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Mohammadkhani R, Ranjbar K, Salehi I, Komaki A, Zarrinkalam E, Amiri P. Comparison of the preconditioning effect of different exercise training modalities on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295169. [PMID: 38051732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of exercise preconditioning can develop strategies to prevent cardiovascular diseases and outline the efficient exercise model. However, the exercise type with the most protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of three kinds of exercise preconditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in adult rats and explored the possible underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats subjected to ten weeks of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training underwent ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min) induction. Then, infarction size, serum levels of the CK-MB, the redox status, and angiogenesis proteins (VEGF, ANGP-1, and ANGP-2) were measured in the cardiac tissue. Results showed that different exercise training modes have the same reduction effects on infarction size, but ischemia-reperfusion-induced CK-MB was lower in response to endurance training and concurrent training. Furthermore, cardiac VEGF levels increased in all three kinds of exercise preconditioning but ischemia-reperfusion-induced ANGP-1 elevated more in endurance training. The cardiac GPX activity was improved significantly through the resistance and concurrent exercise compared to the endurance exercise. In addition, all three exercise preconditioning models decreased MPO levels, and ischemia reperfusion-induced MDA was lower in endurance and resistance training. Overall, these results indicated that cardioprotection of exercise training against ischemia-reperfusion injury depends on the exercise modality. Cardioprotective effects of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent exercises are due to different mechanisms. The preconditioning effects of endurance training are mediated mainly by pervasive angiogenic responses and resistance training through oxidative stress amelioration. The preconditioning effects of concurrent training rely on both angiogenesis and oxidative stress amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Parsa Amiri
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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2
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Harris MP, Zeng S, Zhu Z, Lira VA, Yu L, Hodgson-Zingman DM, Zingman LV. Myokine Musclin Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Cardiac Conditioning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6525. [PMID: 37047496 PMCID: PMC10095193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role and mechanisms by which the myokine musclin promotes exercise-induced cardiac conditioning. Exercise is one of the most powerful triggers of cardiac conditioning with proven benefits for healthy and diseased hearts. There is an emerging understanding that muscles produce and secrete myokines, which mediate local and systemic "crosstalk" to promote exercise tolerance and overall health, including cardiac conditioning. The myokine musclin, highly conserved across animal species, has been shown to be upregulated in response to physical activity. However, musclin effects on exercise-induced cardiac conditioning are not established. Following completion of a treadmill exercise protocol, wild type (WT) mice and mice with disruption of the musclin-encoding gene, Ostn, had their hearts extracted and exposed to an ex vivo ischemia-reperfusion protocol or biochemical studies. Disruption of musclin signaling abolished the ability of exercise to mitigate cardiac ischemic injury. This impaired cardioprotection was associated with reduced mitochondrial content and function linked to blunted cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling. Genetic deletion of musclin reduced the nuclear abundance of protein kinase G (PKGI) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB), resulting in suppression of the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and its downstream targets in response to physical activity. Synthetic musclin peptide pharmacokinetic parameters were defined and used to calculate the infusion rate necessary to maintain its plasma level comparable to that observed after exercise. This infusion was found to reproduce the cardioprotective benefits of exercise in sedentary WT and Ostn-KO mice. Musclin is essential for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Boosting musclin signaling might serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shemin Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vitor A. Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- NMR Core Facility and Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Denice M. Hodgson-Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leonid V. Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Center, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Franklin BA, Eijsvogels TM, Pandey A, Quindry J, Toth PP. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the ASPC Part I: Bioenergetics, contemporary physical activity recommendations, benefits, risks, extreme exercise regimens, potential maladaptations. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 12:100424. [PMID: 36281324 PMCID: PMC9586848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) and increased levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or aerobic capacity are widely promoted as cardioprotective measures in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). Nevertheless, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors remain a worldwide concern. The continuing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been especially devastating to patients with known or occult CVD since sitting time and recreational PA have been reported to increase and decrease by 28% and 33%, respectively. Herein, in this first of a 2-part series, we discuss foundational factors in exercise programming, with specific reference to energy metabolism, contemporary PA recommendations, the dose-response relationship of exercise as medicine, the benefits of regular exercise training, including the exercise preconditioning cardioprotective phenotype, as well as the CV risks of PA. Finally, we discuss the 'extreme exercise hypothesis,' specifically the potential maladaptations resulting from high-volume, high-intensity training programs, including accelerated coronary artery calcification and incident atrial fibrillation. The latter is commonly depicted by a reverse J-shaped or U-shaped curve. On the other hand, longevity data argue against this relationship, as elite endurance athletes live 3-6 years longer than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A. Franklin
- Preventive Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
- Professor, Internal Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine at UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, Michigan, USA
| | - John Quindry
- Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana and International Heart Institute – St. Patrick's Hospital, Providence Medical Center, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Asgari M, Salehi I, Ranjbar K, Khosravi M, Zarrinkalam E. Interval training and Crataegus persica ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via miR-126/Nrf-2 mediated inhibition of stress oxidative in rats with diabetes after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113411. [PMID: 36076481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial disorders are the most common cause of renal failure and mortality in diabetic patients, but the molecular mechanism of this process is not yet clear. The reduction of nuclear Erythroid2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) and positive regulators of Nrf-2 proteins, such as DJ-1 and microRNA-126 (miR-126), after hypoxia and the promotion of reactive oxygen species, might be an intervention indicator in renal failure after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Therefore, this study evaluates the renoprotective effect of exercise training and Crataegus persica extract (CE) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in diabetic rats. Fifty rats were divided into five groups: healthy sedentary control (Con), sedentary diabetic (D), interval trained diabetic (TD), diabetic plus Crataegus persica extract treatment (CD), and interval trained diabetic plus Crataegus persica extract treatment (TCD) groups. The rats in the exercise groups were subjected to moderate-intensity interval training five days per week for ten weeks. The rats in CD and TCD groups received 300 mg/kg of Crataegus persica through gavage for ten weeks. Then, the subjects underwent 30 min of myocardial ischemia and subsequently reperfusion for 24 h. At the end of the experiment, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, renal function, histopathology of the kidney, Nrf-2, miR-126, and DJ-1 gene expression levels were evaluated. The results show that the treatments decreased elevated levels of renal oxidative stress, glomerular filtration rate, insulin sensitivity, and pathological score in diabetic rats. Also, the expression of Nrf-2 and miR-126, unlike DJ-1, decreased in diabetic rats due to interval training. Due to the results, diabetes aggravates acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury, while moderate-intensity interval training and Crataegus persica treatment simultaneously ameliorate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury via miR-126/Nrf-2 pathway and improve insulin sensitivity and renal function in type 1 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Asgari
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Peñín-Grandes S, Martín-Hernández J, Valenzuela PL, López-Ortiz S, Pinto-Fraga J, Solá LDR, Emanuele E, Lista S, Lucia A, Santos-Lozano A. Exercise and the hallmarks of peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis 2022; 350:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ranjbar K. Improved Cardiac Function Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Using Exercise Preconditioning and L-Arginine Supplementation via Oxidative Stress Mitigation and Angiogenesis Amelioration. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:736-745. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fatahi A, Zarrinkalam E, Azizbeigi K, Ranjbar K. Cardioprotective effects of exercise preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury and ventricular ectopy in young and senescent rats. Exp Gerontol 2022; 162:111758. [PMID: 35247502 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging decreases ischemic tolerance, while exercise prevents myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. The cardioprotective role of high intensity interval training (HIIT), however, is unknown. METHODS Accordingly, we investigated 8 weeks (5 days/week, 40 min/day) of HIIT treadmill exercise (60%/90% of VO2 peak) on IR injury in young (2-month) and senescent (20-month) Wistar rat myocardia (N = 10/group). Surgical IR (30 min/120 min) was performed via reversible left anterior descending artery ligation and ECG was analyzed to determine ventricular ectopy during IR period. RESULTS Infarction size and oxidative stress were measured in hearts post-mortem. Glutathione peroxidase activity and Myeloperoxidase levels were mitigated with age, but elevated post IR. HIIT potentiated antioxidant defenses in young and old hearts, and infarction size was lower in young HIIT trained. Metrics of reactive oxygen species were not lower after IR, and were not affected by HIIT in young or old rats. Ventricular ectopy score in senescent rats was insignificantly more than young rats and HIIT significantly decreased ventricular ectopy score in young and senescent rats. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that IR tolerance is mitigated in senescent hearts, while HIIT ameliorated infarction by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity in young and senescent hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Fatahi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Marivan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marivan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Kamal Azizbeigi
- Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Exercise Preconditioning as a Cardioprotective Phenotype. Am J Cardiol 2021; 148:8-15. [PMID: 33675772 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is potentiated by risk factors including physical inactivity and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although regular physical activity does not reverse atherosclerotic coronary disease, precursory exercise improves clinical outcomes in those experiencing life-threatening CVD events. Exercise preconditioning describes the cardioprotective phenotype whereby even a few exercise bouts confer short-term multifaceted protection against acute myocardial infarction. First described decades ago in animal investigations, cardioprotective mechanisms responsible for exercise preconditioning have been identified through reductionist preclinical studies, including the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, improved calcium handling, and enhanced bioenergetic regulation during a supply-demand mismatch. Until recently, translation of this research was only inferred from clinically-directed animal models of exercise involving ischemia-reperfusion injury, and reinforced by the gene products of exercise preconditioning that are common to mammalian species. However, recent clinical investigations confirm that exercise preconditions the human heart. This discovery means that simply the initiation of a remedial exercise regimen in those with abnormal CVD risk factor profiles will provide immediate cardioprotective benefits and improved clinical outcomes following acute cardiac events. In conclusion, the prophylactic biochemical adaptations to aerobic exercise are complemented by the long-term adaptive benefits of vascular and architectural remodeling in those who adopt a physically active lifestyle.
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9
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The mechanism and prevention of mitochondrial injury after exercise. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:215-225. [PMID: 33650090 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the development of society, physical activity has come to be an effective means by which people pursue good health to improve the quality of life. However, with the increase of intensity and the passage of time, exercise injury has become a hazard that can no longer be ignored. It is imperative to find effective ways to inhibit or reduce the negative effects of exercise. Mitochondria are important organelles involved in exercise and play an important role in exercise injury and prevention. Studies have found that exercise preconditioning and increased mitochondrial nutrition can effectively decrease mitochondrial damage after exercise. Against this background, some of the newest developments in this important field are reviewed here. The results discussed indicate that exercise preconditioning and supplement mitochondrial nutrition need to be increased to prevent exercise-related injuries.
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10
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Swimming training attenuates pancreatic apoptosis through miR-34a/Sirtu in1/P53 Axis in high-fat diet and Streptozotocin-induced Type-2 diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:1439-1446. [PMID: 33520845 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study sought to evaluate the miR-34a/Sirtuin1/p53 pro-apoptotic pathway, and reveal its modulation in diabetic rats undergoing swimming exercise. Methods Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. They were inducted to develop diabetes by injection of streptozotocin. After 12 weeks of swimming, the pancreatic tissue of these rats were removed to be evaluated for the expression level of Sitruin1/P53/miR-34a through qPCR. Results Findings indicated a marked rise in the expression of miR-34 and P53 (P < 0.01) as well as a significant decrease in expression of Sitruin1 (P < 0.01) in the diabetic group. In contrast, swimming resulted in a significant decrease in miR-34a expression (P < 0.01), and a prominent rise in the level of Sitruin1 in the swimming-trained-diabetic group (P < 0.01). Additionally, high, moderate and low apoptosis rate were observed in the pancreatic tissue of the diabetic, swimming-trained diabetic, and control groups, respectively. Conclusion Our findings suggested a correlation between pancreatic tissue apoptosis rate and miR-34a/Sitruin1/p53 signaling, that was subject to modulation by training. Graphical abstract
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11
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Song W, Liang Q, Cai M, Tian Z. HIF-1α-induced up-regulation of microRNA-126 contributes to the effectiveness of exercise training on myocardial angiogenesis in myocardial infarction rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12970-12979. [PMID: 32939968 PMCID: PMC7701575 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training (ET) is a non‐drug natural rehabilitation approach for myocardial infarction (MI). Among the numerous beneficial effects of ET, myocardial angiogenesis is indispensable. In the present study, we investigated the role and mechanism of HIF‐1α and miR‐126 in ET‐induced MI myocardial angiogenesis which may provide new insights for MI treatment. Rat model of post‐MI and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed for our research. Histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real‐time PCR, Western blotting and small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection were applied to evaluate the morphological, functional and molecular mechanisms. In vivo results showed that 4‐week ET could significantly increase the expression of HIF‐1α and miR‐126 and reduce the expression of PIK3R2 and SPRED1, while 2ME2 (HIF‐1α inhibitor) partially attenuated the effect of ET treatment. In vitro results showed that HIF‐1α could trigger expression of miR‐126 in HUVECs in both normoxia and hypoxia, and miR‐126 may be involved in the tube formation of HUVECs under hypoxia through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK signalling pathway. In conclusion, we revealed that HIF‐1α, whose expression experiences up‐regulation during ET, could function as an upstream regulator to miR‐126, resulting in angiogenesis promotion through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK signalling pathway and subsequent improvement of the MI heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiaoqin Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Veloso CD, Belew GD, Ferreira LL, Grilo LF, Jones JG, Portincasa P, Sardão VA, Oliveira PJ. A Mitochondrial Approach to Cardiovascular Risk and Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3175-3194. [PMID: 31470786 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190830163735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading risk factor for mortality worldwide and the number of CVDs victims is predicted to rise through 2030. While several external parameters (genetic, behavioral, environmental and physiological) contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; intrinsic metabolic and functional determinants such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, inflammation, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are considered to be dominant factors. METHODS Pubmed searches were performed using different keywords related with mitochondria and cardiovascular disease and risk. In vitro, animal and human results were extracted from the hits obtained. RESULTS High cardiac energy demand is sustained by mitochondrial ATP production, and abnormal mitochondrial function has been associated with several lifestyle- and aging-related pathologies in the developed world such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and kidney diseases, that in turn can lead to cardiac injury. In order to delay cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of cardiovascular risk, regular physical activity has been shown to improve mitochondrial parameters and myocardial tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Furthermore, pharmacological interventions can prevent the risk of CVDs. Therapeutic agents that can target mitochondria, decreasing ROS production and improve its function have been intensively researched. One example is the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ10, which already showed beneficial effects in hypertensive rat models. Carvedilol or antidiabetic drugs also showed protective effects by preventing cardiac mitochondrial oxidative damage. CONCLUSION This review highlights the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in CVDs, also show-casing several approaches that act by improving mitochondrial function in the heart, contributing to decrease some of the risk factors associated with CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Veloso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Getachew D Belew
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Luciana L Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Luís F Grilo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
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Abstract
Chronic heart failure, diabetes, depression, and other chronic diseases are associated with high mortality rate and low cure rate. Exercise induces muscle contraction and secretes multiple myokines, which affects the signaling pathways in skeletal muscle tissues and regulate remote organ functions. Exercise is known to be effective in treating a variety of chronic diseases. Here we summarize how exercise influences skeletal muscle, heart, brain, gut, and liver, and prevents heart failure, cognitive dysfunction, obesity, fatty liver, and other diseases. Exercise training may achieve additional benefits as compared to the present medication for these chronic diseases through cross talk among skeletal muscle and other organs.
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14
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Abstract
During aging, deterioration in cardiac structure and function leads to increased susceptibility to heart failure. The need for interventions to combat this age-related cardiac decline is becoming increasingly urgent as the elderly population continues to grow. Our understanding of cardiac aging, and aging in general, is limited. However, recent studies of age-related decline and its prevention through interventions like exercise have revealed novel pathological and cardioprotective pathways. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of age-related heart failure and highlight exercise as a valuable experimental platform for the discovery of much-needed novel therapeutic targets in this chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Li
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Margaret H Hastings
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - James Rhee
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.).,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (J.R.)
| | - Lena E Trager
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Jason D Roh
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.)
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- From the Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (H.L., M.H.H., J.R., L.E.T., J.D.R., A.R.)
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15
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Wilson RJ, Drake JC, Cui D, Ritger ML, Guan Y, Call JA, Zhang M, Leitner LM, Gödecke A, Yan Z. Voluntary running protects against neuromuscular dysfunction following hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:193-201. [PMID: 30433863 PMCID: PMC6383643 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00358.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) due to temporary restriction of blood flow causes tissue/organ damages under various disease conditions, including stroke, myocardial infarction, trauma, and orthopedic surgery. In the limbs, IR injury to motor nerves and muscle fibers causes reduced mobility and quality of life. Endurance exercise training has been shown to increase tissue resistance to numerous pathological insults. To elucidate the impact of endurance exercise training on IR injury in skeletal muscle, sedentary and exercise-trained mice (5 wk of voluntary running) were subjected to ischemia by unilateral application of a rubber band tourniquet above the femur for 1 h, followed by reperfusion. IR caused significant muscle injury and denervation at neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as early as 3 h after tourniquet release as well as depressed muscle strength and neuromuscular transmission in sedentary mice. Despite similar degrees of muscle atrophy and oxidative stress, exercise-trained mice had significantly reduced muscle injury and denervation at NMJ with improved regeneration and functional recovery following IR. Together, these data suggest that endurance exercise training preserves motor nerve and myofiber structure and function from IR injury and promote functional regeneration. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work provides the first evidence that preemptive voluntary wheel running reduces neuromuscular dysfunction following ischemia-reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle. These findings may alter clinical practices in which a tourniquet is used to modulate blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Di Cui
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Matthew L Ritger
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yuntian Guan
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Lucia M Leitner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Axel Gödecke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
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16
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Wang L, Lv Y, Li G, Xiao J. MicroRNAs in heart and circulation during physical exercise. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:433-441. [PMID: 30450252 PMCID: PMC6226555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training is beneficial to the cardiovascular system. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a class of conserved non-coding RNAs and play a wide-ranging role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Exercise training alters the expression levels of large amounts of miRNAs in the heart. In addition, circulating miRNAs appear to be regulated by exercise training. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the regulation of miRNAs during physical exercise intervention in various cardiovascular diseases, including pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. The regulatory role of circulating miRNAs after exercise training was also reviewed. In conclusion, miRNAs might be a valuable target for treatment of cardiovascular diseases and have great potential as biomarkers for assessment of physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yicheng Lv
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Ranjbar K, Zarrinkalam E, Salehi I, Komaki A, Fayazi B. Cardioprotective effect of resistance training and Crataegus oxyacantha extract on ischemia reperfusion–induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:455-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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18
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Morton AB, Mor Huertas A, Hinkley JM, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Christou DD, Smuder AJ. Mitochondrial accumulation of doxorubicin in cardiac and diaphragm muscle following exercise preconditioning. Mitochondrion 2018; 45:52-62. [PMID: 29474837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective anthracycline antibiotic. Unfortunately, the clinical use of DOX is limited by the risk of deleterious effects to cardiac and respiratory (i.e. diaphragm) muscle, resulting from mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this regard, exercise is demonstrated to protect against DOX-induced myotoxicity and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the protective mechanisms are currently unclear. We hypothesized that exercise may induce protection by increasing the expression of mitochondria-specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and reducing mitochondrial DOX accumulation. Our results confirm this finding and demonstrate that two weeks of exercise preconditioning is sufficient to prevent cardiorespiratory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Morton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andres Mor Huertas
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J Matthew Hinkley
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Demetra D Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
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Quindry JC, Franklin BA. Cardioprotective Exercise and Pharmacologic Interventions as Complementary Antidotes to Cardiovascular Disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:5-17. [PMID: 28885265 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and pharmacologic therapies to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease have advanced largely through independent efforts. Understanding of first-line drug therapies, findings from preclinical animal studies, and the need for research initiatives related to complementary cardioprotective exercise-pharma interventions are reviewed from the premise that contemporary cardioprotective therapies must include adjunctive exercise and lifestyle interventions in addition to pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Barry A Franklin
- Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
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20
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Abstract
In the search for innovative solutions to treat ischemic heart disease, recent basic science and clinical approaches have focused on remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Remote ischemic preconditioning involves short intervals of limb blood flow occlusion by the application of a blood pressure cuff inflated to a suprasystolic pressure. The promise of RIPC in the development of new cardioprotective therapies is founded on the premise that it is cost-effective, technically simple, and overcomes many logistical and biochemical hurdles associated with other ischemic preconditioning approaches. However, RIPC as a research subarea is still in its infancy and clinical applications for individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease remain elusive. The thesis of the current review is that observational and mechanistic similarities between exercise-induced preconditioning and RIPC may reveal novel therapeutic links to cardioprotection. While reductionist understanding of the exercised heart is still in the formative stages, available mechanistic knowledge of exercise-induced cardioprotection is juxtaposed to RIPC and potential implications discussed. In total, additional research is needed in order to fully appreciate the mechanistic and translative connections between exercise and RIPC. Nonetheless, existing rationale are strong and suggest that RIPC approaches may be helpful in the development and application to pharmacologic interventions in those with ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- 1 Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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21
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Powers SK. Exercise: Teaching myocytes new tricks. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:460-472. [PMID: 28572498 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00418.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training promotes numerous cellular adaptations in both cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. For example, exercise training fosters changes in mitochondrial function due to increased mitochondrial protein expression and accelerated mitochondrial turnover. Additionally, endurance exercise training alters the abundance of numerous cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins in both cardiac and skeletal muscle myocytes, resulting in a protective phenotype in the active fibers; this exercise-induced protection of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers is often referred to as "exercise preconditioning." As few as 3-5 consecutive days of endurance exercise training result in a preconditioned cardiac phenotype that is sheltered against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury. Similarly, endurance exercise training results in preconditioned skeletal muscle fibers that are resistant to a variety of stresses (e.g., heat stress, exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inactivity-induced atrophy). Many studies have probed the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers; these studies are important, because they provide an improved understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced preconditioning, which has the potential to lead to innovative pharmacological therapies aimed at minimizing stress-induced injury to cardiac and skeletal muscle. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced protection of cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers and highlights the putative mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced protection in the heart and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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22
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Gharebaghi A, Amiri I, Salehi I, Shahidi S, Komaki A, Mehdizadeh M, Moravej FG, Asl SS. Treadmill exercise attenuates 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced memory impairment through a decrease apoptosis in male rat hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2448-2455. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gharebaghi
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Iraj Amiri
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghasemi Moravej
- Anatomy Department; School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse; Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
- Anatomy Department; School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences; Hamadan Iran
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23
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Protective effects of high-intensity versus low-intensity interval training on isoproterenol-induced cardiac injury in wistar rats. Res Cardiovasc Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.34639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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24
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Chen TI, Chen MYC. Zinc Is Indispensable in Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Left Ventricular Function Impairment in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168600. [PMID: 27977796 PMCID: PMC5158066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), recurrent obstruction of the upper airway leads to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, which can result in impairment of cardiac function. Although exercise can have beneficial effects against IH-induced cardiac dysfunction, the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of zinc and exercise on IH-triggered left ventricular dysfunction in a rat model that mimics IH in OSA patients. Nine-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a control group (CON) or to a group receiving 10 weeks of exercise training (EXE). During weeks 9 and 10, half the rats in each group were subjected to IH for 8 h per day for 14 days (IHCON, IHEXE), whereas the remainder continued to breathe room air. Rats within each of the CON, IHCON, EXE, and IHEXE groups were further randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneal injections of either zinc chloride, the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), or injection vehicle only. IH induced a lower left ventricular fractional shortening, reduced ejection fraction, higher myocardial levels of inflammatory factors, increased levels oxidative stress, and lower levels of antioxidative capacity, all of which were abolished by zinc treatment. IHEXE rats exhibited higher levels of cardiac function and antioxidant capacity and lower levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress than IHCON rats; however, IHEXE rats receiving TPEN did not exhibit these better outcomes. In conclusion, zinc is required for protecting against IH-induced LV functional impairment and likely plays a critical role in exercise-induced cardioprotection by exerting a dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-I Chen
- Center of Physical Education, Office of General and Basic Education, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Institute of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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25
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Lawler JM, Rodriguez DA, Hord JM. Mitochondria in the middle: exercise preconditioning protection of striated muscle. J Physiol 2016; 594:5161-83. [PMID: 27060608 PMCID: PMC5023703 DOI: 10.1113/jp270656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and physiological adaptations to an atmosphere which became enriched in molecular oxygen spurred the development of a layered system of stress protection, including antioxidant and stress response proteins. At physiological levels reactive oxygen and nitrogen species regulate cell signalling as well as intracellular and intercellular communication. Exercise and physical activity confer a variety of stressors on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system: mechanical, metabolic, oxidative. Transient increases of stressors during acute bouts of exercise or exercise training stimulate enhancement of cellular stress protection against future insults of oxidative, metabolic and mechanical stressors that could induce injury or disease. This phenomenon has been termed both hormesis and exercise preconditioning (EPC). EPC stimulates transcription factors such as Nrf-1 and heat shock factor-1 and up-regulates gene expression of a cadre of cytosolic (e.g. glutathione peroxidase and heat shock proteins) and mitochondrial adaptive or stress proteins (e.g. manganese superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial KATP channels and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1)). Stress response and antioxidant enzyme inducibility with exercise lead to protection against striated muscle damage, oxidative stress and injury. EPC may indeed provide significant clinical protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, Type II diabetes and ageing. New molecular mechanisms of protection, such as δ-opioid receptor regulation and mitophagy, reinforce the notion that mitochondrial adaptations (e.g. heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and sirtuin-1/PGC-1 signalling) are central to the protective effects of exercise preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinah A Rodriguez
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Hord
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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26
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Abstract
Although moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) has been the traditional model for aerobic exercise training for over four decades, a growing body of literature has demonstrated equal if not greater improvement in aerobic capacity and similar beneficial effects on body composition, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and quality of life from high-intensity interval training (HIIT). An advantage of HIIT over MICT is the shorter time required to perform the same amount of energy expenditure. The current brief review summarizes the effects of HIIT on peak aerobic capacity and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults and those with various cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and post heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome L Fleg
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7239639. [PMID: 26823952 PMCID: PMC4707375 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7239639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of epidemiological and experimental studies indicating the protective role of regular physical activity/exercise training against the sequels of aging and cardiovascular diseases, the molecular transducers of exercise/physical activity benefits are not fully identified but should be further investigated in more integrative and innovative approaches, as they bear the potential for transformative discoveries of novel therapeutic targets. As aging and cardiovascular diseases are associated with a chronic state of oxidative stress and inflammation mediated via complex and interconnected pathways, we will focus in this review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of exercise, mainly exerted on adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, immune system, and cardiovascular system by modulating anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines profile, redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, and repair proteins such as heat shock proteins, proteasome complex, oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, uracil DNA glycosylase, and telomerase. It is important to note that the effects of exercise vary depending on the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise as well as on the individual's characteristics; therefore, the development of personalized exercise programs is essential.
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28
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Lien CY, Jensen BT, Hydock DS, Hayward R. Short-term exercise training attenuates acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:669-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in cardioprotection of short-term and long-term exercise preconditioning. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:53-9. [PMID: 24566463 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cardioprotection of short-term and long-term exercise preconditioning (EP). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were, respectively, subjected to continuous intermittent treadmill training 3 days or 3 weeks as short-term or long-term EP protocols. The myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol (ISO) was performed 24 hours after short-term and long-term EP. The myocardial injury was evaluated in terms of the serum cardiac troponin levels and the hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid staining. Additionally, serum CGRP levels, CGRP expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and heart were analyzed as possible mechanisms to explain short-term and long-term EP-induced cardioprotection. RESULTS Both short-term and long-term EP markedly attenuated the isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia with lower serum cardiac troponin levels. Short-term EP does not alter serum CGRP levels and CGRP expression in the DRG and heart. Long-term EP significantly increases serum CGRP levels and CGRP expression in the DRG and heart. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that short-term EP does not increase the synthesis and release of CGRP. Therefore, the cardioprotective effect of short-term EP does not involve CGRP adaptation. Furthermore, long-term EP increases CGRP synthesis in the DRG and promotes CGRP release in the blood and heart. Hence, CGRP may play an important role in the cardioprotective effect of long-term EP.
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30
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Neuroprotection of Early Locomotor Exercise Poststroke: Evidence From Animal Studies. Can J Neurol Sci 2015; 42:213-20. [PMID: 26041314 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early locomotor exercise after stroke has attracted a great deal of attention in clinical and animal research in recent years. A series of animal studies showed that early locomotor exercise poststroke could protect against ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcomes through the promotion of angiogenesis, inhibition of acute inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis, and protection of the blood-brain barrier. However, to date, the clinical application of early locomotor exercise poststroke was limited because some clinicians have little confidence in its effectiveness. Here we review the current progress of early locomotor exercise poststroke in animal models. We hope that a comprehensive awareness of the early locomotor exercise poststroke may help to implement early locomotor exercise more appropriately in treatment for ischemic stroke.
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31
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McGinnis GR, Ballmann C, Peters B, Nanayakkara G, Roberts M, Amin R, Quindry JC. Interleukin-6 mediates exercise preconditioning against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1423-33. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00850.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that protects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury following pharmacological and ischemic preconditioning (IPC), but the affiliated role in exercise preconditioning is unknown. Our study purpose was to characterize exercise-induced IL-6 cardiac signaling ( aim 1) and evaluate myocardial preconditioning ( aim 2). In aim 1, C57 and IL-6−/− mice underwent 3 days of treadmill exercise for 60 min/day at 18 m/min. Serum, gastrocnemius, and heart were collected preexercise, immediately postxercise, and 30 and 60 min following the final exercise session and analyzed for indexes of IL-6 signaling. For aim 2, a separate cohort of exercise-preconditioned (C57 EX and IL-6−/− EX) and sedentary (C57 SED and IL-6−/− SED) mice received surgical I/R injury (30 min I, 120 min R) or a time-matched sham operation. Ischemic and perfused tissues were examined for necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In aim 1, serum IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), gastrocnemius, and myocardial IL-6R were increased following exercise in C57 mice only. Phosphorylated (p) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 was increased in gastrocnemius and heart in C57 and IL-6−/− mice postexercise, whereas myocardial iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 were unchanged in the exercised myocardium. Exercise protected C57 EX mice against I/R-induced arrhythmias and necrosis, whereas arrhythmia score and infarct outcomes were higher in C57 SED, IL-6−/− SED, and IL-6−/− EX mice compared with SH. C57 EX mice expressed increased p-p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) and p-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) compared with IL-6−/− EX mice, suggesting pathway involvement in exercise preconditioning. Findings indicate exercise exerts cardioprotection via IL-6 and strongly implicates protective signaling originating from the exercised skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Ballmann
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Bridget Peters
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Michael Roberts
- Molecular and Applied Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - John C. Quindry
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Auburn University School of Kinesiology, Auburn, Alabama
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32
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Miller LE, McGinnis GR, Peters BA, Ballmann CG, Nanayakkara G, Amin R, Quindry JC. Involvement of the δ-opioid receptor in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:410-21. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajesh Amin
- Harrison School of Pharmacy; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
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Rahimi M, Shekarforoush S, Asgari AR, Khoshbaten A, Rajabi H, Bazgir B, Mohammadi MT, Sobhani V, Shakibaee A. The effect of high intensity interval training on cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in wistar rats. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:237-46. [PMID: 26417361 PMCID: PMC4555214 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine whether short term high intensity interval training (HIIT) could protect the heart against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury; and if so, to evaluate how long the exercise-associated protection can be lasted. Sixty-three rats were randomly assigned into sedentary (n = 15), sham (n = 7), and exercise groups (n = 41). Rats in the exercise groups performed 5 consecutive days of HIIT on treadmill: 5 min warm up with 50 % VO2max, 6×2 min with 95-105 % VO2max (about 40 to 45 m/min), 5×2 min recovery with 65-75 % VO2max (about 28 to 32 m/min), and 3 min cool down with 50 % VO2max, all at 0 % grade. Animals exposed to an in vivo cardiac IR surgery, performed at days 1, 7, and 14 following the final exercise session. Ischemia-induced arrhythmias, myocardial infarct size (IS), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities were measured in all animals. Compared to sedentary rats, exercised animals sustained less IR injury as evidenced by a lower size of infarction and lower levels of LDH and CK at day one and day 7 post exercise. In comparison of sedentary group, IS significantly decreased in EX-IR1 and EX-IR7 groups (50 and 35 %, respectively), but not in EX-IR14 group (19 %). The exercise-induced cardioprotection disappeared 14 days following exercise cessation. There were no significant changes in ischemia-induced arrhythmia between exercised and sedentary rats. The results clearly demonstrate that HIIT protects the heart against myocardial IR injury. This protective effect can be sustained for at least one week following the cessation of the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Rahimi
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Asgari
- Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, AJA University of Medicine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshbaten
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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What do we know about the cardiac benefits of exercise? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 25:529-36. [PMID: 25661031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has long been considered an essential element for sustaining cardiovascular health. A vast literature of clinical studies suggests that exercise serves as an effective intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, although the optimal nature, intensity, and duration of exercise for maximizing these cardiovascular benefits remain unclear. On a molecular level, exercise induces physiologic growth of the heart primarily by driving cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, notably through the interconnected IGF-1-PI3K-AKT1 and C/EBPβ-CITED4 pathways. Here, we explore the range of clinical evidence supporting the cardiovascular benefits of exercise and outline the molecular pathways that play major roles in regulating these protective effects.
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Powers SK, Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Quindry JC. Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 29:27-38. [PMID: 24382869 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury can cause ventricular cell death and is a major pathological event leading to morbidity and mortality in those with coronary artery disease. Interestingly, as few as five bouts of exercise on consecutive days can rapidly produce a cardiac phenotype that resists IR-induced myocardial injury. This review summarizes the development of exercise-induced cardioprotection and the mechanisms responsible for this important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
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Quindry JC, Hamilton KL. Exercise and cardiac preconditioning against ischemia reperfusion injury. Curr Cardiol Rev 2014; 9:220-9. [PMID: 23909636 PMCID: PMC3780347 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x113099990033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized nations. Ongoing research is aimed at uncovering therapeutic interventions against IR injury. Regular exercise participation is recognized as an important lifestyle intervention in the prevention and treatment of CVD and IR injury. More recent understanding reveals that moderate intensity aerobic exercise is also an important experimental model for understanding the cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection against IR injury. An important discovery in this regard was the observation that one-to-several days of exercise will attenuate IR injury. This phenomenon has been observed in young and old hearts of both sexes. Due to the short time course of exercise induced protection, IR injury prevention must be mediated by acute biochemical alterations within the myocardium. Research over the last decade reveals that redundant mechanisms account for exercise induced cardioprotection against IR. While much is now known about exercise preconditioning against IR injury, many questions remain. Perhaps most pressing, is what mechanisms mediate cardioprotection in aged hearts and what sex-dependent differences exist. Given that that exercise preconditioning is a polygenic effect, it is likely that multiple mediators of exercise induced cardioprotection have yet to be uncovered. Also unknown, is whether post translational modifications due to exercise are responsible for IR injury prevention. This review will provide an overview the major mechanisms of IR injury and exercise preconditioning. The discussion highlights many promising avenues for further research and describes how exercise preconditioning may continue to be an important scientific paradigm in the translation of cardioprotection research to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Powers SK, Sollanek KJ, Wiggs MP, Demirel HA, Smuder AJ. Exercise-induced improvements in myocardial antioxidant capacity: the antioxidant players and cardioprotection. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:43-51. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.825371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Min K, Powers SK. Doxorubicin-induced markers of myocardial autophagic signaling in sedentary and exercise trained animals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:176-85. [PMID: 23703114 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antitumor agent used in cancer treatment. However, its clinical use is limited due to cardiotoxicity. Indeed, the side effects of DOX are irreversible and include the development of cardiomyopathy and ultimately congestive heart failure. Although many studies have investigated the events leading to DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, the mechanisms responsible for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity remain unknown. In general, evidence suggests that DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is associated with an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage, leading to the activation of cellular proteolytic systems. In this regard, the autophagy/lysosomal proteolytic system is a constitutively active catabolic process that is responsible for the degradation of both organelles and cytosolic proteins. We tested the hypothesis that systemic DOX administration results in altered cardiac gene and protein expression of mediators of the autophagy/lysosomal system. Our results support this hypothesis, as DOX treatment increased both the mRNA and protein levels of numerous key autophagy genes. Because exercise training has been shown to be cardioprotective against DOX-induced damage, we also determined whether exercise training before DOX administration alters the expression of important components of the autophagy/lysosomal system in cardiac muscle. Our findings show that exercise training inhibits DOX-induced cardiac increases in autophagy signaling. Collectively, our results reveal that DOX administration promotes activation of the autophagy/lysosomal system pathway in the heart, and that endurance exercise training can be a cardioprotective intervention against myocardial DOX-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Jia J, Wu J, Hu Y. Early Exercise Protects against Cerebral Ischemic Injury through Inhibiting Neuron Apoptosis in Cortex in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6074-89. [PMID: 23502470 PMCID: PMC3634421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Early exercise is an effective strategy for stroke treatment, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Apoptosis plays a critical role after stroke. However, it is unclear whether early exercise inhibits apoptosis after stroke. The present study investigated the effect of early exercise on apoptosis induced by ischemia. Adult SD rats were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) and were randomly divided into early exercise group, non-exercise group and sham group. Early exercise group received forced treadmill training initiated at 24 h after operation. Fourteen days later, the cell apoptosis were detected by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and Fluoro-Jade-B staining (F-J-B). Caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 were determined by western blotting. Cerebral infarct volume and motor function were evaluated by cresyl violet staining and foot fault test respectively. The results showed that early exercise decreased the number of apoptotic cells (118.74 ± 6.15 vs. 169.65 ± 8.47, p < 0.05, n = 5), inhibited the expression of caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 (p < 0.05, n = 5), and increased the expression of Bcl-2 (p < 0.05, n = 5). These data were consistent with reduced infarct volume and improved motor function. These results suggested that early exercise could provide neuroprotection through inhibiting neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; E-Mail: (J.Z.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; E-Mail: (J.Z.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases, Genetic Diagnosis Center, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- The Yonghe Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Yongshan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
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Doustar Y, Soufi FG, Jafary A, Saber MM, Ghiassie R. Role of four-week resistance exercise in preserving the heart against ischaemia-reperfusion-induced injury. Cardiovasc J Afr 2013; 23:451-5. [PMID: 23044501 PMCID: PMC3721821 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2012-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We studied the cardioprotective effect of resistance training against ischaemia–reperfusion-induced injury. Methods Forty male rats were divided into trained and sedentary groups (n = 20 for each). The trained rats were exercised at 12 repetitions/set, four sets/day and five days/week for four weeks. Transient regional ischaemia of the left anterior descending coronary artery (40 min) was followed by 80 min of reperfusion. Results Baseline developed and diastolic pressures and coronary flow were similar in the two groups. While diastolic pressure increased and developed pressure and coronary flow decreased in both the ischaemic and perfusion periods (as indices of cardiac damage), there were no statistically significant differences between the trained and sedentary groups in these parameters. Resistance training did not significantly change the infarct size and apoptosis rate. Conclusion We did not see a cardioprotective effect of resistance exercise against ischaemia–reperfusion-induced injury in this study. A precise conclusion about this issue needs more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Doustar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University (Tabriz branch), Tabriz, Iran.
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Webster I, Du Toit EF, Huisamen B, Lochner A. The effect of creatine supplementation on myocardial function, mitochondrial respiration and susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury in sedentary and exercised rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 206:6-19. [PMID: 22741552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of dietary creatine supplementation alone and in combination with exercise on basal cardiac function, susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury and mitochondrial oxidative function. There has been an increase in the use of creatine supplementation among sports enthusiasts, and by clinicians as a therapeutic agent in muscular and neurological diseases. The effects of creatine have been studied extensively in skeletal muscle, but not in the myocardium. METHODS Male Wistar rats were swim-trained for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. Hearts were excised and either freeze-clamped for biochemical analysis or perfused on the isolated heart perfusion system to assess function and ischaemia/reperfusion tolerance. Mechanical function was documented in working heart and retrograde mode. The left coronary artery was ligated and infarct size determined. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was quantified. RESULTS Aortic output recovery of hearts from the sedentary controls (CSed) was significantly higher than those from creatine-supplemented sedentary (CrSed), creatine-supplemented exercised (CrEx) as well as control exercised (CEx) groups. Ischaemic contracture of hearts from CrEx was significantly higher than that of CSed. There were no differences in infarct size and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. CONCLUSION This study suggests that creatine supplementation has no effects on basal cardiac function but reduces myocardial tolerance to ischaemia in hearts from exercise-trained animals, by increasing the ischaemic contracture and decreasing reperfusion aortic output. Exercise training alone also significantly decreased aortic output recovery. However, the exact mechanisms for these adverse myocardial effects are unknown and need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Webster
- Medical Physiology; University of Stellenbosch; Cape Town; South Africa
| | - E. F. Du Toit
- School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; QLD; Australia
| | - B. Huisamen
- Medical Physiology; University of Stellenbosch; Cape Town; South Africa
| | - A. Lochner
- Medical Physiology; University of Stellenbosch; Cape Town; South Africa
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Miller LE, Hosick PA, Wrieden J, Hoyt E, Quindry JC. Evaluation of arrhythmia scoring systems and exercise-induced cardioprotection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:435-41. [PMID: 21857371 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182323f8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is protective against ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia (I), the condition of inadequate blood flow, and reperfusion (R), the reestablishment of blood flow. This protection is observed clinically and scientifically by decreased incidence in ECG abnormalities. Numerous scoring systems exist for the quantification of ventricular arrhythmia severity. On the basis of preventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation frequency, these scoring systems are intended to provide more robust ECG outcome indicators than individual arrhythmia variables. Scoring systems vary primarily on continuous versus discontinuous treatment of the data, which should be considered when matching these arrhythmia metrics to scientific applications. PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was to evaluate seven ECG scoring systems in the assessment of ventricular arrhythmia severity after IR in male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Animals remained sedentary or exercised (3 d of treadmill exercise for 60 min) before surgically induced IR. A subset of sedentary animals served as sham, undergoing surgical procedure without IR. ECGs were evaluated under blinded conditions by three trained individuals. Single arrhythmia data and the parametric score were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, whereas the Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare group means for all nonparametric scoring systems between groups. RESULTS IR produced a significant arrhythmic response in exercised and sedentary rats as determined by all arrhythmia scoring systems. Four arrhythmia metrics resulted in significant differences between exercised and sedentary treatments (P < 0.001), whereas three metrics did not. CONCLUSIONS Continuous versus discontinuous treatment of the data may account for variation in scoring system outcomes. These data confirm that exercise protects against IR-induced arrhythmias, and care must be taken when selecting an arrhythmia scoring system for ECG evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Miller
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
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Quindry JC, Miller L, McGinnis G, Kliszczewicz B, Irwin JM, Landram M, Urbiztondo Z, Nanayakkara G, Amin R. Ischemia reperfusion injury, KATP channels, and exercise-induced cardioprotection against apoptosis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:498-506. [PMID: 22653992 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00957.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a potent stimulus against cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, although the protective mechanisms are not completely understood. The study purpose was to examine whether the mitochondrial or sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mito K(ATP) or sarc K(ATP), respectively) mediates exercise-induced cardioprotection against post-IR cell death and apoptosis. Eighty-six, 4-mo-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to treadmill exercise (Ex; 30 m/min, 3 days, 60 min, ∼70 maximal oxygen uptake) and sedentary (Sed) treatments. Rats were exposed to regional cardiac ischemia (50 min) and reperfusion (120 min) or Sham (170 min; no ligation) surgeries. Exercise subgroups received placebo (saline), 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD; 10 mg/kg ip), or HMR1098 (10 mg/kg ip) to inhibit mito K(ATP) or sarc K(ATP) channel. Comprehensive outcome assessments included post-IR ECG arrhythmias, cardiac tissue necrosis, redox perturbations, and autophagy biomarkers. No arrhythmia differences existed between exercised and sedentary hearts following extended-duration IR (P < 0.05). The sarc K(ATP) channel was confirmed essential (P = 0.002) for prevention of antinecrotic tissue death with exercise (percent infarct, Sed = 42%; Ex = 20%; Ex5HD = 16%; ExHMR = 42%), although neither the mito K(ATP) (P = 0.177) nor sarc K(ATP) (P = 0.274) channel provided post-IR protection against apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxy UTP-mediated nick-end labeling-positive nuclei/mm(2), Sham = 1.8 ± 0.5; Sed = 19.4 ± 6.7; Ex = 7.5 ± 4.6; Ex5HD = 14.0 ± 3.9; ExHMR = 11.1 ± 1.8). Exercise preconditioning also appears to preserve basal autophagy levels, as assessed by Beclin 1 (P ≤ 0.001), microtubule-associated protein-1 light-chain 3B ratios (P = 0.020), and P62 (P ≤ 0.001), in the hours immediately following IR. Further research is needed to better understand these findings and corresponding redox changes in exercised hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Quindry
- Cardioprotection Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830, USA.
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Carreira RS, Lee P, Gottlieb RA. Mitochondrial therapeutics for cardioprotection. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 17:2017-35. [PMID: 21718247 DOI: 10.2174/138161211796904777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent approximately one-third of the mass of the heart and play a critical role in maintaining cellular function-however, they are also a potent source of free radicals and pro-apoptotic factors. As such, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is essential to cell survival. As the dominant source of ATP, continuous quality control is mandatory to ensure their ongoing optimal function. Mitochondrial quality control is accomplished by the dynamic interplay of fusion, fission, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. This review examines these processes in the heart and considers their role in the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Interventions that modulate mitochondrial turnover, including pharmacologic agents, exercise, and caloric restriction are discussed as a means to improve mitochondrial quality control, ameliorate cardiovascular dysfunction, and enhance longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Carreira
- BioScience Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4650, USA
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Frasier CR, Moore RL, Brown DA. Exercise-induced cardiac preconditioning: how exercise protects your achy-breaky heart. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:905-15. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of exercise to protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is well known in both human epidemiological studies and experimental animal models. In this review article, we describe what is currently known about the ability of exercise to precondition the heart against infarction. Just 1 day of exercise can protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion damage, and this protection is upheld with months of exercise, making exercise one of the few sustainable preconditioning stimuli. Exercise preconditioning depends on the model and intensity of exercise, and appears to involve heightened oxidant buffering capacity, upregulated subunits of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and adaptations to cardiac mitochondria. We review the putative mechanisms involved in exercise preconditioning and point out many areas where future research is necessary to advance our understanding of how this stimulus confers resistance against I/R damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R. Frasier
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University; and
| | - Russell L. Moore
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Office of the Provost, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - David A. Brown
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University; and
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; and
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Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Min K, Powers SK. Exercise protects against doxorubicin-induced markers of autophagy signaling in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1190-8. [PMID: 21778418 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00429.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antitumor agent used in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, DOX is also toxic to skeletal muscle and can result in significant muscle wasting. The cellular mechanism(s) by which DOX induces toxicity in skeletal muscle fibers remains unclear. Nonetheless, DOX-induced toxicity is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and activation of the calpain and caspase-3 proteolytic systems within muscle fibers. It is currently unknown if autophagy, a proteolytic system that can be triggered by oxidative stress, is activated in skeletal muscles following DOX treatment. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that systemic administration of DOX leads to increased expression of autophagy markers in the rat soleus muscle. Our results reveal that DOX administration results in increased muscle mRNA levels and/or protein abundance of several important autophagy proteins, including: Beclin-1, Atg12, Atg7, LC3, LC3II-to-LCI ratio, and cathepsin L. Furthermore, given that endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity and protects muscle against DOX-induced oxidative stress, we performed additional experiments to determine whether exercise training before DOX administration would attenuate DOX-induced increases in expression of autophagy genes. Our results clearly show that exercise can protect skeletal muscle from DOX-induced expression of autophagy genes. Collectively, our findings indicate that DOX administration increases the expression of autophagy genes in skeletal muscle, and that exercise can protect skeletal muscle against DOX-induced activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Ascensão A, Oliveira PJ, Magalhães J. Exercise as a beneficial adjunct therapy during Doxorubicin treatment--role of mitochondria in cardioprotection. Int J Cardiol 2011; 156:4-10. [PMID: 21636148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the mostly used chemotherapeutic drugs is the highly effective anthracycline Doxorubicin. However, its clinical use is limited by the dose-related and cumulative cardiotoxicity and consequent dysfunction. It has been proposed that the etiology of this toxicity is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. The present review aimed to analyze the promising results regarding the effect of several types of physical exercise in cardiac tolerance of animals treated with acute and sub-chronic doses of Doxorubicin (DOX), highlighting the importance of cardiac mitochondrial-related mechanisms in the process. Physical exercise positively modulates some important cardiac defense systems to antagonize the toxic effects caused by DOX treatment, including antioxidant capacity, the overexpression of heat shock proteins and other anti-apoptotic proteins. An important role in this protective phenotype afforded by exercise should be attributed to mitochondrial plasticity, as related adaptations could be translated into improved cardiac function in the setting of the DOX cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Short-term exercise provides left ventricular myocardial protection against intermittent hypoxia-induced apoptosis in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1939-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kwak HB, Kim JH, Joshi K, Yeh A, Martinez DA, Lawler JM. Exercise training reduces fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase dysregulation in the aging rat heart. FASEB J 2010; 25:1106-17. [PMID: 21148111 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-172924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs function in the nonischemic heart and is associated with mechanical remodeling. This process includes accumulation of collagen (i.e., fibrosis) and dysregulation of active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Exercise training (ET) improves cardiac function, but the pathways of protection remain poorly understood. Young (3 mo) and old (31 mo) FBNF1 rats were assigned into sedentary and exercise groups, with ET group rats training on a treadmill 45 min/d, 5 d/wk for 12 wk. Nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM), histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blot analyses were performed on the left ventricle and septum. NLOM, IHC, and histological imaging revealed that ET reduced age-associated elevation of collagen type I fibers. Active MMP-1, active MMP-2, and MMP-14 in the ECM fraction of the left ventricle were reduced by aging, an effect abrogated by ET. Tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP-1) was elevated with age but protected by ET. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), upstream regulator of TIMP-1, increased with age but was attenuated by ET. Therefore, exercise training could protect the aging heart against dysregulation of MMPs and fibrosis by suppressing elevation of TIMP-1 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Redox Biology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
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Effects of endurance training on combined goserelin acetate and doxorubicin treatment–induced cardiac dysfunction. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 68:685-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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