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Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training on Fine Motor Skills and Testosterone Concentration in Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168243. [PMID: 34443992 PMCID: PMC8392117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We sought to compare the effect of two types of exercise training on fine motor skills and to establish their association with the salivary testosterone. Research participants, 135 adolescents (68 adolescent females; mean age = 12.76, SD = 0.85) were assigned into three groups: coordinative exercise (CE), cardiovascular exercise (CVE), and the control group (CON). Fine motor skills were assessed with a drawing trail test and salivary testosterone concentration was measured before and after 10 weeks of intervention. There were no significant changes in fine motor skills and testosterone concentration after either CE or CVE training. However, a significant positive correlation between post-test fine motor skills and post-test testosterone concentration was found after the CVE training. One type of exercise training cannot be singled out as more effective for fine motor skills and testosterone activity. Nevertheless, our results showed a relationship between fine motor skills and testosterone concentration after the CVE training. Thus, the type of exercise training is important in the exercise-induced testosterone effect on fine motor skills.
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Testosterone improves muscle function of the extensor digitorum longus in rats with sepsis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221929. [PMID: 31967292 PMCID: PMC7000367 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among patients with intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW), skeletal muscle strength often decreases significantly. The present study aimed to explore the effects of testosterone propotionate on skeletal muscle using rat model of sepsis. Male SD rats were randomly divided into experimental group, model control group, sham operation group and blank control group. Rats in experimental group were given testosterone propionate two times a week, 10 mg/kg for 3 weeks. Maximal contraction force, fatigue index and cross-sectional area of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were measured. Myosin, IGF-1, p-AKT and p-mTOR levels in EDL were detected by Western blot. Histological changes of the testis and prostate were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. We found that maximal contraction force and fatigue index of EDL in experimental group were significantly higher than in model control group. Cross-sectional area of fast MHC muscle fiber of EDL in group was significantly higher than in model control group. The levels of myosin, IGF-1, p-AKT and p-mTOR of EDL in experimental group were significantly higher than in model control group. In addition, no testicle atrophy and prostate hyperplasia were detected in experimental group. In conclusion, these results suggest that testosterone propionate can significantly improve skeletal muscle strength, endurance and volume of septic rats, and the mechanism may be related to the activation of IGF-1/AKT pathway. Moreover, testosterone propionate with short duration does not cause testicular atrophy and prostate hyperplasia in septic rats. Therefore, testosterone propionate is a potential treatment for muscle malfunction in ICUAW patients.
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Lara A, Esperante I, Meyer M, Liere P, Di Giorgio N, Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Gargiulo-Monachelli G, De Nicola AF, Gonzalez Deniselle MC. Neuroprotective Effects of Testosterone in Male Wobbler Mouse, a Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2088-2106. [PMID: 33411236 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) present motoneuron degeneration leading to muscle atrophy, dysphagia, and dysarthria. The Wobbler mouse, an animal model of ALS, shows a selective loss of motoneurons, astrocytosis, and microgliosis in the spinal cord. The incidence of ALS is greater in men; however, it increases in women after menopause, suggesting a role of sex steroids in ALS. Testosterone is a complex steroid that exerts its effects directly via androgen (AR) or Sigma-1 receptors and indirectly via estrogen receptors (ER) after aromatization into estradiol. Its reduced-metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone acts via AR. This study analyzed the effects of testosterone in male symptomatic Wobblers. Controls or Wobblers received empty or testosterone-filled silastic tubes for 2 months. The cervical spinal cord from testosterone-treated Wobblers showed (1) similar androgen levels to untreated control and (2) increased levels of testosterone, and its 5α-reduced metabolites, 5α- dihydrotestosterone, and 3β-androstanediol, but (3) undetectable levels of estradiol compared to untreated Wobblers. Testosterone-treated controls showed comparable steroid concentrations to its untreated counterpart. In testosterone- treated Wobblers a reduction of AR, ERα, and aromatase and high levels of Sigma-1 receptor mRNAs was demonstrated. Testosterone treatment increased ChAT immunoreactivity and the antiinflammatory mediator TGFβ, while it lessened vacuolated motoneurons, GFAP+ astrogliosis, the density of IBA1+ microgliosis, proinflammatory mediators, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. Clinically, testosterone treatment in Wobblers slowed the progression of paw atrophy and improved rotarod performance. Collectively, our findings indicate an antiinflammatory and protective effect of testosterone in the degenerating spinal cord. These results coincided with a high concentration of androgen-reduced derivatives after testosterone treatment suggesting that the steroid profile may have a beneficial role on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Lara
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iván Esperante
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Philippe Liere
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Noelia Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276, France
| | - Gisella Gargiulo-Monachelli
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Federico De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina.
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Ye J, Zhai X, Yang J, Zhu Z. Association between Serum Testosterone Levels and Body Composition among Men 20-59 Years of Age. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:7523996. [PMID: 34589126 PMCID: PMC8476276 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7523996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex hormones play an important role in the development and maintenance of bone and muscle mass. However, studies regarding serum testosterone levels, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia in men are relatively sparse and have led to contradictory conclusions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum testosterone levels and body composition, including bone mineral density (BMD), appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), and appendicular fat mass index (AFMI), among men 20-59 years of age through a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our analysis was based on the data for 3,875 men, 20-59 years of age. Weighted multiple regression analyses were used to estimate the independent association between serum testosterone levels and body composition. Weighted generalized additive models and smooth curve fittings were used to characterize the nonlinear associations between them. RESULTS The association between the serum testosterone level and lumbar BMD was positive in each multivariable linear regression model. In the model adjusted for age and race, the serum testosterone level was negatively associated with ALMI. However, in the models adjusted for body mass index, this association became positive. In addition, the association between the serum testosterone level and AFMI was negative in each multivariable linear regression model. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated a positive association of serum testosterone level with lumbar BMD and ALMI, and a negative association with AFMI, among men 20-59 years of age, suggesting that increasing testosterone levels may be beneficial to skeletal health in young and middle-aged men with low testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Ye
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110847, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Jinxiao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- Department of Osteoporosis Care and Control, The Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
- Clinical Research Center, The Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
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Parahiba SM, Ribeiro ÉCT, Corrêa C, Bieger P, Perry IS, Souza GC. Effect of testosterone supplementation on sarcopenic components in middle-aged and elderly men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111106. [PMID: 33045359 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature of randomized controlled trials on the effect of testosterone (T) supplementation compared to the placebo group or lower dose on sarcopenic components (muscle mass, strength and physical performance) in middle-aged and elderly men. Major electronic databases were searched for articles published on or before December 2019. Studies including individuals with age ≥ 40 years and which described the effect of T supplementation on sarcopenic components were found eligible (11 studies). Outcomes were calculated as the difference in means between the experimental and control/placebo groups, and data were presented as effect size with 95% confidence limits (95%CI). The meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. Regarding lean body mass (LBM), eight studies evaluated the effect of T supplementation on this outcome, of these, seven reported gains after the intervention period. Our meta-analysis showed a beneficial effect on LBM of 2.54 kg (95% CI, 1.27 to 3.80) (p < 0.001). In muscle strength (MS), seven included studies evaluated the handgrip strength (HGS) and just one reported gain after the intervention period, but the meta-analysis showed an increase for HGS of 1.58 kgf (95%CI, 0.17 to 3.0) (p = 0.03). The second outcome for MS was leg strength (LS), where nine studies were included and five demonstrated gains in this parameter after the intervention period. In the meta-analysis, two out of three tests showed an effect on LS: T supplementation increase the leg press strength in 91.23 N (95%CI, 0.23 to 182.22) (p = 0.05) and leg extension in 144.10 N (95%CI, 44.21 to 244.00) (p < 0.01). In physical performance, four studies evaluated this outcome, with three of them showing positive effects in this parameter. In the meta-analysis, only two studies that reported the same assessment test (Physical Performance Test) were included, but no effect of T supplementation on this parameter was found. It can be concluded that T supplementation influences sarcopenic components in middle-aged and older men, because is associated with increased in muscle mass and strength in addition to physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena Medeiros Parahiba
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Édina Caroline Ternus Ribeiro
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Corrêa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bieger
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Schweigert Perry
- Food and Nutrition Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre/Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, 3rd floor of the Clinical Research Center, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corrêa Souza
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos Street - 2nd floor, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Varanoske AN, Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM. Effects of Testosterone on Serum Concentrations, Fat-free Mass, and Physical Performance by Population: A Meta-analysis. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa090. [PMID: 32864543 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) administration (TA) increases serum T and fat-free mass (FFM). Although TA-mediated increases in FFM may enhance physical performance, the data are largely equivocal, which may be due to differences in study populations, the magnitude of change in serum T and FFM, or the performance metrics. This meta-analysis explored effects of TA on serum T, FFM, and performance. Associations between increases in serum T and FFM were assessed, and whether changes in serum T or FFM, study population, or the performance metrics affected performance was determined. A systematic review of double-blind randomized trials comparing TA versus placebo on serum T, FFM, and performance was performed. Data were extracted from 20 manuscripts. Effect sizes (ESs) were assessed using Hedge's g and a random effects model. Data are presented as ES (95% confidence interval). No significant correlation between changes in serum T and FFM was observed (P = .167). Greater increases in serum T, but not FFM, resulted in larger effects on performance. Larger increases in testosterone (7.26 [0.76-13.75]) and FFM (0.80 [0.20-1.41]) were observed in young males, but performance only improved in diseased (0.16 [0.05-0.28]) and older males (0.19 [0.10-0.29]). TA increased lower body (0.12 [0.07-0.18]), upper body (0.26 [0.11-0.40]), and handgrip (0.13 [0.04-0.22]) strength, lower body muscular endurance (0.38 [0.09-0.68]), and functional performance (0.20 [0.00-0.41]), but not lower body power or aerobic endurance. TA elicits increases in serum T and FFM in younger, older, and diseased males; however, the performance-enhancing effects of TA across studies were small, observed mostly in muscular strength and endurance, and only in older and diseased males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Loenneke JP, Dankel SJ, Bell ZW, Buckner SL, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Abe T. Is muscle growth a mechanism for increasing strength? Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During the last decades androgens have been used illicitly by athletes of both genders. Because of some obvious ethical limitations, mechanisms underlying the performance-enhancing effects of these hormone or drugs, as well as the magnitude of their effects, have been poorly addressed. This review aims to combine findings from field and from the laboratory to provide new insights into the ergogenic properties of endogenous or exogenous androgens on female athletes. RECENT FINDINGS Results obtained from recent neuropsychological studies indicated that testosterone, and not the sex chromosomes, is responsible for the sexual differentiation of visuospatial neural activation. These findings could explain how males and hyperandrogenic females benefit from androgens performance-enhancing effects in sports where visuospatial abilities are closely linked to better performance. Another study conducted on elite female athletes showed that, in some athletic events, where muscle power is of critical importance, individuals with the highest free testosterone concentration significantly outperformed competitors with the lowest free testosterone concentration. SUMMARY In some sport events, female athletes with high or very high androgen levels (whether it is from endogenous or exogenous origin) have an estimated competitive benefit of 2-5% over those with androgen levels within the normal female range. These findings are to be taken into account in the actual controversy about eligibility of females with hyperandrogenism to compete in women's sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bermon
- Monaco Institute for Sports Medicine and Surgery, Monaco, and Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
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Huffman J, Hoffmann C, Taylor GT. Integrating insulin-like growth factor 1 and sex hormones into neuroprotection: Implications for diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:45-55. [PMID: 28265342 PMCID: PMC5320748 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the central role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and its relation to sex hormones in many neuroprotective processes. Both male and female patients with diabetes display abnormal IGF1 and sex-hormone levels but the comparison of these fluctuations is seldom a topic of interest. It is interesting to note that both IGF1 and sex hormones have the ability to regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-related kinase signaling cascades in animal and cell culture models of neuroprotection. Additionally, there is considerable evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective coupling of IGF1 and estrogen. Androgens have also been implicated in many neuroprotective processes that operate on similar signaling cascades as the estrogen-IGF1 relation. Yet, androgens have not been directly linked to the brain IGF1 system and neuroprotection. Despite the sex-specific variations in brain integrity and hormone levels observed in diabetic patients, the IGF1-sex hormone relation in neuroprotection has yet to be fully substantiated in experimental models of diabetes. Taken together, there is a clear need for the comprehensive analysis of sex differences on brain integrity of diabetic patients and the relationship between IGF1 and sex hormones that may influence brain-health outcomes. As such, this review will briefly outline the basic relation of diabetes and IGF1 and its role in neuroprotection. We will also consider the findings on sex hormones and diabetes as a basis for separately analyzing males and females to identify possible hormone-induced brain abnormalities. Finally, we will introduce the neuroprotective interplay of IGF1 and estrogen and how androgen-derived neuroprotection operates through similar signaling cascades. Future research on both neuroprotection and diabetes should include androgens into the interplay of IGF1 and sex hormones.
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Mouser JG, Loprinzi PD, Loenneke JP. The association between physiologic testosterone levels, lean mass, and fat mass in a nationally representative sample of men in the United States. Steroids 2016; 115:62-66. [PMID: 27543675 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Testosterone deficiency leads to increased muscle loss with aging and increased fat mass. Supraphysiologic levels cause an increase in muscle mass and decrease in fat mass. The difference in lean and fat mass across physiologic levels of testosterone has been under examined in men. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between physiologic testosterone levels with lean and fat mass. METHODS Data from the 1999-2000 NHANES were used (n=252 men; 18-85yrs). Testosterone and SHBG values were obtained by a morning blood sample. Body composition was measured by DXA. Multivariable linear regression was used to compute unadjusted, minimally adjusted, and extended models of relative upper- and lower-body lean and fat mass. RESULTS In the extended model, men with total testosterone levels in the highest 25% (4th quartile) had more lower-body lean mass (LBLM) (β=22.1(%), 95%CI: 9.0, 35.3, p=0.003) and upper-body lean mass (UBLM) (β=5.6(%), 95%CI: 0.1, 11.2, p=0.046), and less lower-body fat mass (LBFM) (β=-9.9(%), 95%CI: -17.7, -2.1, p=0.016) and upper-body fat mass (UBFM) (β=-6.1(%), 95%CI: -10.1, -2.1, p=0.005) than those in the 1st quartile. Men in the 3rd quartile had more LBLM (β=14.2, 95%CI: 5.3, 23.1, p=0.004), UBLM (β=5.6, 95%CI: 2.0, 9.2, p=0.004), and less LBFM (β=-9.7(%), 95%CI: -16.7, -2.7, p=0.010) and UBFM (β=-4.7(%), 95%CI: -8.3, -1.2, p=0.012) than those in the 1st quartile. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, at physiologic levels, an association exists between higher levels of testosterone and favorable lean and fat measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grant Mouser
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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