudes towards extension services. To address the research objectives, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 organic farmers in central Pennsylvania. The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim, categorized and coded, then thematically analyzed using an interpretive description methodology. The results showed that the extension services were not identified as a primary source of information that was frequently used by the organic farmers. Other organic farmers and organizationa for organic agriculture were the two primary sources of informaiton. The organic farmers were very adept at building social capital in seeking informaiton to address their issues and problems. The primary challenges faced by the organic farmers were the control of insects and weeds, and weather-related issues. The results highlighted that in addition to identifying viable information sources, factors such as adaptive capacities to climate change and certification were key to successful production in organic systems. The present study provides rich and deep information on how farmers perceive organic agriculture and extension services. The outcome of the research undertaken will enable planners, policy makers and the related Cooperative Extension personnel to better understand perceptions of the farmers to devise viable and workable policies and plans that address the concerns and challenges of the farmers.