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Bali S, Gleason C. Unveiling the Diversity: Plant Parasitic Nematode Effectors and Their Plant Interaction Partners. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:179-189. [PMID: 37870371 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0124-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot and cyst nematodes are two groups of plant parasitic nematodes that cause the majority of crop losses in agriculture. As a result, these nematodes are the focus of most nematode effector research. Root-knot and cyst nematode effectors are defined as secreted molecules, typically proteins, with crucial roles in nematode parasitism. There are likely hundreds of secreted effector molecules exuded through the nematode stylet into the plant. The current research has shown that nematode effectors can target a variety of host proteins and have impacts that include the suppression of plant immune responses and the manipulation of host hormone signaling. The discovery of effectors that localize to the nucleus indicates that the nematodes can directly modulate host gene expression for cellular reprogramming during feeding site formation. In addition, plant peptide mimicry by some nematode effectors highlights the sophisticated strategies the nematodes employ to manipulate host processes. Here we describe research on the interactions between nematode effectors and host proteins that will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant-nematode interactions. By identifying the host proteins and pathways that are targeted by root-knot and cyst nematode effectors, scientists can gain a better understanding of how nematodes establish feeding sites and subvert plant immune responses. Such information will be invaluable for future engineering of nematode-resistant crops, ultimately fostering advancements in agricultural practices and crop protection. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapinder Bali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
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Freitas-Alves NS, Moreira-Pinto CE, Arraes FBM, Costa LSDL, de Abreu RA, Moreira VJV, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Pinheiro DH, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Paes-de-Melo B, Pereira BM, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM, de Almeida-Engler J, Soccol CR, Morgante CV, Basso MF, Grossi-de-Sa MF. An ex vitro hairy root system from petioles of detached soybean leaves for in planta screening of target genes and CRISPR strategies associated with nematode bioassays. PLANTA 2023; 259:23. [PMID: 38108903 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The ex vitro hairy root system from petioles of detached soybean leaves allows the functional validation of genes using classical transgenesis and CRISPR strategies (e.g., sgRNA validation, gene activation) associated with nematode bioassays. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation has been widely used in soybean for the functional validation of target genes in classical transgenesis and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) in CRISPR-based technologies. Initial data showed that in vitro hairy root induction from soybean cotyledons and hypocotyls were not the most suitable strategies for simultaneous performing genetic studies and nematode bioassays. Therefore, an ex vitro hairy root system was developed for in planta screening of target molecules during soybean parasitism by root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Applying this method, hairy roots were successfully induced by A. rhizogenes from petioles of detached soybean leaves. The soybean GmPR10 and GmGST genes were then constitutively overexpressed in both soybean hairy roots and tobacco plants, showing a reduction in the number of Meloidogyne incognita-induced galls of up to 41% and 39%, respectively. In addition, this system was evaluated for upregulation of the endogenous GmExpA and GmExpLB genes by CRISPR/dCas9, showing high levels of gene activation and reductions in gall number of up to 58.7% and 67.4%, respectively. Furthermore, morphological and histological analyses of the galls were successfully performed. These collective data validate the ex vitro hairy root system for screening target genes, using classical overexpression and CRISPR approaches, directly in soybean in a simple manner and associated with nematode bioassays. This system can also be used in other root pathosystems for analyses of gene function and studies of parasite interactions with plants, as well as for other purposes such as studies of root biology and promoter characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara S Freitas-Alves
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Clidia E Moreira-Pinto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Lorena S de L Costa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Rayane A de Abreu
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Valdeir J V Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Isabela T Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Daniele H Pinheiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Maria E Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Bruna M Pereira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Patricia M Guimaraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Ana C M Brasileiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, ISA, France
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina V Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Brasília-UNB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Pereira BM, Arraes F, Martins ACQ, Alves NSF, Melo BP, Morgante CV, Saraiva MAP, Grossi-de-Sá MF, Guimaraes PM, Brasileiro ACM. A novel soybean hairy root system for gene functional validation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285504. [PMID: 37200365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation has long been explored as a versatile and reliable method for gene function validation in many plant species, including soybean (Glycine max). Likewise, detached-leaf assays have been widely used for rapid and mass screening of soybean genotypes for disease resistance. The present study combines these two methods to establish an efficient and practical system to generate transgenic soybean hairy roots from detached leaves and their subsequent culture under ex vitro conditions. We demonstrated that hairy roots derived from leaves of two (tropical and temperate) soybean cultivars could be successfully infected by economically important species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica). The established detached-leaf method was further explored for functional validation of two candidate genes encoding for cell wall modifying proteins (CWMPs) to promote resistance against M. incognita through distinct biotechnological strategies: the overexpression of a wild Arachis α-expansin transgene (AdEXPA24) and the dsRNA-mediated silencing of an endogenous soybean polygalacturonase gene (GmPG). AdEXPA24 overexpression in hairy roots of RKN-susceptible soybean cultivar significantly reduced nematode infection by approximately 47%, whereas GmPG downregulation caused an average decrease of 37%. This novel system of hairy root induction from detached leaves showed to be an efficient, practical, fast, and low-cost method suitable for high throughput in root analysis of candidate genes in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrício Arraes
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Paes Melo
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- EMBRAPA Semiárido, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Mario Alfredo Passos Saraiva
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sá
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia Messenberg Guimaraes
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Miranda Brasileiro
- EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-INCT PlantStress Biotech-Embrapa, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Basso MF, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Moreira-Pinto CE, Mendes RAG, Paes-de-Melo B, das Neves MR, Macedo AF, Figueiredo V, Grandis A, Macedo LLP, Arraes FBM, do Carmo Costa MM, Togawa RC, Enrich-Prast A, Marcelino-Guimaraes FC, Gomes ACMM, Silva MCM, Floh EIS, Buckeridge MS, de Almeida Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Overexpression of a soybean Globin (GmGlb1-1) gene reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita. PLANTA 2022; 256:83. [PMID: 36112244 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of the GmGlb1-1 gene reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita. Non-symbiotic globin class #1 (Glb1) genes are expressed in different plant organs, have a high affinity for oxygen, and are related to nitric oxide (NO) turnover. Previous studies showed that soybean Glb1 genes are upregulated in soybean plants under flooding conditions. Herein, the GmGlb1-1 gene was identified in soybean as being upregulated in the nematode-resistant genotype PI595099 compared to the nematode-susceptible cultivar BRS133 during plant parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita. The Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum transgenic lines overexpressing the GmGlb1-1 gene showed reduced susceptibility to M. incognita. Consistently, gall morphology data indicated that pJ2 nematodes that infected the transgenic lines showed developmental alterations and delayed parasitism progress. Although no significant changes in biomass and seed yield were detected, the transgenic lines showed an elongated, etiolation-like growth under well-irrigation, and also developed more axillary roots under flooding conditions. In addition, transgenic lines showed upregulation of some important genes involved in plant defense response to oxidative stress. In agreement, higher hydrogen peroxide accumulation and reduced activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification enzymes were also observed in these transgenic lines. Thus, based on our data and previous studies, it was hypothesized that constitutive overexpression of the GmGlb1-1 gene can interfere in the dynamics of ROS production and NO scavenging, enhancing the acquired systemic acclimation to biotic and abiotic stresses, and improving the cellular homeostasis. Therefore, these collective data suggest that ectopic or nematode-induced overexpression, or enhanced expression of the GmGlb1-1 gene using CRISPR/dCas9 offers great potential for application in commercial soybean cultivars aiming to reduce plant susceptibility to M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Clidia Eduarda Moreira-Pinto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maysa Rosa das Neves
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ferreira Macedo
- Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Viviane Figueiredo
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis and Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-971, Brazil
| | - Adriana Grandis
- Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Marcos Mota do Carmo Costa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Alex Enrich-Prast
- Multiuser Unit of Environmental Analysis and Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-971, Brazil
- Biogas Research Center and Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Francismar Corrêa Marcelino-Guimaraes
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, PR, 86001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Eny Iochevet Segal Floh
- Department of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final, W5 Norte, PO Box 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT Plant Stress Biotech, EMBRAPA, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 71966-700, Brazil.
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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Moreira VJV, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Basso MF, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Morgante CV, Paes-de-Melo B, Arraes FBM, Martins-de-Sa D, Silva MCM, de Almeida Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc03328 effector gene downregulation severely affects Meloidogyne incognita parasitism in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2022; 255:44. [PMID: 35050413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Minc03328 effector gene downregulation triggered by in planta RNAi strategy strongly reduced plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita and suggests that Minc03328 gene is a promising target for the development of genetically engineered crops to improve plant tolerance to M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita is the most economically important species of root-knot nematodes (RKN) and causes severe damage to crops worldwide. M. incognita secretes several effector proteins to suppress the host plant defense response, and manipulate the plant cell cycle and other plant processes facilitating its parasitism. Different secreted effector proteins have already been identified in M. incognita, but not all have been characterized or have had the confirmation of their involvement in nematode parasitism in their host plants. Herein, we characterized the Minc03328 (Minc3s00020g01299) effector gene, confirmed its higher expression in the early stages of M. incognita parasitism in plants, as well as the accumulation of the Minc03328 effector protein in subventral glands and its secretion. We also discuss the potential for simultaneous downregulation of its paralogue Minc3s00083g03984 gene. Using the in planta RNA interference strategy, Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were generated to specifically targeting and downregulating the Minc03328 gene during nematode parasitism. Transgenic Minc03328-dsRNA lines that significantly downregulated Minc03328 gene expression during M. incognita parasitism were significantly less susceptible. The number of galls, egg masses, and [galls/egg masses] ratio were reduced in these transgenic lines by up to 85%, 90%, and 87%, respectively. Transgenic Minc03328-dsRNA lines showed the presence of fewer and smaller galls, indicating that parasitism was hindered. Overall, data herein strongly suggest that Minc03328 effector protein is important for M. incognita parasitism establishment. As well, the in planta Minc03328-dsRNA strategy demonstrated high biotechnological potential for developing crop species that could efficiently control RKN in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Junio Vaz Moreira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, PPGBCM, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Agriculture Research Company of Minas Gerais State, Uberaba, MG, 31170-495, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina, PE, 56302-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, PPGBCM, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasilia, UNB, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, 70297-400, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, 71966-700, Brazil.
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7
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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