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Cardillo NM, Lacy PA, Villarino NF, Doggett JS, Riscoe MK, Bastos RG, Laughery JM, Ueti MW, Suarez CE. Comparative efficacy of buparvaquone and imidocarb in inhibiting the in vitro growth of Babesia bovis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407548. [PMID: 38751779 PMCID: PMC11094231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction B. bovis is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease with a worldwide impact. The disease remains inefficiently controlled, and few effective drugs, including imidocarb dipropionate (ID), are currently available in endemic areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether buparvaquone (BPQ), a drug currently used to treat cattle infected with the Babesia-related Theileria spp. parasites, could be active against Babesia parasites. Herein, we compared the effect of ID and BPQ on B. bovis growth in vitro erythrocyte culture. Methods We compared the effect of ID and BPQ on the culture-adapted Texas T2Bo strain of B. bovis. In vitro cultured parasites were incubated with ID and BPQ at two starting parasitemia levels (PPE), 0.2% and 1%. In vitro cultured parasites were treated with ID or BPQ at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 nM, during 4 consecutive days. Parasitemia levels were daily evaluated using microscopic examination. Data was compared using the independent Student's t-test. Results and discussion Both ID and BPQ significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of B. bovis, regardless of the initial parasitemia used. At 1% parasitemia, BPQ had lower calculated inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50: 50.01) values than ID (IC50: 117.3). No parasites were found in wells with 0.2% starting parasitemia, treated previously with 50 nM of BPQ or ID, after 2 days of culture without drugs. At 1% parasitemia, no parasite survival was detected at 150 nM of BPQ or 300 nM of ID, suggesting that both drugs acted as babesiacidals. Conclusion Overall, the data suggests that BPQ is effective against B. bovis and shows a residual effect that seems superior to ID, which is currently the first-line drug for treating bovine babesiosis globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Cardillo
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
- Estación Experimental INTA Paraná Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Parana, Argentina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Paul A. Lacy
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nicolas F. Villarino
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
| | - J. Stone Doggett
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael K. Riscoe
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jacob M. Laughery
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Massaro W. Ueti
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, WSU, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Barman M, Dandasena D, Suresh A, Bhandari V, Kamble S, Singh S, Subudhi M, Sharma P. Artemisinin derivatives induce oxidative stress leading to DNA damage and caspase-mediated apoptosis in Theileria annulata-transformed cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:78. [PMID: 37069625 PMCID: PMC10111749 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine theileriosis caused by the eukaryotic parasite Theileria annulata is an economically important tick-borne disease. If it is not treated promptly, this lymphoproliferative disease has a significant fatality rate. Buparvaquone (BPQ) is the only chemotherapy-based treatment available right now. However, with the emergence of BPQ resistance on the rise and no backup therapy available, it is critical to identify imperative drugs and new targets against Theileria parasites. METHODS Artemisinin and its derivatives artesunate (ARS), artemether (ARM), or dihydroartemisinin (DHART) are the primary defence line against malaria parasites. This study has analysed artemisinin and its derivatives for their anti-Theilerial activity and mechanism of action. RESULTS ARS and DHART showed potent activity against the Theileria-infected cells. BPQ in combination with ARS or DHART showed a synergistic effect. The compounds act specifically on the parasitised cells and have minimal cytotoxicity against the uninfected host cells. Treatment with ARS or DHART induces ROS-mediated oxidative DNA damage leading to cell death. Further blocking intracellular ROS by its scavengers antagonised the anti-parasitic activity of the compounds. Increased ROS production induces oxidative stress and DNA damage causing p53 activation followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis in the Theileria-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings give unique insights into the previously unknown molecular pathways underpinning the anti-Theilerial action of artemisinin derivatives, which may aid in formulating new therapies against this deadly parasite. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debabrata Dandasena
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Akash Suresh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonam Kamble
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Sakshi Singh
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India.
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Zhang Y, Alvarez-Manzo H, Leone J, Schweig S, Zhang Y. Botanical Medicines Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, and Alchornea cordifolia Demonstrate Inhibitory Activity Against Babesia duncani. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624745. [PMID: 33763384 PMCID: PMC7982592 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is a CDC reportable disease in the United States and is recognized as an emerging health risk in multiple parts of the world. The current treatment for human babesiosis is suboptimal due to treatment failures and unwanted side effects. Although Babesia duncani was first described almost 30 years ago, further research is needed to elucidate its pathogenesis and clarify optimal treatment regimens. Here, we screened a panel of herbal medicines and identified Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Artemisia annua, Scutellaria baicalensis, Alchornea cordifolia, and Polygonum cuspidatum to have good in vitro inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster erythrocyte model. Furthermore, we found their potential bioactive compounds, cryptolepine, artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, and baicalein, to have good activity against B. duncani, with IC50 values of 3.4 μM, 14 μM, 7.4 μM, 7.8 μM, and 12 μM, respectively, which are comparable or lower than that of the currently used drugs quinine (10 μM) and clindamycin (37 μM). B. duncani treated with cryptolepine and quinine at their respective 1×, 2×, 4× and 8× IC50 values, and by artemether at 8× IC50 for three days could not regrow in subculture. Additionally, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta 90% ethanol extract also exhibited no regrowth after 6 days of subculture at doses of 2×, 4×, and 8× IC50 values. Our results indicate that some botanical medicines and their active constituents have potent activity against B. duncani in vitro and may be further explored for more effective treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hector Alvarez-Manzo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jacob Leone
- FOCUS Health Group, Naturopathic, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Sunjya Schweig
- California Center for Functional Medicine, Kensington, CA, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Arias MH, Quiliano M, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Fabing I, Chantal I, Berthier D, Minet C, Eparvier V, Sorres J, Stien D, Galiano S, Aldana I, Valentin A, Garavito G, Deharo E. Alsinol, an arylamino alcohol derivative active against Plasmodium, Babesia, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania: past and new outcomes. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3503-3515. [PMID: 32772176 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomosis, and leishmaniasis are some of the most life-threatening parasites, but the range of drugs to treat them is limited. An effective, safe, and low-cost drug with a large activity spectrum is urgently needed. For this purpose, an aryl amino alcohol derivative called Alsinol was resynthesized, screened in silico, and tested against Plasmodium, Babesia, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania. In silico Alsinol follows the Lipinski and Ghose rules. In vitro it had schizontocidal activity against Plasmodium falciparum and was able to inhibit gametocytogenesis; it was particularly active against late gametocytes. In malaria-infected mice, it showed a dose-dependent activity similar to chloroquine. It demonstrated a similar level of activity to reference compounds against Babesia divergens, and against promastigotes, and amastigotes stages of Leishmania in vitro. It inhibited the in vitro growth of two African animal strains of Trypanosoma but was ineffective in vivo in our experimental conditions. It showed moderate toxicity in J774A1 and Vero cell models. The study demonstrated that Alsinol has a large spectrum of activity and is potentially affordable to produce. Nevertheless, challenges remain in the process of scaling up synthesis, creating a suitable clinical formulation, and determining the safety margin in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Arias
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia, Grupo de Investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina Tradicional y Popular), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., 111321, Colombia
| | - Miguel Quiliano
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 15023, Lima, Peru
| | - Sandra Bourgeade-Delmas
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Université de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Fabing
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 31062, Cedex 09, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Chantal
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Berthier
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Minet
- UMR INTERTRYP, CIRAD, F-34398, Montpellier, France.,INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Veronique Eparvier
- ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301 Équipe "Métabolites de végétaux et micro-organismes associés: isolement, synthèse et bioactivité", 91198 cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Sorres
- ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301 Équipe "Métabolites de végétaux et micro-organismes associés: isolement, synthèse et bioactivité", 91198 cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 66650, Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Silvia Galiano
- Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Aldana
- Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Université de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia, Grupo de Investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina Tradicional y Popular), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., 111321, Colombia.
| | - Eric Deharo
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Université de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Représentation IRD Ban Nasay, Saysettha District, P.O. Box 5992, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Carvalho LJM, Tuvshintulga B, Nugraha AB, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. Activities of artesunate-based combinations and tafenoquine against Babesia bovis in vitro and Babesia microti in vivo. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:362. [PMID: 32690081 PMCID: PMC7372749 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesiosis represents a veterinary and medical threat, with a need for novel drugs. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) have been successfully implemented for malaria, a human disease caused by related parasites, Plasmodium spp. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ACT is active against Babesia in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Mefloquine, tafenoquine, primaquine, methylene blue and lumefantrine, alone or in combination with artesunate, were tested in vitro against Babesia bovis. Parasite growth was verified using a SYBR green I-based fluorescence assay. Mice infected with Babesia microti were treated with mefloquine or tafenoquine, alone or in combination with artesunate, and parasitemia was verified by microscopy and PCR. RESULTS All drugs, except lumefantrine, showed in vitro activity against B. bovis, with methylene blue showing the most potent activity (concentration 0.2 μM). Combination with artesunate led to improved activity, with mefloquine showing a striking 20-fold increase in activity. Tafenoquine (10 mg/kg, base), combined or not with artesunate, but not mefloquine, induced rapid clearance of B. microti in vivo by microscopy, but mice remained PCR-positive. Blood from mice treated with tafenoquine alone, but not with tafenoquine-artesunate, was infective for naive mice upon sub-inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Tafenoquine, and most likely other 8-aminoquinoline compounds, are promising compounds for the development of ACT for babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J M Carvalho
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. .,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. .,Laboratory of Malaria Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bunduurem Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Arifin B Nugraha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Bovine Babesiosis and Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Wang Y, Li Y, Shang D, Efferth T. Interactions between artemisinin derivatives and P-glycoprotein. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152998. [PMID: 31301971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin was isolated and identified in 1972, which was the starting point for a new era in antimalarial drug therapy. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that artemisinin and its derivatives exhibit considerable anticancer activity both in vitro, in vivo, and even in clinical Phase I/II trials. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) is one of the most serious causes of chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment. Interestingly, many artemisinin derivatives exhibit excellent ability to overcome P-gp mediated MDR and even show collateral sensitivity against MDR cancer cells. Furthermore, some artemisinin derivatives show P-gp-mediated MDR reversal activity. Therefore, the interaction between P-gp and artemisinin derivatives is important to develop novel combination treatment protocols with artemisinin derivatives and established anticancer drugs that are P-gp substrates. PURPOSE This systematic review provides an updated overview on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp and the effect of artemisinin derivatives on the P-gp expression level. RESULTS Artemisinin derivatives exhibit multi-specific interactions with P-gp. The currently used artemisinin derivatives are not transported by P-gp. However, some of novel synthetized artemisinin derivatives exhibit P-gp substrate properties. Furthermore, many artemisinin derivatives act as P-gp inhibitors, which exhibit the potential to reverse MDR towards clinically used anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION Therefore, studies on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp provide important information for the development of novel anti-cancer artemisinin derivatives to reverse P-gp mediated MDR and for the design of rational artemisinin-based combination therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Artemisinin and its derivatives in treating protozoan infections beyond malaria. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:192-217. [PMID: 27867026 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoan diseases continue to rank among the world's greatest global health problems, which are also common among poor populations. Currently available drugs for treatment present drawbacks, urging the need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives are some of the most important classes of antimalarial agents originally derived from Artemisia annua L. However, besides the outstanding antimalarial and antischistosomal activities, ART and its derivatives also possess activities against other parasitic protozoa. In this paper we review the activities of ART and its derivatives against protozoan parasites in vitro and in vivo, including Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Eimeria tenella, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Naegleria fowleri, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Babesia spp. We conclude that ART and its derivatives may be good alternatives for treating other non-malarial protozoan infections in developing countries, although more studies are necessary before they can be applied clinically.
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Diminazene aceturate—An antiparasitic drug of antiquity: Advances in pharmacology & therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:138-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bhaumik A, Pal TK, Pathak T. 1,1-Dioxothiomorpholines with asymmetric environments: protecting group directed diastereoselectivity of glyco divinyl sulfone cyclization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of 1,1-dioxothiomorpholines from divinyl sulfone-modified pyranosides dramatically varied when benzylidene protection is replaced by benzyl protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Bhaumik
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Tarun Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Tanmaya Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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