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El Massry M, Msheik Z, El Masri T, Ntoutoume GMAN, Vignaud L, Richard L, Pinault E, Faye PA, Bregier F, Marquet P, Favreau F, Vallat JM, Billet F, Sol V, Sturtz F, Desmouliere A. Improvement of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Phenotype with a Nanocomplex Treatment in Two Transgenic Models of CMT1A. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0009. [PMID: 38560579 PMCID: PMC10981932 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been shown to exert beneficial effects in peripheral neuropathies. Despite its known biological activities, curcumin has unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Its instability has been linked to its failure in clinical trials of curcumin for the treatment of human pathologies. For this reason, we developed curcumin-loaded cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals (NanoCur) to improve its pharmacokinetics. The present study aims to assess the potency of a low dose of NanoCur in 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) rodent models at different stages of the disease. The efficiency of NanoCur is also compared to that of Theracurmin (Thera), a commercially available curcumin formulation. The toxicity of a short-term and chronic exposure to the treatment is investigated both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, the entry route, the mechanism of action and the effect on the nerve phenotype are dissected in this study. Overall, the data support an improvement in sensorimotor functions, associated with amelioration in peripheral myelination in NanoCur-treated animals; an effect that was not evident in the Thera-treated group. That was combined with a high margin of safety both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, NanoCur appears to inhibit inflammatory pathways that normally include macrophage recruitment to the diseased nerve. This study shows that NanoCur shows therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic toxicity, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic candidate for CMT1A and, possibly, for other neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Massry
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Zeina Msheik
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Tarek El Masri
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Laetitia Vignaud
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Reference Center for Rare Peripheral Neuropathies, Department of Neurology,
University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Emilie Pinault
- BISCEm (Biologie Intégrative Santé Chimie Environnement) Platform, US 42 Inserm/UAR 2015 CNRS,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Faye
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Biochemistry,
University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Pierre Marquet
- INSERM U1248 Pharmacology & Transplantation, CBRS, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Frédéric Favreau
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Biochemistry,
University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Reference Center for Rare Peripheral Neuropathies, Department of Neurology,
University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fabrice Billet
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- LABCiS UR22722,
University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Franck Sturtz
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Department of Biochemistry,
University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Alexis Desmouliere
- NeurIT UR20218, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy,
University of Limoges, Limoges, France
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Intisar A, Shin HY, Kim W, Kang HG, Kim MY, Kim YS, Cho Y, Mo YJ, Lim H, Lee S, Lu QR, Lee Y, Kim MS. Implantable Electroceutical Approach Improves Myelination by Restoring Membrane Integrity in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Demyelinating Neuropathy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201358. [PMID: 35975427 PMCID: PMC9661852 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although many efforts are undertaken to treat peripheral demyelinating neuropathies based on biochemical interventions, unfortunately, there is no approved treatment yet. Furthermore, previous studies have not shown improvement of the myelin membrane at the biomolecular level. Here, an electroceutical treatment is introduced as a biophysical intervention to treat Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease-the most prevalent peripheral demyelinating neuropathy worldwide-using a mouse model. The specific electrical stimulation (ES) condition (50 mV mm-1 , 20 Hz, 1 h) for optimal myelination is found via an in vitro ES screening system, and its promyelinating effect is validated with ex vivo dorsal root ganglion model. Biomolecular investigation via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry shows that ES ameliorates distribution abnormalities of peripheral myelin protein 22 and cholesterol in the myelin membrane, revealing the restoration of myelin membrane integrity. ES intervention in vivo via flexible implantable electrodes shows not only gradual rehabilitation of mouse behavioral phenotypes (balance and endurance), but also restored myelin thickness, compactness, and membrane integrity. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that an electroceutical approach with the optimal ES condition has the potential to treat CMT disease and restore impaired myelin membrane integrity, shifting the paradigm toward practical interventions for peripheral demyelinating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseer Intisar
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Shin
- CTCELLS Corp.Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- SBCure Corp.Daegu43017Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun Gyu Kang
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seon Kim
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Cho
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics EngineeringDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeoung Mo
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Lim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics EngineeringDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH45229USA
| | - Yun‐Il Lee
- Well Aging Research CenterDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok S. Kim
- Department of New BiologyDGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
- CTCELLS Corp.Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- Translational Responsive Medicine Center (TRMC)DGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
- New Biology Research Center (NBRC)DGISTDaegu42988Republic of Korea
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Moss KR, Bopp TS, Johnson AE, Höke A. New evidence for secondary axonal degeneration in demyelinating neuropathies. Neurosci Lett 2021; 744:135595. [PMID: 33359733 PMCID: PMC7852893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin involves a coordinated series of events between growing axons and the Schwann cell (SC) progenitors that will eventually ensheath them. Myelin sheaths have evolved out of necessity to maintain rapid impulse propagation while accounting for body space constraints. However, myelinating SCs perform additional critical functions that are required to preserve axonal integrity including mitigating energy consumption by establishing the nodal architecture, regulating axon caliber by organizing axonal cytoskeleton networks, providing trophic and potentially metabolic support, possibly supplying genetic translation materials and protecting axons from toxic insults. The intermediate steps between the loss of these functions and the initiation of axon degeneration are unknown but the importance of these processes provides insightful clues. Prevalent demyelinating diseases of the PNS include the inherited neuropathies Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 1 (CMT1) and Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) and the inflammatory diseases Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP). Secondary axon degeneration is a common feature of demyelinating neuropathies and this process is often correlated with clinical deficits and long-lasting disability in patients. There is abundant electrophysiological and histological evidence for secondary axon degeneration in patients and rodent models of PNS demyelinating diseases. Fully understanding the involvement of secondary axon degeneration in these diseases is essential for expanding our knowledge of disease pathogenesis and prognosis, which will be essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Moss
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taylor S Bopp
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anna E Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Recent Advances in Drosophila Models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197419. [PMID: 33049996 PMCID: PMC7582988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited peripheral neuropathies. CMT patients typically show slowly progressive muscle weakness and sensory loss in a distal dominant pattern in childhood. The diagnosis of CMT is based on clinical symptoms, electrophysiological examinations, and genetic testing. Advances in genetic testing technology have revealed the genetic heterogeneity of CMT; more than 100 genes containing the disease causative mutations have been identified. Because a single genetic alteration in CMT leads to progressive neurodegeneration, studies of CMT patients and their respective models revealed the genotype-phenotype relationships of targeted genes. Conventionally, rodents and cell lines have often been used to study the pathogenesis of CMT. Recently, Drosophila has also attracted attention as a CMT model. In this review, we outline the clinical characteristics of CMT, describe the advantages and disadvantages of using Drosophila in CMT studies, and introduce recent advances in CMT research that successfully applied the use of Drosophila, in areas such as molecules associated with mitochondria, endosomes/lysosomes, transfer RNA, axonal transport, and glucose metabolism.
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Moss KR, Höke A. Targeting the programmed axon degeneration pathway as a potential therapeutic for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146539. [PMID: 31689415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The programmed axon degeneration pathway has emerged as an important process contributing to the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The most crucial events in this pathway include activation of the central executioner SARM1 and NAD+ depletion, which leads to an energetic failure and ultimately axon destruction. Given the prevalence of this pathway, it is not surprising that inhibitory therapies are currently being developed in order to treat multiple neurological diseases with the same therapy. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases that may also benefit from this therapeutic approach. To evaluate the appropriateness of this strategy, the contribution of the programmed axon degeneration pathway to the pathogenesis of different CMT subtypes is being actively investigated. The subtypes CMT1A, CMT1B and CMT2D are the first to have been examined. Based on the results from these studies and advances in developing therapies to block the programmed axon degeneration pathway, promising therapeutics for CMT are now on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Moss
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Nonclinical data supporting orphan medicinal product designations: lessons from rare neurological conditions. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:26-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yamaguchi M, Takashima H. Drosophila Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:97-117. [PMID: 29951817 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) was initially described in 1886. It is characterized by defects in the peripheral nervous system, including sensory and motor neurons. Although more than 80 CMT-causing genes have been identified to date, an effective therapy has not yet been developed for this disease. Since Drosophila does not have axons surrounded by myelin sheaths or Schwann cells, the establishment of a demyelinating CMT model is not appropriate. In this chapter, after overviewing CMT, examples of Drosophila CMT models with axonal neuropathy and other animal CMT models are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Massimino ML, Peggion C, Loro F, Stella R, Megighian A, Scorzeto M, Blaauw B, Toniolo L, Sorgato MC, Reggiani C, Bertoli A. Age-dependent neuromuscular impairment in prion protein knockout mice. Muscle Nerve 2015; 53:269-79. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Federica Loro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Michele Scorzeto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Luana Toniolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Maria Catia Sorgato
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via U. Bassi 58/B 35131 Padova Italy
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10
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Fledrich R, Stassart RM, Sereda MW. Murine therapeutic models for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Br Med Bull 2012; 102:89-113. [PMID: 22551516 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/lds010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION OR BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease represents a broad group of inherited motor and sensory neuropathies which can originate from various genetic aberrations, e.g. mutations, deletions and duplications. SOURCES OF DATA We performed a literature review on murine animal models of CMT disease with regard to experimental therapeutic approaches. Hereby, we focussed on the demyelinating subforms of CMT (CMT1). PubMed items were CMT, animal model, demyelination and therapy. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Patients affected by CMT suffer from slowly progressive, distally pronounced muscle atrophy caused by an axonal loss. The disease severity is highly variable and impairments may result in wheelchair boundness. No therapy is available yet. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Numerous rodent models for the various CMT subtypes are available today. The selection of the correct animal model for the specific CMT subtype provides an important prerequisite for the successful translation of experimental findings in patients. GROWING POINTS Despite more than 20 years of remarkable progress in CMT research, the disease is still left untreatable. There is a growing number of experimental therapeutic strategies that may be translated into future clinical trials in patients with CMT. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The slow disease progression and insensitive outcome measures hamper clinical therapy trials in CMT. Biomarkers may provide powerful tools to monitor therapeutic efficacy. Recently, we have shown that transcriptional profiling can be utilized to assess and predict the disease severity in a transgenic rat model and in affected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fledrich
- Research Group 'Molecular and Translational Neurology', Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Filali M, Dequen F, Lalonde R, Julien JP. Sensorimotor and cognitive function of a NEFL(P22S) mutant model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E. Behav Brain Res 2010; 219:175-80. [PMID: 21168446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequently encountered hereditary disease causing sensorimotor neuropathies and slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. The P22S mutation of the NEFL gene encoding the light polypeptide neurofilament (NFL) is associated with CMT. To understand more clearly the pathogenesis of sensorimotor dysfunction in CMT, we generated transgenic mice with the NEFL(P22S) mutation under the tet-off tetracycline regulated system with involvement of the Thy1 neuron-specific promoter. NEFL(P22S) transgenic mice exhibited extended duration of the hindlimb clasping response and gait anomalies, as well as sensorimotor deficits in stationary beam and suspended bar tests. In addition, the NEFL(P22S) mice were deficient in the reversal phase of left-right discrimination learning in a water maze. This model mimics some aspects of human CMT pathology and provides an opportunity of ameliorating CMT symptoms with experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Filali
- CHUL Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier boul., Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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12
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Chomiak T, Hu B. What is the optimal value of the g-ratio for myelinated fibers in the rat CNS? A theoretical approach. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7754. [PMID: 19915661 PMCID: PMC2771903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological process underlying axonal myelination is complex and often prone to injury and disease. The ratio of the inner axonal diameter to the total outer diameter or g-ratio is widely utilized as a functional and structural index of optimal axonal myelination. Based on the speed of fiber conduction, Rushton was the first to derive a theoretical estimate of the optimal g-ratio of 0.6 [1]. This theoretical limit nicely explains the experimental data for myelinated axons obtained for some peripheral fibers but appears significantly lower than that found for CNS fibers. This is, however, hardly surprising given that in the CNS, axonal myelination must achieve multiple goals including reducing conduction delays, promoting conduction fidelity, lowering energy costs, and saving space. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we explore the notion that a balanced set-point can be achieved at a functional level as the micro-structure of individual axons becomes optimized, particularly for the central system where axons tend to be smaller and their myelin sheath thinner. We used an intuitive yet novel theoretical approach based on the fundamental biophysical properties describing axonal structure and function to show that an optimal g-ratio can be defined for the central nervous system (approximately 0.77). Furthermore, by reducing the influence of volume constraints on structural design by about 40%, this approach can also predict the g-ratio observed in some peripheral fibers (approximately 0.6). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results support the notion of optimization theory in nervous system design and construction and may also help explain why the central and peripheral systems have evolved different g-ratios as a result of volume constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Chomiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Fricker B, Muller A, René F. Evaluation Tools and Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathies. NEURODEGENER DIS 2008; 5:72-108. [DOI: 10.1159/000112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sereda MW, Nave KA. Animal models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:205-16. [PMID: 16775377 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The most frequent genetic subtype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is CMT1A, linked to chromosome 17p11.2. In the majority of cases, CMT1A is a gene dosage disease associated with a 1.5 Mb large genomic duplication. Transgenic models with extra copies of the Pmp22 gene have provided formal proof that overexpression of only this candidate gene is sufficent to cause peripheral demyelination, onion bulb formation, secondary axonal loss, and progressive muscle atrophy, the pathological hallmarks of CMT1A. The transgenic CMT rat with about 1.6-fold PMP22 overexpression exhibits clinical abnormalities, such as reduced nerve conduction velocity and lower grip strength that mimick findings in CMT1A patients. Also transgenic mice, carrying yeast artifical chromosomes as Pmp22 transgenes, demonstrate the variability of disease expression as a function of increased gene dosage. Recently, the first rational experimental therapies of CMT1A were tested, using transgenic animal models. In one proof-of-principle study with the CMT rat, a synthetic antagonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor was shown to reduce PMP22 overexpression and to ameliorate the clinical severity. In another study, administration of ascorbic acid, an essential factor of in vitro myelination, prolonged the survival and restored myelination of a dysmyelinated mouse model. Application of gene expression analysis to nerve biopsies that are readily available from such CMT1A animal models might identify additional pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mutations in a number of genes have been associated with inherited neuropathies (Charcot-Marie-Tooth or CMT disease). This review highlights how animal models of demyelinating CMT have improved our understanding of disease mechanisms. Transgenic CMT models also allow therapies to be developed in a preclinical setting. RECENT FINDINGS Rodent models for the most common subtypes of human CMT disease are now available, and two mouse mutants modeling the rare CMT4B subform have lately extended this repertoire. In a peripheral myelin protein 22 kDa (Pmp22) transgenic rat model of CMT1A, administration of a progesterone receptor antagonist reduced Pmp22 overexpression, axon loss and clinical impairments. Dietary ascorbic acid prevented dysmyelination and premature death in a Pmp22 transgenic mouse line. Neurotrophin-3 promoted small fiber remyelination in CMT1A xenografts and sensory functions in CMT1A patients. Gene expression profiling in rodent models of CMT may identify further therapeutical targets. While original classifications distinguish the demyelinating and axonal forms of CMT, recent findings emphasize that axon loss is a common feature, possibly caused by Schwann cell defects rather than demyelination per se. This supports our model that myelination and long-term axonal support are distinct functions of all myelinating glial cells. SUMMARY Animal models have opened up new perspectives on the pathomechanisms and possible treatment strategies of inherited neuropathies.
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Vigo T, Nobbio L, Hummelen PV, Abbruzzese M, Mancardi G, Verpoorten N, Verhoeven K, Sereda MW, Nave KA, Timmerman V, Schenone A. Experimental Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A: a cDNA microarrays analysis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:703-14. [PMID: 15797717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the spectrum of genes that are modulated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT1A), which is due to overexpression of the gene coding for the peripheral myelin protein 22 (pmp22), we performed a cDNA microarray experiment with cDNA from sciatic nerves of a rat model of the disease. In homozygous pmp22 overexpressing animals, we found a significant down-regulation of 86 genes, while only 23 known genes were up-regulated, suggesting that the increased dosage of pmp22 induces a general down-regulation of gene expression in peripheral nerve tissue. Classification of the modulated genes into functional categories leads to the identification of some pathways altered by overexpression of pmp22. In particular, a selective down-regulation of the ciliary neurotrophic factor transcript and of genes coding for proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, for cytoskeletal components and for proteins of the extracellular matrix, was observed. Cntf expression was further studied by real-time PCR and ELISA technique in pmp22 transgenic sciatic nerves, human CMT1A sural nerve biopsies, and primary cultures of transgenic Schwann cells. According to the results of cDNA microarray analysis, a down-regulation of cntf, both at the mRNA and protein level, was found in all the conditions tested. These results are relevant to reveal the molecular function of PMP22 and the pathogenic mechanism of CMT1A. In particular, finding a specific reduction of cntf expression in CMT1A Schwann cells suggests that overexpression of pmp22 significantly affects the ability of Schwann cells to offer a trophic support to the axon, which could be a factor, among other, responsible for the development of axonal atrophy in human and experimental CMT1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vigo
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy, via De Toni 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
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