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Popovic N, Ždralević M, Vujosevic S, Radunović M, Adžić Zečević A, Rovčanin Dragović I, Vukčević B, Popovic T, Radulović L, Vuković T, Eraković J, Lazović R, Radunović M. Retinal microvascular complexity as a putative biomarker of biological age: a pilot study. Biogerontology 2023; 24:971-985. [PMID: 37572202 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes associated with aging increase the risk for the development of age-related diseases. This increase is non-specific to the type of age-related disease, although each disease develops through a unique pathophysiologic mechanism. People who age at a faster rate develop age-related diseases earlier in their life. They have an older "biological age" compared to their "chronological age". Early detection of individuals with accelerated aging would allow timely intervention to postpone the onset of age-related diseases. This would increase their life expectancy and their length of good quality life. The goal of this study was to investigate whether retinal microvascular complexity could be used as a biomarker of biological age. Retinal images of 68 participants ages ranging from 19 to 82 years were collected in an observational cross-sectional study. Twenty of the old participants had age-related diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and/or Alzheimer's dementia. The rest of the participants were healthy. Retinal images were captured by a hand-held, non-mydriatic fundus camera and quantification of the microvascular complexity was performed by using Sholl's, box-counting fractal, and lacunarity analysis. In the healthy subjects, increasing chronological age was associated with lower retinal microvascular complexity measured by Sholl's analysis. Decreased box-counting fractal dimension was present in old patients, and this decrease was 2.1 times faster in participants who had age-related diseases (p = 0.047). Retinal microvascular complexity could be a promising new biomarker of biological age. The data from this study is the first of this kind collected in Montenegro. It is freely available for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Maša Ždralević
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antoaneta Adžić Zečević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | | | - Tomo Popovic
- Faculty for Information Systems and Technologies, University of Donja Gorica, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ljiljana Radulović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | | | - Ranko Lazović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Miodrag Radunović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
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Wu TY, Hsieh YT, Wang YH, Chiou JM, Chen TF, Lai LC, Chen JH, Chen YC. The association between retinal vascular fractal dimension and cognitive function in the community-dwelling older adults cohort TIGER. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:1050-1060. [PMID: 37085387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The small retinal vessels reflect cerebral microcirculation and its fractal dimension (Df), representing the complexity of the retinal microcirculation. However, the connection between retinal circulation and cognitive function lacked consistent and longitudinal evidence. This study aimed to explore the association between retinal vascular complexity and cognitive impairment over time in non-demented community-dwelling older adults. METHODS This four-year prospective cohort study (2015-2019) is part of the ongoing Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research (TIGER, 2011 to present). Of the 434 older adults (age >65) recruited, 207 participants were included for analysis. The retinal vascular Df was assessed by baseline images from fundus photography (2015-2017). Global (Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Taiwanese version, MoCA-T) and domain-specific cognition were assessed at the baseline and 2-year follow-up (2017-2019). The multivariable linear regression models and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association of Df with cognitive decline/impairment over time. RESULTS Decreased left retinal vascular complexity was associated with poor attention performance (β = -0.40). As follow-up time increased, decreased vascular complexity was associated with poor memory performance (right: β = -0.25; left: β = -0.19), and decreased right vascular complexity was associated with poor attention performance (β = -0.18). CONCLUSION Low retinal vascular complexity of the right or left eye may be differentially associated with cognitive domains in community-dwelling older adults over two years. The retinal vascular Df of either eye may be served as a screening tool for detecting cognitive impairment in the preclinical phase of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Wang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Min Chiou
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hau Chen
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu G, Jiang A, Cao L, Ling S, Wang X, Bu S, Lu F. Optic disc and retinal vascular features in first 6 years of Chinese children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1101768. [PMID: 37033190 PMCID: PMC10077150 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal microvasculature plays an important role in children's fundus lesions and even in their later life. However, little was known on the features of normal retina in early life. The purpose of this study was to explore the normal retinal features in the first 6 years of life and provide information for future research. Methods Children, aged from birth to 6 years old and diagnosed with various unilateral ocular diseases were included. Venous phase fundus fluorescein angiography images with the optic disc at the center were collected. Based on the ResUNet convolutional neural network, optic disc and retinal vascular features in the posterior retina were computed automatically. Results A total of 146 normal eyes of 146 children were included. Among different age groups, no changes were shown in the optic disc diameter (y = -0.00002x + 1.362, R2 = 0.025, p = 0.058). Retinal vessel density and fractal dimension are linearly and strongly correlated (r = 0.979, p < 0.001). Older children had smaller value of fractal dimension (y = -0.000026x + 1.549, R2 = 0.075, p = 0.001) and narrower vascular caliber if they were less than 3 years old (y = -0.008x + 84.861, R2 = 0.205, p < 0.001). No differences were in the density (y = -0.000007x + 0.134, R2 = 0.023, p = 0.067) and the curvature of retinal vessels (lnC = -0.00001x - 4.657, R2 = 0.001, p = 0.667). Conclusions Age and gender did not impact the optic disc diameter, vessel density, and vessel curvature significantly in this group of children. Trends of decreased vessel caliber in the first 3 years of life and decreased vessel complexity with age were observed. The structural characteristics provide information for future research to better understand the developmental origin of the healthy and diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guina Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anna Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Cao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Saiguang Ling
- EVision Technology (Beijing) Co. LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- EVision Technology (Beijing) Co. LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Shaochong Bu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Correspondence: Shaochong Bu Fang Lu
| | - Fang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Correspondence: Shaochong Bu Fang Lu
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Furnon L, Labarere J, Trucco E, Hogg S, MacGillivray T, Chiquet C. Lower fractal dimension of retinal vessel for patients with Birdshot chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 101:392-402. [PMID: 36382575 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the retinal vessel vasculature parameters associated with birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). METHODS This retrospective observational study included 28 prevalent cases of BSCR with a median time from diagnosis of 6 years and 28 controls matched for age, arterial hypertension, diabetes and refraction. Forty-five-degree fundus images of both dilated eyes were acquired with a fundus camera (Canon CR-2, Tokyo, Japan). The summary diameter of the arterial retinal vessels (central retinal artery equivalent, CRAE), venous retinal vessels (central retinal vein equivalent, CRVE), vascular tortuosity and fractal dimension (FD) were measured using VAMPIRE software. Retinal vasculitis was characterized using fluorescein angiography and active choroiditis using indocyanine green angiography. RESULTS At baseline, BSCR was associated with lower FD compared with matched controls (mean difference, -0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.06 to -0.02, p < 0.001). No other VAMPIRE parameters (CRAE, CRVE, arterial and venous tortuosity) differed. Among BSCR patients, retinal vein vasculitis was associated with higher CRAE (mean difference, 21 μ; 95% CI, 2.6-40, p = 0.03), venous tortuosity (geometric mean ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.72, p = 0.007) and FD (mean difference, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.06 to -0.01, p = 0.007). Resolution of retinal vein vasculitis during follow-up was paralleled by decrease in CRAE, CRVE and venous tortuosity values and increase in venous FD, respectively. CONCLUSION BSCR is associated with lower FD value, suggesting that chronic retinal inflammation induces microvascular remodelling. Efficient treatment of retinal vasculitis may reverse changes in retinal vascular parameters. Changes in retinal vascular parameters could be potentially useful for assessing patients with BSCR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Furnon
- Univ Grenoble Alpes Department of Ophthalmology Grenoble France
| | - José Labarere
- Clinical epidemiology unit, University Hospital Grenoble France
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE Project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Stephen Hogg
- VAMPIRE Project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Tom MacGillivray
- VAMPIRE Project, Center for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Christophe Chiquet
- Univ Grenoble Alpes Department of Ophthalmology Grenoble France
- Laboratoire HP2, INSERM U1300 Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble France
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Miller LR, Tarantini S, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Johnston MP, Martin T, Bullen EC, Bickel MA, Sonntag WE, Yabluchanskiy A, Csiszar A, Ungvari ZI, Elliott MH, Conley SM. Increased Susceptibility to Cerebral Microhemorrhages Is Associated With Imaging Signs of Microvascular Degeneration in the Retina in an Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Deficient Mouse Model of Accelerated Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:788296. [PMID: 35356301 PMCID: PMC8959924 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.788296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cerebrovascular defects contribute to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) as well as other forms of dementia. There has been great interest in developing biomarkers and other tools for studying cerebrovascular disease using more easily accessible tissues outside the brain such as the retina. Decreased circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in aging are thought to contribute to the development of cerebrovascular impairment, a hypothesis that has been supported by the use of IGF-1 deficient animal models. Here we evaluate vascular and other retinal phenotypes in animals with circulating IGF-1 deficiency and ask whether the retina mimics common age-related vascular changes in the brain such as the development of microhemorrhages. Using a hypertension-induced model, we confirm that IGF-1 deficient mice exhibited worsened microhemorrhages than controls. The retinas of IGF-1 deficient animals do not exhibit microhemorrhages but do exhibit signs of vascular damage and retinal stress such as patterns of vascular constriction and Müller cell activation. These signs of retinal stress are not accompanied by retinal degeneration or impaired neuronal function. These data suggest that the role of IGF-1 in the retina is complex, and while IGF-1 deficiency leads to vascular defects in both the brain and the retina, not all brain pathologies are evident in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Miller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,International Training Program in Geroscience, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Morgan P. Johnston
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Teryn Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Bullen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Marisa A. Bickel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anna Csiszar
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan I. Ungvari
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine/Department of Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael H. Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shannon M. Conley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,*Correspondence: Shannon M. Conley,
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Lemmens S, Luyts M, Gerrits N, Ivanova A, Landtmeeters C, Peeters R, Simons A, Vercauteren J, Sunaric‐Mégevand G, Van Keer K, Molenberghs G, De Boever P, Stalmans I. Age-related changes in the fractal dimension of the retinal microvasculature, effects of cardiovascular risk factors and smoking behaviour. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:e1112-e1119. [PMID: 34747106 PMCID: PMC9546094 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This cross‐sectional study investigates the association between retinal vessel complexity and age and studies the effects of cardiovascular health determinants. Methods Retinal vessel complexity was assessed by calculating the box‐counting fractal dimension (Df) from digital fundus photographs of 850 subjects (3–97 years). All photographs were labelled as ‘non‐pathological’ by the treating ophthalmologist. Results Statistical models showed a significantly decreasing relationship between age and Df (linear: R‐squared = 0.1897, p < 0.0001; quadratic: R‐squared = 0.2343, p < 0.0001; cubic: R‐squared = 0.2721, p < 0.0001), with the cubic regression model offering the best compromise between accuracy and model simplicity. Multivariate cubic regression showed that age, spherical equivalent and smoking behaviour have an effect (p < 0.0001) on Df. A significantly increasing effect of the number of pack‐years on Df was observed (effect: 0.0004, p = 0.0017), as well as a significantly decreasing effect of years since tobacco abstinence (effect: −0.0149, p < 0.0001). Conclusion We propose using a cubic trend with age, refractive error and smoking behaviour when interpreting retinal vessel complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemmens
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospitals UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Health Unit VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research) Mol Belgium
| | | | - Nele Gerrits
- Health Unit VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research) Mol Belgium
| | | | - Charlien Landtmeeters
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Reinout Peeters
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Simons
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Julie Vercauteren
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Karel Van Keer
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospitals UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research) Mol Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospitals UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences Group Department of Neurosciences Research Group Ophthalmology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Lemmens S, Devulder A, Van Keer K, Bierkens J, De Boever P, Stalmans I. Systematic Review on Fractal Dimension of the Retinal Vasculature in Neurodegeneration and Stroke: Assessment of a Potential Biomarker. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:16. [PMID: 32116491 PMCID: PMC7025576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ocular manifestations in several neurological pathologies accentuate the strong relationship between the eye and the brain. Retinal alterations in particular can serve as surrogates for cerebral changes. Offering a “window to the brain,” the transparent eye enables non-invasive imaging of these changes in retinal structure and vasculature. Fractal dimension (FD) reflects the overall complexity of the retinal vasculature. Changes in FD could reflect subtle changes in the cerebral vasculature that correspond to preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the potential of this retinal vessel metric to serve as a biomarker in neurodegeneration and stroke will be explored. Methods: A literature search was conducted, following the PRISMA Statement 2009 criteria, in four large bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web Of Science and Cochrane Library) up to 12 October 2019. Articles have been included based upon their relevance. Wherever possible, level of evidence (LOE) has been assessed by means of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Level of Evidence classification. Results: Twenty-one studies were included for qualitative synthesis. We performed a narrative synthesis and produced summary tables of findings of included papers because methodological heterogeneity precluded a meta-analysis. A significant association was found between decreased FD and neurodegenerative disease, mainly addressing cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. In acute, subacute as well as chronic settings, decreased FD seems to be associated with stroke. Differences in FD between subtypes of ischemic stroke remain unclear. Conclusions: This review provides a summary of the scientific literature regarding the association between retinal FD and neurodegenerative disease and stroke. Central pathology is associated with a decreased FD, as a measure of microvascular network complexity. As retinal FD reflects the global integrity of the cerebral microvasculature, it is an attractive parameter to explore. Despite obvious concerns, mainly due to a lack of methodological standardization, retinal FD remains a promising non-invasive and low-cost diagnostic biomarker for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease. Before FD can be implemented in clinic as a diagnostic biomarker, the research community should strive for uniformization and standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemmens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Science Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium
| | - Astrid Devulder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Science Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Van Keer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Science Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Bierkens
- Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Mol, Belgium.,Centre of Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Science Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ab Hamid F, Che Azemin MZ, Salam A, Aminuddin A, Mohd Daud N, Zahari I. Retinal Vasculature Fractal Dimension Measures Vessel Density. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:823-31. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1056375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadilah Ab Hamid
- Department of Optometry & Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia,
| | - Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin
- Department of Optometry & Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia,
| | - Adzura Salam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia and
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norsyazwani Mohd Daud
- Department of Optometry & Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia,
| | - Ilyanoon Zahari
- Department of Optometry & Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia,
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Influence of refractive condition on retinal vasculature complexity in younger subjects. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:783525. [PMID: 25371914 PMCID: PMC4211143 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the retinal vasculature complexity between emmetropia, and myopia in younger subjects. Methods. A total of 82 patients (24.12 ± 1.25 years) with two types of refractive conditions, myopia and emmetropia were enrolled in this study. Refraction data were converted to spherical equivalent refraction. These retinal images (right eyes) were obtained from NAVIS Lite Image Filing System and the vasculature complexity was measured by fractal dimension (Df), quantified using a computer software following a standardized protocol. Results. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the value of Df between emmetropic (1.5666 ± 0.0160) and myopic (1.5588 ± 0.0142) groups. A positive correlation (rho = 0.260, P < 0.05) between the Df and the spherical equivalent refraction was detected in this study. Using a linear model, it was estimated that 6.7% of the variation in Df could be explained by spherical equivalent refraction. Conclusions. This study provides valuable findings about the effect of moderate to high myopia on the fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature network. These results show that myopic refraction in younger subjects was associated with a decrease in Df, suggesting a loss of retinal vessel density with moderate to high myopia.
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