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Algul S, Ozcelik O. Comprehensive review of animal models in diabetes research using chemical agents. Lab Anim 2025; 59:356-363. [PMID: 39817399 DOI: 10.1177/00236772241296199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2025]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by insufficient insulin secretion and impaired insulin efficacy, disrupts carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. The global diabetic population is expected to double by 2025, from 380 million, posing a significant health challenge. Most diabetic individuals fall into the type 1 or type 2 categories, and diabetes adversely affects various organs, such as the kidneys, liver, nervous system, reproductive system, and eyes.This review focuses on animal models of diabetes induced by chemical agents, which are essential tools for understanding disease mechanisms, investigating complications, and testing antidiabetic drugs. Models include those caused by streptozotocin (STZ), alloxan, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), dithizone, and anti-insulin serum.Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes models create type 1 and 2 diabetes by destroying pancreatic beta cells. The combination of STZ with nicotinamide mimics type 2 diabetes phenotypes. Alloxan induces a hyperglycemic state by causing free radical formation that selectively destroys pancreatic beta cells. Fe-NTA and dithizone also create diabetes models by damaging pancreatic beta cells. Anti-insulin serum models induce insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by generating antibodies against insulin receptors, leading to a condition similar to type 1 diabetes.Each model has unique characteristics that make it suitable for different aspects of diabetes research. These models are used to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes, develop new treatment strategies, and evaluate the efficacy of potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Algul
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Van, Turkey
| | - Oguz Ozcelik
- Kastamonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Gerić M, Nanić L, Micek V, Novak Jovanović I, Gajski G, Rašić D, Orct T, Ljubojević M, Karaica D, Jurasović J, Vrhovac Madunić I, Peraica M, Sabolić I, de Andrade VM, Breljak D, Rubelj I. The Impact of Resveratrol and Melatonin on the Genome and Oxidative Status in Ageing Rats. Nutrients 2025; 17:1187. [PMID: 40218945 PMCID: PMC11990809 DOI: 10.3390/nu17071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 03/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the growing challenges posed by an ageing population, particularly in Western countries, we aimed to investigate the potential geroprotective effects of resveratrol and melatonin in ageing rats. METHODS The animals were treated with these two compounds starting at 3 months of age and continuing until 1 year or 2 years of age. Using a multibiomarker approach, we assessed DNA damage, telomere length, and the oxidative status in their urine, liver, and kidneys. RESULTS Despite employing this experimental approach, our results did not provide conclusive evidence of geroprotective effects across the evaluated organs. However, we observed sex-dependent differences in response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Given the high potency of these two compounds, further research is warranted to explore their incorporation into daily routines as a strategy to mitigate ageing-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucia Nanić
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Animal Breeding Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Novak Jovanović
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Orct
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Ljubojević
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Karaica
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Animal Breeding Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vrhovac Madunić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Peraica
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Sabolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vanessa Moraes de Andrade
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, Graduate Program of Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina–UNESC, Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil;
| | - Davorka Breljak
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Rubelj
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Khoso MA, Liu H, Zhao T, Zhao W, Huang Q, Sun Z, Dinislam K, Chen C, Kong L, Zhang Y, Liu X. Impact of plant-derived antioxidants on heart aging: a mechanistic outlook. Front Pharmacol 2025; 16:1524584. [PMID: 40191425 PMCID: PMC11969199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1524584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 04/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Heart aging involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences, leading to a gradual deterioration of cardiovascular integrity and function. Age-related physiological changes, including ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, increased arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction, are influenced by key mechanisms like autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactive antioxidants in mitigating heart aging. These compounds, often rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals, exhibit notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. These substances have intricate cardioprotective properties, including the ability to scavenge ROS, enhance endogenous antioxidant defenses, regulate signaling pathways, and impede fibrosis and inflammation-promoting processes. By focusing on key molecular mechanisms linked to cardiac aging, antioxidants produced from plants provide significant promise to reduce age-related cardiovascular decline and improve general heart health. Through a comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical studies, this work highlights the mechanisms associated with heart aging and the promising effects of plant-derived antioxidants. The findings may helpful for researchers in identifying specific molecules with therapeutic and preventive potential for aging heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Khoso
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zeqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Khuzin Dinislam
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone (2019RU070), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
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Komorowska J, Wątroba M, Bednarzak M, Grabowska AD, Szukiewicz D. Anti-Inflammatory Action of Resveratrol in the Central Nervous System in Relation to Glucose Concentration-An In Vitro Study on a Blood-Brain Barrier Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3110. [PMID: 38542084 PMCID: PMC10970537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced blood glucose levels may cause inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). This effect can be reversed by the action of a natural neuroprotective compound, resveratrol (RSV). The study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of RSV on astrocyte cytokine profiles within an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) under varying glucose concentrations (2.2, 5.0, and 25.0 mmol/L), corresponding to hypo-, normo-, and hyperglycemia. The model included co-cultures of astrocytes (brain compartment, BC) and endothelial cells (microvascular compartment, MC), separated by 0.4 µm wide pores. Subsequent exposure to 0.2 μM LPS in the brain compartment (BC) and 50 μM RSV in the microvascular compartment (MC) of each well was carried out. Cytokine levels (IL-1 α, IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8) in the BC were assessed using a Multi-Analyte ELISArray Kit before and after the addition of LPS and RSV. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significance levels. The results demonstrated that RSV reduced the concentration of all studied cytokines in the BC, regardless of glucose levels, with the most substantial decrease observed under normoglycemic conditions. Additionally, the concentration of RSV in the BC was highest under normoglycemic conditions compared to hypo- and hyperglycemia. These findings confirm that administration of RSV in the MC exerts anti-inflammatory effects within the BC, particularly under normoglycemia-simulating conditions. Further in vivo studies, including animal and human research, are warranted to elucidate the bioavailability of RSV within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Laboratory of the Blood-Brain Barrier, Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (M.W.); (A.D.G.)
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Pan KL, Hsu YC, Chang ST, Chung CM, Lin CL. The Role of Cardiac Fibrosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Diagnostic Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8604. [PMID: 37239956 PMCID: PMC10218088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin secretion, resistance, or both. The cardiovascular complications of DM are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. There are three major types of pathophysiologic cardiac remodeling including coronary artery atherosclerosis, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and DM cardiomyopathy in patients with DM. DM cardiomyopathy is a distinct cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease. Cardiac fibrosis, defined as the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is a hallmark of DM cardiomyopathy. The pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy is complex and involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. Cardiac fibrosis contributes to the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which increases mortality and the incidence of hospitalizations. As medical technology advances, the severity of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy can be evaluated by non-invasive imaging modalities such as echocardiography, heart computed tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear imaging. In this review article, we will discuss the pathophysiology of cardiac fibrosis in DM cardiomyopathy, non-invasive imaging modalities to evaluate the severity of cardiac fibrosis, and therapeutic strategies for DM cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Li Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan; (K.-L.P.); (S.-T.C.); (C.-M.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Heart Failure Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Tai Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan; (K.-L.P.); (S.-T.C.); (C.-M.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan; (K.-L.P.); (S.-T.C.); (C.-M.C.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chiayi City 613, Taiwan;
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
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Dietary Supplementation with Resveratrol Attenuates Serum Melatonin Level, Pro-Inflammatory Response and Metabolic Disorder in Rats Fed High-Fructose High-Lipid Diet under Round-the-Clock Lighting. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:37-47. [PMID: 36810424 PMCID: PMC9944068 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of resveratrol on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic disorder in rats fed a high-fructose high-lipid diet (HFHLD) and exposed to round-the-clock lighting (RCL). 21 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (group 1, n = 7); HFHLD for 8 weeks + round-the-clock lighting (RCL) (group 2, n = 7); HFHLD + RCL + Resveratrol (in a daily dose of 5 mg/kg intragastrically (group 3, n = 7). Results show that the combined effect of HFHLD and RCL reduces the serum melatonin (p < 0.001) and accelerates pro-inflammatory activities, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder. There is a significant increase in the serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (both p < 0.001), blood malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adducts (MDA-TBA2) (p < 0.001), serum glucose (p < 0.01), insulin concentration, and the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (both p < 0.001), serum with very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triacylglycerol (TAG) (both p < 0.001). At the same time, the decrease in the serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (p < 0.001) is observed in the HFHLD + RCL group compared to the control. In the HFHLD + RCL + Resveratrol group, hypomelatonaemia (p < 0.001), pro-inflammatory actions, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder were mitigated. Resveratrol can cause a significant rise in the serum melatonin and reduce serum TNF-α and CRP levels (both p < 0.001), blood MDA-TBA2 (p < 0.001), serum glucose (both p < 0.01), insulin concentration, and HOMA-IR (both p < 0.001), serum VLDL and TAG (both p < 0.001) compared to the group 2, while serum HDL level increases (p < 0.01). Resveratrol attenuates pro-inflammatory responses and prevents considerable metabolic disorder in rats fed HFHLD under RCL.
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