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Guerra-Pinto F, Andrade R, Diniz P, Luisa Neto A, Espregueira-Mendes J, Guimarães Consciência J. Lack of Definition of Chronic Ankle Instability With Arthrometer-Assisted Ankle Joint Stress Testing: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 60:1241-1253. [PMID: 34134919 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research on ankle instability a consensual and clear objective definition for pathological mechanical lateral ankle instability is yet to be determined. This systematic review aimed to summarize current available arthrometric devices, measuring methods and lateral ankle laxity outcomes in patients with chronic ankle instability that underwent objective arthrometric stress measurement. Sixty-eight studies comprising a total of 3,235 ankles with chronic ankle instability were included. Studies reported a wide range of arthrometric devices, testing position and procedures, and measuring methods. For the anterior drawer test, the average mean differences between injured and uninjured ankles ranged from -0.9 to 4.1 mm, and total translation in the injured ankle from 3.2 to 21.0 mm. Most common pathological threshold was ≥4 mm or ≥10 mm unilaterally and ≥3 mm bilaterally. For the talar tilt test, the average mean differences between injured and uninjured ankles ranged from 0.0° to 8.0°, and total tilt from injured ankle from 3.3 to 60.2°. Most common pathological threshold was ≥ 10° unilaterally and ≥ 6° mm bilaterally. It was found high heterogeneity in the scientific literature regarding the arthrometric devices, use of concomitant imaging and measuring methods of arthrometer-assisted anterior drawer and talar tilt tests which led to variable laxity outcomes in individuals with chronic ankle instability. Future studies should focus on standardizing the testing and measuring methods for an objective definition of mechanical ankle instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Guerra-Pinto
- NOVA Medical School, Lisbon NOVA University, Lisbon, Portugal; Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain, Portugal; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Parede, Portugal.
| | - Renato Andrade
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Diniz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Parede, Portugal; Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Human Performance Department, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisboa, Portugal; Fisiogaspar, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luisa Neto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Parede, Portugal
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal; Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Guimarães Consciência
- NOVA Medical School, Lisbon NOVA University, Lisbon, Portugal; Director of the Orthpaedic Department at CHLO - S F Xavier Central Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
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Anatomical Tenodesis Reconstruction Using Free Split Peroneal Brevis Tendon for Severe Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability. Keio J Med 2021; 71:44-49. [PMID: 34759124 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2021-0014-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many operative procedures have been reported for the management of chronic lateral ankle instability, and anatomical reconstructions are an excellent option. However, if the remnants of the ligaments are considerably damaged, anatomical reconstructions using such remnants can be difficult. In cases such as these, tenodesis stabilization may be required. However, tenodesis stabilization often restricts the range of ankle movement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a new procedure that we developed to mitigate the problems associated with tenodesis stabilization procedures. We installed grafts in the original anatomical position by devising a system for positioning the drill holes in the bones so that our procedure did not restrict the range of ankle movement. A retrospective review of 37 patients (13 men, 24 women) with a mean age of 30.2 (range, 16-66) years was performed at an average of 69 (range, 47-77) months after the surgery. The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved significantly from 65.6 (range, 47-77) points preoperatively to 98.0 (range, 87-100) points postoperatively (P < 0.001). With the number of subjects available, no significant differences were detected between the postoperative mean ranges of movement of the ankle and subtalar joints and those of the preoperative ankle. Patients who underwent anatomical tenodesis reconstructions with a free split peroneal brevis tendon showed good outcomes after a 69-month follow-up period.
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Goru P, Talha S, Majeed H. Outcomes and Return to Sports Following the Ankle Lateral Ligament Reconstruction in Professional Athletes: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Indian J Orthop 2021; 56:208-215. [PMID: 35140851 PMCID: PMC8789970 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-021-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The literature on the early reconstruction of severe acute lateral ligament injuries in professional athletes suggests earlier rehabilitation and reduced incidence of recurrent instability. Predicted time to return to training and sports is important to both the athlete and the club and has not previously been reported. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to establish the best treatment options available for lateral ligament injury in professional athletes and assess the average time to return to physical training and return to play (RTP). Secondary aims were to find out the rate of return to the pre-injury level of competitive sports and the reasons for delayed recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines to evaluate the demographics, clinical profile, management, and treatment outcomes. Electronic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were performed. Studies conducted between Jan 2000 and Dec 2020 with articles reporting the ankle lateral ligament reconstruction in professional athletes were included. MAIN RESULTS After initial screening, 982 articles were identified, of which, 10 articles evaluating 343 athletes met the criteria and were included for final review. The combined mean age was 23 years with an average follow-up of 58.4 months. After surgery 308 (89%) returned to their pre-injury level of sports, 7 (2%) patients returned to a lower-level sport while the remaining 28 (9%) never returned to play. CONCLUSION Our results provide a guide to predict the expected time to return to play (RTP) after surgical repair of lateral ligament injuries along with associated injuries leading to delayed rehabilitation. Lateral ligament reconstruction is a safe and effective treatment for severe ruptures providing a stable ankle with a mean time of 16 weeks to return to sports. The available studies vary considerably in their metrics used for measuring patient-reported outcomes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00532-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornanand Goru
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK ,Warrington, UK
| | - Samir Talha
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK
| | - Haroon Majeed
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL UK
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Smith JD, Hazratwala K, Matthews B, Faruque R, Doma K. Modified Broström-Gould With Gracilis Autograft Augmentation Surgery and Accelerated Noncasted Rehabilitation in High Demand Patients With Lateral Ankle Instability. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 60:512-519. [PMID: 33551228 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lateral ankle instability that has failed conservative management can be physically debilitating. Good outcomes are obtained from Broström-Gould augmented repair techniques, however there are few studies evaluating the use of a gracilis autograft augmentation coupled with an accelerated rehabilitation program in high functional demand patients. We believe that the modified Broström-Gould technique utilizing a Gracilis autograft will provide significant improvements in stability while maintaining normal ankle biomechanics in young, high demand patients. The prospective cohort study involved 19 patients (20 ankles) who underwent surgery for chronic lateral ankle instability by a single surgeon, at a single institution between October 2014 and April 2016. Patients were followed for 33.8 ± 11.7 (range 12-48) months. Patients were assessed both pre- and postoperatively for talar tilt angle radiographically and with both American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle and Hindfoot scores and Karlsson-Peterson scores. A Tegner activity score was taken at the last follow-up. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score increased from 68.85 ± 10.57 to 91.56 ± 5.31 points (p < .01) and mean Karlsson-Peterson score increased from 50.9 ± 15.53 to 88.11 ± 8.64 points (p value <.01) when compared preoperatively to mean postoperative follow-up of 33.8 months. Tegner activity score was 7.05 ± 0.89 at last follow-up. The technique was found to be effective in treating chronic lateral ankle instability and in combination with an accelerated rehabilitation protocol, patients returned to their premorbid level of activity with improved stability and no significant effect on donor graft site morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Daniel Smith
- Associate Registrar, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kaushik Hazratwala
- Senior Surgeon, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brent Matthews
- Associate Registrar, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan Faruque
- Associate Registrar, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Statistician, Orthopaedic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Song Y, Li H, Sun C, Zhang J, Gui J, Guo Q, Song W, Duan X, Wang X, Wang X, Shi Z, Hua Y, Tang K, Chen S. Clinical Guidelines for the Surgical Management of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: A Consensus Reached by Systematic Review of the Available Data. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119873852. [PMID: 31579683 PMCID: PMC6757505 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119873852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The surgical management of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) has evolved since the 1930s, but for the past 50 years, the modified Broström technique of ligament repair has been the gold standard. However, with the development of arthroscopic techniques, significant variation remains regarding when and how CLAI is treated operatively, which graft is the optimal choice, and which other controversial factors should be considered. Purpose: To develop clinical guidelines on the surgical treatment of CLAI and provide standardized guidelines for indications, surgical techniques, rehabilitation strategies, and assessment measures for patients with CLAI. Study Design: A consensus statement of the Chinese Society of Sports Medicine. Methods: A total of 14 physicians were queried for their input on guidelines for the surgical management of CLAI. After 9 clinical topics were proposed, a comprehensive systematic search of the literature published since 1980 was performed for each topic through use of China Biology Medicine (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The recommendations and statements were drafted, discussed, and finalized by all authors. The recommendations were graded as grade 1 (strong) or 2 (weak) based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) concept. Based on the input from 28 external specialists independent from the authors, the clinical guidelines were modified and finalized. Results: A total of 9 topics were covered with regard to the following clinical areas: surgical indications, surgical techniques, whether to address intra-articular lesions, rehabilitation strategies, and assessments. Among the 9 topics, 6 recommendations were rated as strong and 3 recommendations were rated as weak. Each topic included a statement about how the recommendation was graded. Conclusion: This guideline provides recommendations for the surgical management of CLAI based on the evidence. We believe that this guideline will provide a useful tool for physicians in the decision-making process for the surgical treatment of patients with CLAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Song
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyun Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Gui
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Nanjing Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinwei Guo
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Song
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Duan
- Southwest Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhongming Shi
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yinghui Hua
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kanglai Tang
- Southwest Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Purcell CA, Calder J, Matsui K, Andersson P, Karlsson J, Glazebrook MA. Fair evidence consistently supports open surgical treatment for chronic ankle instability: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2018-000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Noailles T, Lopes R, Padiolleau G, Gouin F, Brilhault J. Non-anatomical or direct anatomical repair of chronic lateral instability of the ankle: A systematic review of the literature after at least 10 years of follow-up. Foot Ankle Surg 2018; 24:80-85. [PMID: 29409255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A lateral ankle sprain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation at the emergency trauma unit. Numerous surgical procedures have been described with long-term outcomes that differ. HYPOTHESIS The long-term results of anatomical repair of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular (CFL) ligament are better, with less secondary radiological osteoarthritis than non-anatomical repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of the literature after a minimum follow-up of 10 years was performed to analyze the clinical and radiological results of direct anatomical repair (Broström, Duquennoy) and non-anatomical repair (Watson Jones, Evans, Castaing). Thirteen articles were selected. RESULTS Eight hundred and one ankles were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 15.3 years. The functional outcome was better after anatomical repair but with recurrent instability. Loss of range of motion and secondary osteoarthritis was more frequent after non-anatomical repair. CONCLUSION Anatomical repair of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle resulted in a better functional outcome and less secondary osteoarthritis than non-anatomical repair. STUDY DESIGN Review of the literature; level of proof IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Noailles
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Ronny Lopes
- Clinique Brétéché, 3 rue de la Béraudière, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Giovanni Padiolleau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - François Gouin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jean Brilhault
- Université F. Rabelais & C.H.R.U Tours, 1 Hôpital Trousseau, 37044 Tours Cedex 09, France.
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Hunt KJ, Fuld RS, Sutphin BS, Pereira H, D’Hooghe P. Return to sport following lateral ankle ligament repair is under-reported: a systematic review. J ISAKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2016-000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Di Matteo B, Tarabella V, Filardo G, Tomba P, Viganò A, Marcacci M, Zaffagnini S. A historical perspective on ankle ligaments reconstructive surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:971-7. [PMID: 26718639 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ankle sprains are by far the most common injuries treated by sport medicine physicians. Treatment is mainly conservative, but in some cases surgical intervention is required. The aim of the present manuscript is to give an insight into the origins and developments of ankle ligaments reconstructive surgery, underlining the fundamental steps that marked the transition from a mere conservative approach to surgical treatment options. In this historical note, the most illustrious figures who contributed to this particular field of orthopaedic practice are also acknowledged. Level of evidence V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berardo Di Matteo
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Tarabella
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tomba
- Biblioteche Scientifiche IOR, Donazione Putti, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Viganò
- Biblioteche Scientifiche IOR, Donazione Putti, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- II Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Biomechanics and Technology Innovation Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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A historical perspective on ankle ligaments reconstructive surgery. KNEE SURGERY, SPORTS TRAUMATOLOGY, ARTHROSCOPY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ESSKA 2016. [PMID: 26718639 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3945-5.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Ankle sprains are by far the most common injuries treated by sport medicine physicians. Treatment is mainly conservative, but in some cases surgical intervention is required. The aim of the present manuscript is to give an insight into the origins and developments of ankle ligaments reconstructive surgery, underlining the fundamental steps that marked the transition from a mere conservative approach to surgical treatment options. In this historical note, the most illustrious figures who contributed to this particular field of orthopaedic practice are also acknowledged. Level of evidence V.
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Schepers T, Vogels LMM, Van Lieshout EMM. Hemi-Castaing ligamentoplasty for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability: a retrospective assessment of outcome. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2011; 35:1805-12. [PMID: 21637958 PMCID: PMC3224610 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the treatment of chronic ankle instability, most non-anatomical reconstructions use the peroneus brevis tendon. This, however, sacrifices the natural ankle stabilising properties of the peroneus brevis muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of patients treated with a hemi-Castaing procedure, which uses only half the peroneus brevis tendon. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent hemi-Castaing ligamentoplasty for chronic lateral ankle instability between 1993 and 2010, with a minimum of one year follow-up. Patients were sent a postal questionnaire comprising five validated outcome measures: Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS), Karlsson Ankle Functional Score (KAFS), Tegner Activity Level Score (pre-injury, prior to surgery, at follow-up), visual analog scale on pain (VAS) and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). RESULTS Twenty patients completed the questionnaire on functional outcome. The OMAS showed good to excellent outcome in 80% and the KAFS in 65%, the Tegner Score improved from surgery but did not reach pre-injury levels, the VAS on pain was 1 of 10 and the SF-36 returned to normal compared with the average population. CONCLUSIONS Even though most patients were satisfied with the results, outcome at long-term follow-up was less favourable compared with the literature on anatomical reconstructions. In accordance with the literature, we therefore conclude that the initial surgical treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability should be an anatomical repair with augmentation (i.e. the Broström-Gould technique) and the non-anatomical repair should be reserved for unsuccessful cases after anatomical repair or in cases where no adequate ligament remnants are available for reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schepers
- Department of Surgery-Traumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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