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Alves VS, Leite-Aguiar R, Silva JPD, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Purinergic signaling in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:480-490. [PMID: 32717399 PMCID: PMC7378483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing over the last several years. Among the reasons for the expansion of these diseases and the appearance of new neuropathogens are globalization, global warming, and the increased proximity between humans and wild animals due to human activities such as deforestation. Neurotropism affecting normal brain function is shared by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Neuroinfections caused by these agents activate immune responses, inducing neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. Purinergic signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway associated with these neuropathologies. During neuroinfections, host cells release ATP as an extracellular danger signal with pro-inflammatory activities. ATP is metabolized to its derivatives by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73; ATP and its metabolites modulate neuronal and immune mechanisms through P1 and P2 purinergic receptors that are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinfections. In this review we discuss the beneficial or deleterious effects of various components of the purinergic signaling pathway in infectious diseases that affect the CNS, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, bacterial meningitis, sepsis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. We also provide a description of this signaling pathway in emerging viral infections with neurological implications such as Zika and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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do Carmo GM, de Sá MF, Baldissera MD, Grando TH, Mendes RE, Cardoso VV, Casali EA, Moritz CEJ, Monteiro SG, Da Silva AS. Nucleotide and nucleoside involvement in immunomodulation in experimental Chagas disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 447:203-208. [PMID: 29404886 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Trypanosma cruzi infections cause alterations in the levels of seric purines, which could contribute to host immunomodulation. Twelve mice were divided into two groups identified as control (uninfected) and infected (T. cruzi) groups. The influence of the disease on seric purine levels was verified on day 20 post-infection (PI) by HPLC. Infected mice had circulating trypomastigotes during the experiment, as well as amastigote forms in the heart associated with inflammatory infiltrates. Increases on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine (ADO), inosine (INO), and uric acid (URIC) levels were observed in the infected animals, while the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and xanthine (XAN) levels were reduced compared with mice of the control group, indicating a possible impairment on the purinergic system, and consequently, on the immune system during the clinical course of the disease. In summary, the T. cruzi infection alters the seric purine levels, and consequently, modulates the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M do Carmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariângela F de Sá
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thirssa H Grando
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Mendes
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC), Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Valesca V Cardoso
- Department of Morphological Science, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Mutagenesis and Toxicology Laboratory, Methodist University Center (IPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emerson A Casali
- Department of Morphological Science, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo J Moritz
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança (ESEFID), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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Singh SK, Singh VK, Kumari P, Nakade UP, Garg SK. Trypanosoma evansi induces detrimental immuno-catabolic alterations and condition like type-2 diabetes in buffaloes. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:140-143. [PMID: 29100925 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the perturbations in immuno-metabolic and redox status of buffaloes with trypanosomosis. Thirteen buffaloes suffering from clinical trypanosomosis and eight apparently healthy buffaloes were included in the present study. Buffaloes with trypanosomosis found to have markedly elevated levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in comparison with healthy controls. Whereas, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and haemoglobin levels of buffaloes with trypanosomosis were significantly lower than the healthy controls. Remarkable elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC) levels were also observed in the diseased buffaloes. Moreover, buffaloes with trypanosomosis were found to have markedly elevated levels of serum glucose, total proteins, globulins, urea and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and markedly lowered levels of serum calcium, total cholesterol levels and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio as compared to the controls. Findings of our study evidently suggest that Trypanosoma evansi induces remarkable immunosuppressive and pro-oxidative status with an increased catabolic activity and hyperglycemic condition like type-2 diabetes in naturally infected buffaloes. Therefore, immuno-metabolic and pro-oxidative predicaments should be addressed by the veterinary clinician while managing the clinical cases of trypanosomosis in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanker K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India.
| | - Vivek K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Priyambada Kumari
- College of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Udayraj P Nakade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Satish K Garg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
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Baldissera MD, Vaucher RA, Oliveira CB, Rech VC, Sagrillo MR, Stainki DR, França RT, Machado G, Lopes STA, Monteiro SG, Stefani LM, Da Silva AS. Blood gas analyses and other components involved in the acid-base metabolism of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. J Adv Res 2015; 6:1079-82. [PMID: 26644945 PMCID: PMC4642149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Trypanosoma evansi infections on arterial blood gases of experimentally infected rats. Two groups with eight animals each were used; group A (uninfected) and group B (infected). Infected animals were daily monitored through blood smears that showed high parasitemia with 30 trypanosomes per field (1000×) on average, 5 days post-infection (PI). Arterial blood was collected at 5 days PI for blood gas analysis using an automated method based on dry-chemistry. Hydrogen potential (pH), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), sodium (Na), ionic calcium (Ca ionic), chlorides (Cl), partial dioxide carbon pressure (pCO2), base excess (BE), base excess in the extracellular fluid (BEecf), bicarbonate (cHCO3), potassium (K), lactate, and blood total dioxide the carbon (tCO2) were evaluated. The levels of pH, pCO2, BE, BEecf, cHCO3, and tCO2 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group B compared to group A. Additionally, the same group showed increases in Cl and lactate levels when compared to uninfected group. Therefore, it is possible to state that the infection caused by T. evansi led to alterations in the acid-base status, findings that are correlated to metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil ; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila B Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Virginia C Rech
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel R Stainki
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Raqueli T França
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sonia T A Lopes
- Department of Small Animals, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Trypanosoma evansi infection impairs memory, increases anxiety behaviour and alters neurochemical parameters in rats. Parasitology 2015; 140:1432-41. [PMID: 23965823 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201300108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate neurochemical and enzymatic changes in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi, and their interference in the cognitive parameters. Behavioural assessment (assessment of cognitive performance), evaluation of cerebral L-[3H]glutamate uptake, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ca+2 and Na+, K+-ATPase activity were evaluated at 5 and 30 days post infection (dpi). This study demonstrates a cognitive impairment in rats infected with T. evansi. At 5 dpi memory deficit was demonstrated by an inhibitory avoidance test. With the chronicity of the disease (30 dpi) animals showed anxiety symptoms. It is possible the inhibition of cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity, AChE and synaptosomal glutamate uptake are involved in cognitive impairment in infected rats by T. evansi. The understanding of cerebral host–parasite relationship may shed some light on the cryptic symptoms of animals and possibly human infection where patients often present with other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Baldissera MD, Rech VC, Da Silva AS, Nishihira VS, Ianiski FR, Gressler LT, Grando TH, Vaucher RA, Schwertz CI, Mendes RE, Monteiro SG. Relationship between behavioral alterations and activities of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase in brain of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2015; 151-152:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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