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Hernando-Amado S, Laborda P, Martínez JL. Tackling antibiotic resistance by inducing transient and robust collateral sensitivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1723. [PMID: 36997518 PMCID: PMC10063638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Collateral sensitivity (CS) is an evolutionary trade-off traditionally linked to the mutational acquisition of antibiotic resistance (AR). However, AR can be temporally induced, and the possibility that this causes transient, non-inherited CS, has not been addressed. Mutational acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance leads to robust CS to tobramycin in pre-existing antibiotic-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further, the strength of this phenotype is higher when nfxB mutants, over-producing the efflux pump MexCD-OprJ, are selected. Here, we induce transient nfxB-mediated ciprofloxacin resistance by using the antiseptic dequalinium chloride. Notably, non-inherited induction of AR renders transient tobramycin CS in the analyzed antibiotic-resistant mutants and clinical isolates, including tobramycin-resistant isolates. Further, by combining tobramycin with dequalinium chloride we drive these strains to extinction. Our results support that transient CS could allow the design of new evolutionary strategies to tackle antibiotic-resistant infections, avoiding the acquisition of AR mutations on which inherited CS depends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Laborda
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology 9301, Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bailly C. Medicinal applications and molecular targets of dequalinium chloride. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114467. [PMID: 33577890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 60 years dequalinium chloride (DQ) has been used as anti-infective drug, mainly to treat local infections. It is a standard drug to treat bacterial vaginosis and an active ingredient of sore-throat lozenges. As a lipophilic bis-quaternary ammonium molecule, the drug displays membrane effects and selectively targets mitochondria to deplete DNA and to block energy production in cells. But beyond its mitochondriotropic property, DQ can interfere with the correct functioning of diverse proteins. A dozen of DQ protein targets have been identified and their implication in the antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic and anticancer properties of the drug is discussed here. The anticancer effects of DQ combine a mitochondrial action, a selective inhibition of kinases (PKC-α/β, Cdc7/Dbf4), and a modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. At the bacterial level, DQ interacts with different multidrug transporters (QacR, AcrB, EmrE) and with the transcriptional regulator RamR. Other proteins implicated in the antiviral (MPER domain of gp41 HIV-1) and antiparasitic (chitinase A from Vibrio harveyi) activities have been identified. DQ also targets α -synuclein oligomers to restrict protofibrils formation implicated in some neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, DQ is a typical bolaamphiphile molecule, well suited to form liposomes and nanoparticules useful for drug entrapment and delivery (DQAsomes and others). Altogether, the review highlights the many pharmacological properties and therapeutic benefits of this old 'multi-talented' drug, which may be exploited further. Its multiple sites of actions in cells should be kept in mind when using DQ in experimental research.
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Maslachah L, Sugihartuti R, Wahyuni RS. Hematologic changes and splenic index on malaria mice models given Syzygium cumini extract as an adjuvant therapy. Vet World 2019; 12:106-111. [PMID: 30936662 PMCID: PMC6431810 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.106-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This research aimed to determine the efficacy of Syzygium cumini L. as an adjuvant therapy on blood changes and splenic index of mice model malaria. Materials and Methods: Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml red blood cell (RBC) that contains 1×106Plasmodium berghei. 35 mice were divided into seven treatment groups: Group K0: Mice were not infected; K1: Mice were infected; K2: Mice were infected and given chloroquine; P1: Mice were infected and given S. cumini leaf extract; P2: Mice were infected and given chloroquine and also S. cumini leaf extract; P3: Mice was infected and given S. cumini stem bark extract; and P4: Mice were infected and given chloroquine and S. cumini stem bark extract. Treatment was given for 4 days 24 h post -P. berghei infection. 21st day post-P. berghei infection, blood was taken from the heart for hematological examination, and the spleen was taken to examine the splenic index and also to measure the weight and length of the spleen. Hematological data and splenic index were analyzed by analysis of variance test, and if there is a difference, the test is continued by Duncan’s multiple range test with 5% level. Results: The K0 group has normal hemoglobin (HGB), RBC, and hematocrit (HCT) and significantly different (p<0.05) than other groups. HGB, RBC, and HCT of K1 group were under normal range, lowest, and significantly different (p<0.05) than other groups. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular HGB values of K2 groups showed a decrease. The number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes of K1 groups was increasing and significantly different (p<0.05) with K2 and treatment group. The length, width, weight, and splenic index of K1 group were significantly different (p<0.05) with K0 group. K2 and treatment groups showed that the length and width of spleens were significantly different (p<0.05) with K1. Conclusion: The combination of chloroquine with leaf and chloroquine with stem bark extract of S. cumini as adjuvant therapy may increase the amount of erythrocyte; decrease the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes; and decrease the length, width, and splenic index on malaria mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilik Maslachah
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Sugihartuti
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Sri Wahyuni
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Quinoline and quinolone dimers and their biological activities: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 161:101-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Warne J, Pryce G, Hill JM, Shi X, Lennerås F, Puentes F, Kip M, Hilditch L, Walker P, Simone MI, Chan AWE, Towers GJ, Coker AR, Duchen MR, Szabadkai G, Baker D, Selwood DL. Selective Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Protects against Neurodegeneration in Experimental Multiple Sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4356-73. [PMID: 26679998 PMCID: PMC4813465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a recognized drug target for neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis and for ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain and heart. The peptidylprolyl isomerase, cyclophilin D (CypD, PPIF), is a positive regulator of the pore, and genetic down-regulation or knock-out improves outcomes in disease models. Current inhibitors of peptidylprolyl isomerases show no selectivity between the tightly conserved cyclophilin paralogs and exhibit significant off-target effects, immunosuppression, and toxicity. We therefore designed and synthesized a new mitochondrially targeted CypD inhibitor, JW47, using a quinolinium cation tethered to cyclosporine. X-ray analysis was used to validate the design concept, and biological evaluation revealed selective cellular inhibition of CypD and the permeability transition pore with reduced cellular toxicity compared with cyclosporine. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease model of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis, JW47 demonstrated significant protection of axons and improved motor assessments with minimal immunosuppression. These findings suggest that selective CypD inhibition may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for MS and identify quinolinium as a mitochondrial targeting group for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Warne
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Hill
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Shi
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Felicia Lennerås
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiola Puentes
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Kip
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hilditch
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., 100 Barbirolli Square, Manchester M2 3AB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michela I Simone
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A W Edith Chan
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- the Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Biology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R Coker
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Duchen
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - David Baker
- the Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom,
| | - David L Selwood
- From the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom,
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Isah MB, Ibrahim MA. The role of antioxidants treatment on the pathogenesis of malarial infections: a review. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:801-9. [PMID: 24525759 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is one of the most important pathological consequences of malarial infections. It affects vital organs of the body manifesting in changes such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, endothelial and cognitive damages. The currently used antimalarials often leave traces of these damages after therapy, as evident in memory impairment after cerebral malaria. Hence, some research investigations have focused attention on the use of antioxidants, alone or in combination with antimalarials, as a viable therapeutic strategy aimed at alleviating plasmodium-induced oxidative stress and its associated complications. However, the practical application of this approach often yields conflicting outcomes because some antimalarials specifically act via induction of oxidative stress. This article critically reviews most of the studies conducted on the potential role of antioxidant therapy in malarial infections. The most frequently investigated antioxidants are vitamins C and E, N-acetylcystein, folate and desferroxamine. Some of the investigations measured the effects of direct administration of the antioxidants on the plasmodium parasites while others performed an adjunctive therapy with standard antimalarials. The therapeutic application of each of the antioxidants in malaria management depends on the targeted aspect of malarial pathology. It is hoped that this article will provide an informed basis for future research activities on the therapeutic role of antioxidants on malarial pathogenesis.
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Cruz LR, Spangenberg T, Lacerda MVG, Wells TNC. Malaria in South America: a drug discovery perspective. Malar J 2013; 12:168. [PMID: 23706107 PMCID: PMC3665683 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge of controlling and eventually eradicating malaria means that new tools are urgently needed. South America's role in this fight spans both ends of the research and development spectrum: both as a continent capable of discovering and developing new medicines, and also as a continent with significant numbers of malaria patients. This article reviews the contribution of groups in the South American continent to the research and development of new medicines over the last decade. Therefore, the current situation of research targeting malaria control and eradication is discussed, including endemicity, geographical distribution, treatment, drug-resistance and diagnosis. This sets the scene for a review of efforts within South America to discover and optimize compounds with anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza R Cruz
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Av Pedro Teixeira, 25, Manaus, Amazonas, 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Timothy NC Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 route de Pré-Bois, Geneva, CH 1215, Switzerland
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Thomas V, Góis A, Ritts B, Burke P, Hänscheid T, McDonnell G. A novel way to grow hemozoin-like crystals in vitro and its use to screen for hemozoin inhibiting antimalarial compounds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41006. [PMID: 22815894 PMCID: PMC3399802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemozoin crystals are normally formed in vivo by Plasmodium parasites to detoxify free heme released after hemoglobin digestion during its intraerythrocytic stage. Inhibition of hemozoin formation by various drugs results in free heme concentration toxic for the parasites. As a consequence, in vitro assays have been developed to screen and select candidate antimalarial drugs based on their capacity to inhibit hemozoin formation. In this report we describe new ways to form hemozoin-like crystals that were incidentally discovered during research in the field of prion inactivation. METHODS We investigated the use of a new assay based on naturally occurring "self-replicating" particles and previously described as presenting resistance to decontamination comparable to prions. The nature of these particles was determined using electron microscopy, Maldi-Tof analysis and X-ray diffraction. They were compared to synthetic hemozoin and to hemozoin obtained from Plasmodium falciparum. We then used the assay to evaluate the capacity of various antimalarial and anti-prion compounds to inhibit "self-replication" (crystallisation) of these particles. RESULTS We identified these particles as being similar to ferriprotoporphyrin IX crystal and confirmed the ability of these particles to serve as nuclei for growth of new hemozoin-like crystals (HLC). HLC are morphologically similar to natural and synthetic hemozoin. Growth of HLC in a simple assay format confirmed inhibition by quinolines antimalarials at potencies described in the literature. Interestingly, artemisinins and tetracyclines also seemed to inhibit HLC growth. CONCLUSIONS The described HLC assay is simple and easy to perform and may have the potential to be used as an additional tool to screen antimalarial drugs for their hemozoin inhibiting activity. As already described by others, drugs that inhibit hemozoin crystal formation have also the potential to inhibit misfolded proteins assemblies formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Góis
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruce Ritts
- STERIS Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter Burke
- STERIS Corporation, Mentor, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Tischer M, Pradel G, Ohlsen K, Holzgrabe U. Quaternary ammonium salts and their antimicrobial potential: targets or nonspecific interactions? ChemMedChem 2011; 7:22-31. [PMID: 22113995 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years dequalinium chloride has been used successfully as an antiseptic drug and disinfectant, particularly for clinical purposes. Given the success of dequalinium chloride, several series of mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds have been designed and reported to have improved antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, many of them exhibit high activity against mycobacteria and protozoa, especially against plasmodia. This review discusses the structure-activity relationships and the modes of action of the various series of (bis)quaternary ammonium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tischer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Rodrigues JR, Lourenco D, Gamboa N. Disturbance in hemoglobin metabolism and in vivo antimalarial activity of azole antimycotics. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:25-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites degrade host hemoglobin to obtain free amino acids, essential for protein synthesis. During this event, free toxic heme moieties crystallize spontaneously to produce a non-toxic pigment called hemozoin or ß-hematin. In this context, a group of azole antimycotics, clotrimazole (CTZ), ketoconazole (KTZ) and fluconazole (FCZ), were investigated for their abilities to inhibit ß-hematin synthesis (IßHS) and hemoglobin proteolysis (IHbP) in vitro. The ß-hematin synthesis was recorded by spectrophotometry at 405 nm and the hemoglobin proteolysis was determined by SDS-PAGE 12.5%, followed by densitometric analysis. Compounds were also assayed in vivo in a malaria murine model. CTZ and KTZ exhibited the maximal effects inhibiting both biochemical events, showing inhibition of β-hematin synthesis (IC50 values of 12.4 ± 0.9 µM and 14.4 ± 1.4 µM respectively) and inhibition of hemoglobin proteolysis (80.1 ± 2.0% and 55.3 ± 3.6%, respectively). There is a broad correlation to the in vivo results, especially CTZ, which reduced the parasitemia (%P) of infected-mice at 4th day post-infection significantly compared to non-treated controls (12.4 ± 3.0% compared to 26.6 ± 3.7%, p = 0.014) and prolonged the survival days post-infection. The results indicated that the inhibition of the hemoglobin metabolism by the azole antimycotics could be responsible for their antimalarial effect.
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Jones DC, Hallyburton I, Stojanovski L, Read KD, Frearson JA, Fairlamb AH. Identification of a κ-opioid agonist as a potent and selective lead for drug development against human African trypanosomiasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1478-86. [PMID: 20696141 PMCID: PMC3025325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A resazurin-based cell viability assay was developed for phenotypic screening of the LOPAC 1280 ‘library of pharmacologically active compounds’ against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei in vitro identifying 33 compounds with EC50 values <1 μM. Counter-screening vs. normal diploid human fibroblasts (MRC5 cells) was used to rank these hits for selectivity, with the most potent (<70 nM) and selective (>700-fold) compounds being suramin and pentamidine. These are well-known antitrypanosomal drugs which demonstrate the robustness of the resazurin cell viability assay. The most selective novel inhibitor was (+)-trans-(1R,2R)-U50,488 having an EC50 value of 60 nM against T. brucei and 270-fold selectivity over human fibroblasts. Interestingly, (−)-U50,488, a known CNS-active κ-opioid receptor agonist and other structurally related compounds were >70-fold less active or inactive, as were several μ- and κ-opioid antagonists. Although (+)-U50,488 was well tolerated by the oral route and displayed good pharmaceutical properties, including high brain penetration, the compound was not curative in the mouse model of infection. Nonetheless, the divergence of antinociceptive and antitrypanosomal activity represents a promising start point for further exploratory chemistry. Bioinformatic studies did not reveal any obvious candidate opioid receptors and the target of this cytostatic compound is unknown. Among the other potent, but less selective screening hits were compound classes with activity against protein kinases, topoisomerases, tubulin, as well as DNA and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Gutierrez-Lugo MT, Baker H, Shiloach J, Boshoff H, Bewley CA. Dequalinium, a new inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycothiol ligase identified by high-throughput screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:643-52. [PMID: 19525487 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109335743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycothiol ligase (MshC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of mycothiol, a small molecular weight thiol that is unique to actinomycetes and whose primary role is to maintain intracellular redox balance and remove toxins. MshC catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent condensation of cysteine and glucosamine-inositol (GI) to produce cysteine-glucosamine-inositol (CGI). MshC is essential to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and therefore represents an attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention. A screening protocol was developed to identify MshC inhibitors based on quantification of residual ATP using a coupled luminescent assay. The protocol was used to screen a library of 3100 compounds in a 384-well plate format (Z'>or=0.65). Fifteen hits (0.48%) were identified from the screen, and 2 hits were confirmed in a secondary assay that measures production of CGI. The structures of both hits contain N-substituted quinolinium moieties, and the more potent of the 2-namely, dequalinium chloride-inhibits MshC with an IC50 value of 24+/-1 microM. Further studies showed dequalinium to be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of MshC, to bind MshC with a KD of 0.22 microM, and to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with minimum inhibitory and anaerobic bactericidal concentrations of 1.2 and 0.3 microg/mL, respectively. The screening protocol described is robust and has enabled the identification of new MshC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Teresa Gutierrez-Lugo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Biotechnology Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, USA
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Effect of dequalinium on the oxidative stress in Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:1491-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chea A, Hout S, Bun SS, Tabatadze N, Gasquet M, Azas N, Elias R, Balansard G. Antimalarial activity of alkaloids isolated from Stephania rotunda. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:132-7. [PMID: 17382502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stephania rotunda (Menispermaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever. Four major alkaloids: dehydroroemerine, tetrahydropalmatine, xylopinine, cepharanthine as well as aqueous extract (SA), dichloromethane extracts (SD1 and SD2) from this plant were tested against Plasmodium falciparum W2 in vitro. Dehydroroemerine, cepharanthine and SD1 were the most active against W2 with IC(50) of 0.36, 0.61microM and 0.7microg/mL, respectively. Their IC(50) on human monocytic THP1 cells were 10.8, 10.3microM and >250microg/mL, respectively. Cepharanthine, SD1 and SA were selected for in vivo antimalarial test against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The results of SD1 and SA at dose of 150mg/kg showed a decrease of 89 and 74% of parasitaemia by intra-peritoneal injection and 62.5 and 46.5% of parasitaemia by oral administration, respectively. The result of cepharanthine at dose of 10mg/kg showed a decrease of 47% of parasitaemia by intra-peritoneal injection and 50% of parasitaemia by oral administration. Drug interaction of chloroquine and major alkaloids indicates that cepharanthine-chloroquine and tetrahydropalmatine-xylopinine associations are synergistic. These results are in agreement with the use of this plant in the treatment of malaria. This is the first report on in vivo antimalarial investigation for Stephania rotunda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aun Chea
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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