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Kalloniatis M, Loh CS, Acosta ML, Tomisich G, Zhu Y, Nivison‐smith L, Fletcher EL, Chua J, Sun D, Arunthavasothy N. Retinal amino acid neurochemistry in health and disease. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 96:310-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Chee Seang Loh
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Monica L Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Guido Tomisich
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Yuan Zhu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Lisa Nivison‐smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Daniel Sun
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | - Niru Arunthavasothy
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand,
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Structural imaging of the retina in psychosis spectrum disorders: current status and perspectives. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2020; 33:476-483. [PMID: 32639357 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Structural changes of the retina in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders seem plausible as these conditions are accompanied by widespread morphological abnormalities of the brain. Advances in structural retinal imaging have led to the possibility of precise quantification of individual retinal layers, using optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanners. RECENT FINDINGS The aggregation of information related to OCT findings in schizophrenia has resulted in three metaanalyses, which are currently described. Areas where retinal changes were reported include retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer complex (GCC), macular volume, and macular thickness, but findings on affected retinal segments vary to some extent across studies. Discrepancies in individual studies could be because of small samples, heterogeneity within schizophrenia (phase of the illness, illness duration, predominant symptomatology), inconsistent reporting of antipsychotic therapy, insufficient control of confounding variables (somatic comorbidities, smoking, and so on), and use of the different types of OCT scanners. SUMMARY Exploration of potential disturbances in retinal architecture could provide new insights into neuronal changes associated with psychosis spectrum disorders, with potential to elucidate the nature and timing of developmental, progressive, inflammatory, and degenerative aspects of neuropathology and pathophysiology, and to assist with characterizing heterogeneity and facilitating personalized treatment approaches.
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Chang LYL, Ardiles AO, Tapia-Rojas C, Araya J, Inestrosa NC, Palacios AG, Acosta ML. Evidence of Synaptic and Neurochemical Remodeling in the Retina of Aging Degus. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:161. [PMID: 32256305 PMCID: PMC7095275 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides is regarded as the hallmark of neurodegenerative alterations in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In the eye, accumulation of Aβ peptides has also been suggested to be a trigger of retinal neurodegenerative mechanisms. Some pathological aspects associated with Aβ levels in the brain are synaptic dysfunction, neurochemical remodeling and glial activation, but these changes have not been established in the retina of animals with Aβ accumulation. We have employed the Octodon degus in which Aβ peptides accumulated in the brain and retina as a function of age. This current study investigated microglial morphology, expression of PSD95, synaptophysin, Iba-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the retina of juvenile, young and adult degus using immunolabeling methods. Neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were detected using immunogold labeling and glutamate receptor subunits were quantified using Western blotting. There was an age-related increase in presynaptic and a decrease in post-synaptic retinal proteins in the retinal plexiform layers. Immunolabeling showed changes in microglial morphology characteristic of intermediate stages of activation around the optic nerve head (ONH) and decreasing activation toward the peripheral retina. Neurotransmitter expression pattern changed at juvenile ages but was similar in adults. Collectively, the results suggest that microglial activation, synaptic remodeling and neurotransmitter changes may be consequent to, or parallel to Aβ peptide and phosphorylated tau accumulation in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Y-L Chang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquin Araya
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Aging and Regeneration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand - Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
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Vinpocetine protects inner retinal neurons with functional NMDA glutamate receptors against retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2018; 167:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jerath R, Cearley SM, Barnes VA, Nixon-Shapiro E. How lateral inhibition and fast retinogeniculo-cortical oscillations create vision: A new hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2016; 96:20-29. [PMID: 27959269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the physiological processes involved in human vision escapes clarification in current literature. Many unanswered questions about vision include: 1) whether there is more to lateral inhibition than previously proposed, 2) the role of the discs in rods and cones, 3) how inverted images on the retina are converted to erect images for visual perception, 4) what portion of the image formed on the retina is actually processed in the brain, 5) the reason we have an after-image with antagonistic colors, and 6) how we remember space. This theoretical article attempts to clarify some of the physiological processes involved with human vision. The global integration of visual information is conceptual; therefore, we include illustrations to present our theory. Universally, the eyeball is 2.4cm and works together with membrane potential, correspondingly representing the retinal layers, photoreceptors, and cortex. Images formed within the photoreceptors must first be converted into chemical signals on the photoreceptors' individual discs and the signals at each disc are transduced from light photons into electrical signals. We contend that the discs code the electrical signals into accurate distances and are shown in our figures. The pre-existing oscillations among the various cortices including the striate and parietal cortex, and the retina work in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space that functionally "places" the objects within this "neural" space. The horizontal layers integrate all discs accurately to create a retina that is pre-coded for distance. Our theory suggests image inversion never takes place on the retina, but rather images fall onto the retina as compressed and coiled, then amplified through lateral inhibition through intensification and amplification on the OFF-center cones. The intensified and amplified images are decompressed and expanded in the brain, which become the images we perceive as external vision. SUMMARY This is a theoretical article presenting a novel hypothesis about the physiological processes in vision, and expounds upon the visual aspect of two of our previously published articles, "A unified 3D default space consciousness model combining neurological and physiological processes that underlie conscious experience", and "Functional representation of vision within the mind: A visual consciousness model based in 3D default space." Currently, neuroscience teaches that visual images are initially inverted on the retina, processed in the brain, and then conscious perception of vision happens in the visual cortex. Here, we propose that inversion of visual images never takes place because images enter the retina as coiled and compressed graded potentials that are intensified and amplified in OFF-center photoreceptors. Once they reach the brain, they are decompressed and expanded to the original size of the image, which is perceived by the brain as the external image. We adduce that pre-existing oscillations (alpha, beta, and gamma) among the various cortices in the brain (including the striate and parietal cortex) and the retina, work together in unison to create an infrastructure of visual space thatfunctionally "places" the objects within a "neural" space. These fast oscillations "bring" the faculties of the cortical activity to the retina, creating the infrastructure of the space within the eye where visual information can be immediately recognized by the brain. By this we mean that the visual (striate) cortex synchronizes the information with the photoreceptors in the retina, and the brain instantaneously receives the already processed visual image, thereby relinquishing the eye from being required to send the information to the brain to be interpreted before it can rise to consciousness. The visual system is a heavily studied area of neuroscience yet very little is known about how vision occurs. We believe that our novel hypothesis provides new insights into how vision becomes part of consciousness, helps to reconcile various previously proposed models, and further elucidates current questions in vision based on our unified 3D default space model. Illustrations are provided to aid in explaining our theory.
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Nivison-Smith L, Khoo P, Acosta ML, Kalloniatis M. Pre-treatment with vinpocetine protects against retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2016; 154:126-138. [PMID: 27899287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vinpocetine has been shown to have beneficial effects for tissues of the central nervous system subjected to ischemia and other related metabolic insults. We recently showed vinpocetine promotes glucose availability, prevents unregulated cation channel permeability and regulates glial reactivity when present during retinal ischemia. Less is known however about the ability of vinpocetine to protect against future ischemic insults. This study explores the effect of vinpocetine when used as a pre-treatment in an ex vivo model for retinal ischemia using cation channel permeability of agmatine (AGB) combined with immunohistochemistry as a measure for cell functionality. We found that vinpocetine pre-treatment reduced cation channel permeability and apoptotic marker immunoreactivity in the GCL and increased parvalbumin immunoreactivity of inner retinal neurons in the inner nuclear layer following ischemic insult. Vinpocetine pre-treatment also reduced Müller cell reactivity following ischemic insults of up to 120 min compared to untreated controls. Many of vinpocetine's effects however were transient in nature suggesting the drug can protect retinal neurons against future ischemic damage but may have limited long-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Pauline Khoo
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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de Freitas AP, Ferreira DDP, Fernandes A, Martins RS, Borges-Martins VPP, Sathler MF, dos-Santos-Pereira M, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Giestal-de-Araujo E, de Melo Reis RA, Kubrusly RCC. Caffeine alters glutamate–aspartate transporter function and expression in rat retina. Neuroscience 2016; 337:285-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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de Souza CF, Nivison-Smith L, Christie DL, Polkinghorne P, McGhee C, Kalloniatis M, Acosta ML. Macromolecular markers in normal human retina and applications to human retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:135-48. [PMID: 26769220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cell markers are essential for the classification and characterization of the highly complex and cellularly diverse vertebrate retina. Although a plethora of markers are described in the current literature, the immunoreactivity of these markers in normal human tissue has not been fully determined. This is problematic as they are quintessential to the characterization of morphological changes associated with human retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular markers currently available to assess human retinal cell types. We draw on immunohistochemical studies conducted in our laboratories to describe marker immunoreactivity in human retina alongside comparative descriptions in non-human tissues. Considering the growing number of eye banks services offering healthy and diseased human retinal tissue, this review provides a point of reference for future human retina studies and highlights key species specific disease applications of some macromolecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairton F de Souza
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Polkinghorne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Charles McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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Silverstein SM. Visual Perception Disturbances in Schizophrenia: A Unified Model. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2016; 63:77-132. [PMID: 27627825 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30596-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Lee SCS, Weltzien F, Madigan MC, Martin PR, Grünert U. Identification of AⅡ amacrine, displaced amacrine, and bistratified ganglion cell types in human retina with antibodies against calretinin. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:39-53. [PMID: 26053777 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against calretinin are markers for one type of rod pathway interneuron (AⅡ amacrine cell) in the retina of some but not all mammalian species. The AⅡ cells play a crucial role in night-time (scotopic) vision and have been proposed as a target for optogenetic restoration of vision in retinal disease. In the present study we aimed to characterize the AⅡ cells in human retina. Postmortem human donor eyes were obtained with ethical approval and processed for calretinin immunofluorescence. Calretinin-positive somas in the inner nuclear and the ganglion cell layer were filled with the lipophilic dye DiI. The large majority (over 80%) of calretinin-immunoreactive cells is located in the inner nuclear layer, is immunopositive for glycine transporter 1, and shows the typical morphology of AⅡ amacrine cells. In addition, a small proportion of calretinin-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer is glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive and shows the morphology of widefield amacrine cells (stellate, semilunar, and thorny amacrine cells). About half of the calretinin cells in the ganglion cell layer are bistratified ganglion cells resembling the small bistratified (presumed blue-ON/yellow-OFF) and the G17 ganglion cell previously described in primates. We conclude that in human retina, antibodies against calretinin can be used to identify AⅡ amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer as well as widefield amacrine and small bistratified ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy C S Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felix Weltzien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Although visual processing impairments are common in schizophrenia, it is not clear to what extent these originate in the eye vs. the brain. This review highlights potential contributions, from the retina and other structures of the eye, to visual processing impairments in schizophrenia and high-risk states. A second goal is to evaluate the status of retinal abnormalities as biomarkers for schizophrenia. The review was motivated by known retinal changes in other disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis), and their relationships to perceptual and cognitive impairments, and disease progression therein. The evidence reviewed suggests two major conclusions. One is that there are multiple structural and functional disturbances of the eye in schizophrenia, all of which could be factors in the visual disturbances of patients. These include retinal venule widening, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, dopaminergic abnormalities, abnormal ouput of retinal cells as measured by electroretinography (ERG), maculopathies and retinopathies, cataracts, poor acuity, and strabismus. Some of these are likely to be illness-related, whereas others may be due to medication or comorbid conditions. The second conclusion is that certain retinal findings can serve as biomarkers of neural pathology, and disease progression, in schizophrenia. The strongest evidence for this to date involves findings of widened retinal venules, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and abnormal ERG amplitudes. These data suggest that a greater understanding of the contribution of retinal and other ocular pathology to the visual and cognitive disturbances of schizophrenia is warranted, and that retinal changes have untapped clinical utility.
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Gonzalez J, Jurado-Coronel JC, Ávila MF, Sabogal A, Capani F, Barreto GE. NMDARs in neurological diseases: a potential therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:315-27. [PMID: 25051426 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.940941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptor (NMDARs) is a ligand-gated ion channel that plays a critical role in excitatory neurotransmission, brain development, synaptic plasticity associated with memory formation, central sensitization during persistent pain, excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). Within iGluRs, NMDA receptors have been the most actively investigated for their role in neurological diseases, especially neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It has been demonstrated that excessive activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) plays a key role in mediating some aspects of synaptic dysfunction in several CNS disorders, so extensive research has been directed on the discovery of compounds that are able to reduce NMDARs activity. This review discusses the role of NMDARs on neurological pathologies and the possible therapeutic use of agents that target this receptor. Additionally, we delve into the role of NMDARs in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and the receptor antagonists that have been tested on in vivo models of these pathologies. Finally, we put into consideration the importance of antioxidants to counteract oxidative capacity of the signaling cascade in which NMDARs are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneth Gonzalez
- 1Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Vinpocetine regulates cation channel permeability of inner retinal neurons in the ischaemic retina. Neurochem Int 2014; 66:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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de Souza CF, Kalloniatis M, Polkinghorne PJ, McGhee CN, Acosta ML. Functional and anatomical remodeling in human retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res 2012; 97:73-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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