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Kim J, Ellis S, Carrino JA. Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography of the Foot and Ankle-What to Measure? Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2024; 41:775-796. [PMID: 39237184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) was introduced in 2012 for foot and ankle applications as a breakthrough technology that enables full weight-bearing, three-dimensional imaging unaffected by x-ray beam projections or foot orientation. The literature describing the use of WBCT in the treatment of foot and ankle disorders is growing, and this article provides an overview of what can be measured with WBCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Kim
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 532 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Ellis
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 532 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Carrino
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, USA.
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Cychosz CC, Mizher R, Digiovanni GM, Jones AC, Conti MS, Ellis SJ. Correlation of Clinical Outcomes and Relative Position of the First Metatarsal After the Modified Lapidus Procedure. Foot Ankle Int 2024; 45:979-987. [PMID: 38872316 DOI: 10.1177/10711007241255378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hallux valgus is a complex 3-dimensional deformity, and the modified Lapidus is a commonly used procedure to correct moderate to severe cases. Shortening and elevation of the first ray can occur with this procedure, which may result in increased pressure on the lesser metatarsal heads. However, there is currently no consensus regarding an accepted length and elevation of the first ray following the modified Lapidus. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the position of the first ray on patient-reported outcome measures. METHODS This retrospective study identified 68 patients (72 feet) who underwent the modified Lapidus bunionectomy over a 4-year period at a single institution with a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 11-35.6 months). Patients were included if they were over 18 years of age, had pre- and postoperative weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) scans, and preoperative and minimum 1-year postoperative Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores. PROMIS scores from 6 domains including physical function, pain interference, pain intensity, global physical health, global mental health, and depression were evaluated and compared pre- and postoperatively. Radiographic parameters were measured and compared before and after surgery. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the significance of pre- to postoperative changes. Differences between cohorts were compared using Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Correlation between radiographic measurements and patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the Spearman rank rho estimate and visualized with scatterplots with a linear regression. RESULTS PROMIS physical function, pain interference, pain intensity, and global physical health improved significantly following the modified Lapidus (all P < .001); however, scores did not show any significant correlation with shortening of the first ray up to a maximum shortening of 4.8 mm. The length of the first metatarsal relative to the second decreased by an average of 2.7 mm following the procedure when measured on WBCT (P < .001), and 2.6 mm when measured on plain radiographs (P < .001). No significant elevation of the first ray was observed postoperatively. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the Lapidus bunionectomy resulted in significantly improved pain and physical function at short-term follow-up. The amount of first ray shortening and elevation that occurred in this cohort did not adversely affect patient-reported outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Cychosz
- Slocum Center for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Foot and Ankle, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rami Mizher
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew S Conti
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Foot & Ankle, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Ellis
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Foot & Ankle, New York, NY, USA
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Pascual-Leone N, Bram JT, Cororaton AD, Hillstrom HJ, Mintz DN, Widmann RF, Ellis SJ, Scher DM. Hindfoot Alignment in Pediatrics: The Relationship Between Hindfoot Moment Arm and Hindfoot Alignment Angle. J Pediatr Orthop 2024:01241398-990000000-00646. [PMID: 39188142 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various measurements are used to evaluate hindfoot alignment and determine appropriate treatment, though the best tool is not known. Few studies have examined the relationship between these measurements in pediatric patients. This study sought to compare Hindfoot Moment Arm (HMA) and Hindfoot Alignment Angle (HAA) in evaluation of pediatric hindfoot deformity. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients by age: school-aged (7 to 10 years old), preadolescents (11 to 14), and adolescents (15 to 18). A total of 10 males and 10 females were randomly selected for each cohort from patients with available hindfoot radiographs. HMA and HAA were measured by 2 independent reviewers. Pearson correlation of HMA and HAA was performed by age cohort. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the association of HMA and HAA adjusting for age, sex, height, and weight. RESULTS Sixty participants were analyzed. Interrater reliability was found to be excellent for HMA and HAA (ICC=0.996 and 0.992, respectively). HMA was 8.7±9.4 mm in school age, 5.7±6.7 mm in preadolescents, and 2.5±13.0 mm among adolescents (P=0.153). HAA was 6.3±9.7 degrees in school age, 6.7±8.6 degrees in preadolescents, and 6.0±14.5 degrees among adolescents (P=0.983). The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.78 (CI: 0.51-0.91) for school-aged, 0.92 (CI: 0.81-0.97) for preadolescents, and 0.86 (CI: 0.67-0.94) for adolescents. Using multivariable regression, each degree increase in HAA, increased HMA by 0.77 mm. Age, height, and weight were not found to be independent predictors of HMA. CONCLUSIONS HMA and HAA were both found to be reliable measurements across all age cohorts. When comparing across age cohorts, neither HMA nor HAA differed significantly (P=0.153 and 0.983, respectively). Furthermore, Pearson correlation demonstrated a linear relationship between HMA and HAA. When evaluating hindfoot deformity, surgeons may assess hindfoot alignment via either HMA or HAA regardless of patient age. The authors support the use of HMA for clinical and academic purposes as HMA is considerably simpler to measure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Leão RV, Zelada SRB, Lobo CFT, da Silva AGM, Godoy-Santos AL, Gobbi RG, Helito PVP, Helito CP. Assessment of knee instability in ACL-injured knees using weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT): a novel protocol and preliminary results. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:1611-1619. [PMID: 38185734 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a protocol for assessing knee instability in ACL-injured knees using weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled five patients with unilateral chronic ACL tears referred for WBCT. Bilateral images were obtained in four positions: bilateral knee extension, bilateral knee flexion, single-leg stance with knee flexion and external rotation, and single-leg stance with knee flexion and internal rotation. The radiation dose, time for protocol acquisition, and patients' tolerance of the procedure were recorded. A blinded senior radiologist assessed image quality and measured the anterior tibial translation (ATT) and femorotibial rotation (FTR) angle in the ACL-deficient and contralateral healthy knee. RESULTS All five patients were male, aged 23-30 years old. The protocol resulted in a 16.2 mGy radiation dose and a 15-min acquisition time. The procedure was well-tolerated, and patient positioning was uneventful, providing good-quality images. In all positions, the mean ATT and FTR were greater in ACL-deficient knees versus the healthy knee, with more pronounced differences observed in the bilateral knee flexion position. Mean lateral ATT in the flexion position was 9.1±2.8 cm in the ACL-injured knees versus 4.0±1.8 cm in non-injured knees, and mean FTR angle in the bilateral flexion position was 13.5°±7.7 and 8.6°±4.6 in the injured and non-injured knees, respectively. CONCLUSION Our protocol quantitatively assesses knee instability with WBCT, measuring ATT and FTR in diverse knee positions. It employs reasonable radiation, is fast, well-tolerated, and yields high-quality images. Preliminary findings suggest ACL-deficient knees show elevated ATT and FTR, particularly in the 30° flexion position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Vidal Leão
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Institute of Radiology, R. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 65, São Paulo, 05403-911, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Ricardo Benites Zelada
- Knee Group, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Riccardo Gomes Gobbi
- Knee Group, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camilo Partezani Helito
- Knee Group, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Malhotra K, Colta R, Jani P, Haldar A, Patel S, Welck M, Cullen N. Talar neck rotation angle in adults with clubfoot deformity: Observed values and intra- and inter-observer reliability using weightbearing CT. Foot Ankle Surg 2024; 30:263-267. [PMID: 38216337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adults presenting with symptomatic clubfoot represent a challenging cohort of patients. An appreciation of the location and degree of deformities is essential for management. Talar anatomy is often abnormal with varus within the talar neck, however, there are few reproducible methods which quantify talar neck deformity in adults. We describe a technique of assessing talar neck deformity, and report on observed values and intra- / inter-observer reliability. METHODS This was a single-centre, retrospective study including 96 feet from 56 adult patients with clubfeet (82 feet had clubfoot deformity, 14 were normal). Mean age was 34.3 ± 16.9 years and 31 (55.3%) were male. Weight-bearing CT scans captured as part of routine clinical care were analysed. Image reformats were oriented parallel to the long axis of the talus in the sagittal plane. In the corresponding axial plane two lines were drawn (on separate slices): 1) a line perpendicular to the intermalleolar axis, 2) a line connecting the midpoints of the talar head and narrowest part of the talar neck. The talar neck rotation angle (TNR angle) was the angle formed between these lines. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were performed for intra- and inter-observer reliability. RESULTS Mean TNR angle in clubfeet was 27.6 ± 12.2 degrees (95%CI = 25.0 to 30.2 degrees). Mean TNR angle in normal feet was 18.7 ± 5.1 degrees (95%CI = 16.0 to 21.4 degrees) (p < 0.001). The ICC for clubfeet was 0.944 (95%CI = 0.913 to 0.964) for intra-observer agreement, and 0.896 (95%CI = 0.837 to 0.932) for inter-observer agreement. CONCLUSION This measurement technique demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-observer agreement. It also demonstrated that compared to normal feet, clubfeet had about 9 degrees of increased varus angulation of the talar neck. This technique and data may be used for future research into clubfoot deformity and in planning treatment. LEVEL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - Raul Colta
- Ortopedicum, 40-44 Banu Andronache Str, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Priyanka Jani
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Anil Haldar
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Shelain Patel
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Matthew Welck
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP, UK
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Lintz F, Bernasconi A. Cavovarus Deformity: Why Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography Should Be a First-Line Imaging Modality. Foot Ankle Clin 2023; 28:719-728. [PMID: 37863530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cavovarus foot is a complex three-dimensional deformity, which includes a wide range of clinical conditions from subtle deformities to disabling feet. In this article, the authors discuss the role of weight-bearing computed tomography, which might enable to avoid double imaging (radiographs + tomography) in patients for which a detailed osteoarticular assessment is required, with the advantage to obtain tomographic images in standing position and a reduction of radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lintz
- Ramsay Santé Clinique de l'Union, Centre de Chirurgie de la Cheville et du Pied, Saint Jean, France.
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Department of Public Health, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Buzzatti L, Keelson B, van der Voort JW, Segato L, Scheerlinck T, Héréus S, Van Gompel G, Vandemeulebroucke J, De Mey J, Buls N, Cattrysse E, Serrien B. Dynamic CT scanning of the knee: Combining weight bearing with real-time motion acquisition. Knee 2023; 44:130-141. [PMID: 37597475 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imaging the lower limb during weight-bearing conditions is essential to acquire advanced functional joint information. The horizontal bed position of CT systems however hinders this process. The purpose of this study was to validate and test a device to simulate realistic knee weight-bearing motion in a horizontal position during dynamic CT acquisition and process the acquired images. METHODS "Orthostatic squats" was compared to "Horizontal squats" on a device with loads between 35% and 55% of the body weight (%BW) in 20 healthy volunteers. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM), were computed as measures of the reliability of curve kinematic and surface EMG (sEMG) data. Afterwards, the device was tested during dynamic CT acquisitions on three healthy volunteers and three patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The respective images were processed to extract Tibial-Tuberosity Trochlear-Groove distance, Bisect Offset and Lateral Patellar Tilt metrics. RESULTS For sEMG, the highest average ICCs (SEM) of 0.80 (6.9), was found for the load corresponding to 42%BW. Kinematic analysis showed ICCs were the highest for loads of 42%BW during the eccentric phase (0.79-0.87) and from maximum flexion back to 20° (0.76). The device proved to be safe and reliable during the acquisition of dynamic CT images and the three metrics were computed, showing preliminary differences between healthy and pathological participants. CONCLUSIONS This device could simulate orthostatic squats in a horizontal position with good reliability. It also successfully provided dynamic CT scan images and kinematic parameters of healthy and pathological knees during weight-bearing movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Buzzatti
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; School of Allied Health, Anglia Ruskin University (ARU), Young Street, CB1 1PT Cambridge, UK.
| | - Benyameen Keelson
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Radiology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium; imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Willem van der Voort
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Segato
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Italy
| | - Thierry Scheerlinck
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Savanah Héréus
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Gompel
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Radiology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jef Vandemeulebroucke
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium; imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan De Mey
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Radiology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Buls
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Radiology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erik Cattrysse
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Serrien
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Ranjit S, Sangoi D, Cullen N, Patel S, Welck M, Malhotra K. Assessing the coronal plane deformity in Charcot Marie Tooth Cavovarus feet using automated 3D measurements. Foot Ankle Surg 2023; 29:511-517. [PMID: 36872207 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assesses the coronal-plane deformities in cavovarus feet secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) using Weightbearing-CT (WBCT) and semi-automated 3D-segmentation software. METHODS WBCTs from 30 CMT-cavovarus feet were matched to 30 controls and analysed using semi-automatic 3D-segmentation (Bonelogic, DISIOR). The software used automated cross-section sampling with subsequent straight-line representation of weighted centre points to calculate 3D axes of bones in the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. Coronal relationships of these axes were analysed. Supination/pronation of the bones in relation to the ground and within each joint were measured and reported. RESULTS The most significant deformity in CMT-cavovarus feet occurred at the talonavicular joint (TNJ) with 23 degrees more supination than normal feet (6.4 ± 14.5 versus 29.4 ± 7.0 degrees, p < 0.001). This was countered by relative pronation at the naviculo-cuneiform joints (NCJ) of 7.0 degrees (-36.0 ± 6.6 versus -43.0 ± 5.3 degrees, p < 0.001). Combined hindfoot varus and TNJ supination resulted in an additive supination effect not compensated by NCJ pronation. The cuneiforms in CMT-cavovarus feet were therefore supinated by 19.8 degrees to the ground relative to normal feet (36.0 ± 12.1 versus 16.2 ± 6.8 degrees, p < 0.001). The forefoot-arch and 1st metatarsal-ground angles demonstrated similar supination to the cuneiforms suggesting no further significant rotation occurred distally. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate coronal plane deformity occurs at multiple levels in CMT-cavovarus feet. Majority of the supination arises at the TNJ, and this is partially countered by pronation distally, mainly at the NCJ. An understanding of the location of coronal deformities may help when planning surgical correction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Ranjit
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Dhrumin Sangoi
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Shelain Patel
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom; Department of Ortho & MSK Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Welck
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom; Department of Ortho & MSK Science, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Karan Malhotra
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom; Department of Ortho & MSK Science, University College London, United Kingdom
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Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Gu X. The feasibility study of stress position device simulating standing weight-bearing applied in computed tomography examination. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2023; 31:10225536231219976. [PMID: 38061358 DOI: 10.1177/10225536231219976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to simulate weight-bearing Computed Tomography (CT) examination, this study designed a simple stress position device. By analyzing the relevant data of stress position footprints and weight-bearing position footprints, the feasibility of the stress position device to simulate standing weight-bearing was verified. METHODS This study randomly selected 25 volunteers for standing weight-bearing and stress position footprints collection, and measured the relevant indicators of stress position footprints and standing weight-bearing position footprints. Two foot and ankle surgeons conducted two measurements respectively on the footprints. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Pearson correlation coefficient, ICC, scatter plot analysis, and paired t-test were used to analyze the stress and weight-bearing position data. RESULTS The intra-observer and inter-observer measurement values were reliable. There was a certain degree of correlation between the stress position footprints and weight-bearing position footprints in terms of Pearson correlation coefficient, ICC, and scatter plot analysis. Paired t-tests showed significant differences in Clarke angle (t 2.636, p .012), C-S index (t 10.568, p .000), arch indx (t 2.176, p .035), and arch lower angle (t 6.246, p .000). CONCLUSION The stress position device can generate a certain degree of stress, and after further optimization and improvement of the stress position device, it is feasible to apply it to weight-bearing CT examination in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhoushan Dinghai Central Hospital (Dinghai District of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital), Zhoushan, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Gu
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
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Dufrénot M, Dagneaux L, Fernando C, Chabrand P, Ollivier M, Lintz F. Three-dimensional biometrics using weight-bearing imaging shows relationship between knee and hindfoot axial alignment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103482. [PMID: 36435375 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existence of a relationship between knee and hindfoot alignments is commonly accepted, but not clearly proven. While studied in the coronal plane using 2D imaging, axial alignment has not been studied yet, likely requiring 3D measurements. We aimed to investigate how knee and hindfoot rotational alignments are related using 3D biometrics and modern 3D weight-bearing technologies. HYPOTHESIS Hindfoot alignment is correlated with femoral and tibial torsions. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients who underwent both weight-bearing CT (WBCT) and low dose biplanar radiographs (LDBR) were selected in this retrospective observational study, resulting in a cohort of 157 lower limbs from 99 patients. Patients' pathologies were stratified in subgroups and those with a history of trauma or surgery affecting lower limb alignment were excluded. Foot Ankle Offset was calculated from WBCT; femoral and tibial torsions and coronal alignment were calculated from LDBR, respectively. RESULTS Overall, mean Foot Ankle Offset was 1.56% (SD 7.4), mean femoral anteversion was 15.6° (SD 9.5), and mean external tibial torsion was 32.6° (SD 7.6). Moderate negative correlation between Tibial Torsion and Foot Ankle Offset was found in the whole series (rho=-0.23, p=0.003) and for non-pathologic patients (rho=-0.27, p=0.01). Linear models to estimate Tibial Torsion with Foot Ankle Offset and conversely were found, with a low adjusted R2 (3% DISCUSSION External tibial rotation was associated with varus hindfoot configuration in the group without pathologies, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms may occur between knee and hindfoot alignments. In pathological cases, however, the same relationship wasn't found, raising concerns about compensatory failure in spite of the numbers available. We didn't find similar correlations with the femur possibly because the hip has a degree of liberty in the axial plane. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryama Dufrénot
- CNRS, institut des sciences du mouvement Étienne-Jules Marey, UMR 7287, Aix-Marseille université, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Institut du membre inférieur et de l'appareil locomoteur, APHM, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France; Newclip Technics, PA de la Lande Saint-Martin, 45, rue des Garottières, 44115 Haute-Goulaine, France.
| | - Louis Dagneaux
- Département de chirurgie orthopédique du membre inférieur, CHU de Montpellier, hôpital Lapeyronie, 371 avenue du Doyen Gaston-Giraud, 39295 Montpellier cedex 05, France; Laboratoire de mécanique et génie civil (LMGC), université de Montpellier, 860, rue de Saint-Priest, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Celine Fernando
- Service de chirurgie du pied et de la cheville, Ramsay Santé - clinique de l'Union, boulevard de Ratalens, 31240 Saint-Jean, France
| | - Patrick Chabrand
- CNRS, institut des sciences du mouvement Étienne-Jules Marey, UMR 7287, Aix-Marseille université, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Institut du membre inférieur et de l'appareil locomoteur, APHM, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Ollivier
- CNRS, institut des sciences du mouvement Étienne-Jules Marey, UMR 7287, Aix-Marseille université, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France; Institut du membre inférieur et de l'appareil locomoteur, APHM, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 270, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - François Lintz
- Service de chirurgie du pied et de la cheville, Ramsay Santé - clinique de l'Union, boulevard de Ratalens, 31240 Saint-Jean, France
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Abstract
Weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) was introduced in 2012 for foot and ankle applications as a breakthrough technology that enables full weight-bearing, three-dimensional imaging unaffected by x-ray beam projections or foot orientation. The literature describing the use of WBCT in the treatment of foot and ankle disorders is growing, and this article provides an overview of what can be measured with WBCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Kim
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 532 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Ellis
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 532 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Carrino
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhang S, Sun C, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhao H, Zhang M. Changes in the subtalar joint alignment after supramalleolar osteotomy for varus ankle arthritis. Foot Ankle Surg 2023; 29:475-480. [PMID: 37407354 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subtalar joint may compensate for tibio-talar deformity, but what would happen to the joint after the deformity was corrected is not well known. Supramalleolar osteotomy (SMOT) is an effective procedure for the treatment of varus deformity of ankle arthritis. The objective of this study was to investigate the subtalar joint alignment pre and postoperatively following SMOT, and the factors which influenced the alignment of the subtalar joint. METHODS Thirty-one patients with varus ankle arthritis (Takakura stage 2, 3a and 3b) who were treated using SMOT were retrospectively reviewed. The subtalar and ankle joint alignment was measured on weightbearing radiograph and weightbearing computerized tomography (WBCT). RESULTS The foot and ankle offset (FAO), tibial articular surface angle (TAS), tibio-talar surface angle (TTS), and subtalar vertical angle (SVA) were significantly corrected (P<0.05). The subtalar inclination angle (SIA) decreased in 19 patients and increased in the other 12 cases after the SMOT (P<0.001). The shift of subtalar joint (ΔSIA) showed an inverse correlation with the preoperative FAO (P<0.001, r = -0.621). CONCLUSIONS The shift of subtalar joint after SMOT could maintain the neutral position of the hindfoot and showed a negative correlation with the preoperative FAO. The ΔSIA was greater in the severer preoperative hindfoot deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongmou Zhao
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
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Efrima B, Barbero A, Ovadia JE, Indino C, Maccario C, Usuelli FG. Reliability of Cone Beam Weightbearing Computed Tomography Analysis of Total Ankle Arthroplasty Positioning and Comparison to Weightbearing X-Ray Measurements. Foot Ankle Int 2023; 44:637-644. [PMID: 37231710 PMCID: PMC10350699 DOI: 10.1177/10711007231173672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current reference standard for postoperative evaluation of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) positioning, weightbearing radiography (WBXR), is subject to technical bias. Weightbearing cone beam computed tomography (WBCT) enables visualization of the foot's complex 3-dimensional (3D) structure under standing load. To date, no WBCT-based system for TAA positioning has been validated. The purpose of this study was to (1) assess TAA positioning using WBCT 3D models and (2) evaluate the agreement levels between 2 raters and thus evaluate the intermethod reliability with respect to WBXR. METHODS Fifty-five consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. Two raters independently created a 3D WBCT model using dedicated software and recorded the following measurements: α angle, tibiotalar surface angle (TSA), hindfoot angle (HFA), tibiotalar ratio (TTR), β angle, γ angle, and Φ angle. Measurements were repeated 2 months apart in similar, independent fashion and compared to WBXR. Interobserver, intraobserver, and intermethod agreements were calculated. RESULTS All 7 measurements showed good to excellent intraobserver and interobserver reliability (ICC 0.85-0.95). The intermethod (WBCT vs WBXR) agreement showed good agreement for the γ angle (ICC 0.79); moderate agreement levels for the α angle, TSA angle, β angle, and TTR (ICC 0.68, 0.69, 0.70, and 0.69, respectively); poor agreement for the HFA (ICC 0.25); and negative agreement for the φ angle (ICC -0.2). CONCLUSION Position analysis of TAA using WBCT demonstrated good to excellent interobserver and intraobserver agreement and can be reliably used. Additionally, a negative to moderate agreement between standard WBCT and standard WBXR was found. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Efrima
- Ankle and Foot Unit, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Agustin Barbero
- Ankle and Foot Unit, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Joshua E. Ovadia
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cristian Indino
- Ankle and Foot Unit, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Lintz F, Ricard C, Mehdi N, Laborde J, Bernasconi A, Richardi G, Sans N. Hindfoot alignment assessment by the foot-ankle offset: a diagnostic study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:2373-2382. [PMID: 35445859 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Foot-ankle offset (FAO) is a three-dimensional (3D) biometric measurement of hindfoot alignment (HA) measured on images from weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT). Our aim was to investigate its distribution in a large cohort of patients, hypothesizing that threshold FAO values in valgus or varus could be identified as markers for increased risk of associated pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, monocentric, level II study including 125 subjects (250 feet) undergoing bilateral WBCT [58.4% female; mean age, 54 years (18-84)]. Patients were clinically assessed and pathologies were classified according to anatomic location (valgus- or varus associated). HA was measured using FAO on 3D datasets and tibio-calcaneal angles (TCA) on two-dimensional Saltzman-El-Khoury views. Threshold FAO values and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) were calculated for predicting increased risk of medial or lateral pathologies. RESULTS Mean FAO was 1.65% ± 4.72 and mean TCA was 4.15° ± 7.67. Clinically, 167 feet were normal, 33 varus and 50 valgus with FAO values of 1.71% ± 3.16, - 4.96% ± 5.30 and 5.79% ± 3.77, respectively. Mean FAO was 0.99% ± 3.26 for non-pathological feet, - 2.53% ± 5.05 for lateral and 6.81% ± 2.70 for medial pathologies. Threshold FAO values of - 1.64% (51.4% sensitivity, 85.1% specificity, AUC = 0.72) and 2.71% (95% sensitivity, 82.8% specificity, AUC = 0.93) best predicted the risk of lateral and medial pathology, respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with FAO between - 1.64% and 2.71% had the least risk of degenerative foot and ankle pathology. This interval could be considered a target for patients undergoing realignment procedures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A "safe zone" for Foot Ankle Offset was described between - 1.64% and 2.71%, for which the risk of foot and ankle pathologies is lower. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-Diagnostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lintz
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Ramsay Healthcare, Clinique de L'Union, Saint-Jean, France.
| | - Claire Ricard
- Department of Radiology, Pierre-Paul Riquet Hospital, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nazim Mehdi
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Ramsay Healthcare, Clinique de L'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | - Julien Laborde
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Ramsay Healthcare, Clinique de L'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Department of Public Health, Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Gérard Richardi
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Ramsay Healthcare, Clinique de L'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | - Nicolas Sans
- Department of Radiology, Pierre-Paul Riquet Hospital, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Kurokawa H, Taniguchi A, Ueno Y, Miyamoto T, Tanaka Y. Risk Factors for the Progression of Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 8:24730114231178763. [PMID: 37332631 PMCID: PMC10272656 DOI: 10.1177/24730114231178763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is also expected to increase in the future. Functional disability and diminished quality of life associated with end-stage ankle OA are comparable to those associated with end-stage hip or knee OA. However, there are few reports on the natural history and progression of patients with ankle OA. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for progression in patients with varus ankle OA. Methods We evaluated 68 ankles from 58 patients diagnosed with varus ankle OA using radiography performed at intervals over at least 60 months. The mean follow-up period was 99 ± 40 months. Narrowing of the joint space and increasing osteophyte formation were defined as ankle OA progression. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to predict the odds of progression; the model included 2 clinical variables and 7 radiographic variables. Results Of the 68 ankles, 39 (57%) progressed. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, patient's age (odds ratio [OR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.99, P < .03), and the talar tilt (TT; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.39-3.42, P = .001) were found to be independent factors for progression. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve for TT was 0.844, and the cutoff value was 2.0 degrees. Conclusion TT was found to be a primary factor associated with varus ankle OA progression. The risk appeared higher in patients with a TT more than 2.0 degrees. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective case control study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuki Ueno
- Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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16
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Siegler S, Piarulli L, Stolle J. Definitions and Measurements of Hindfoot Alignment and Their Biomechanical and Clinical Implications. Foot Ankle Clin 2023; 28:115-128. [PMID: 36822681 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a critical review of the past and the current state of the art in defining and measuring hindfoot, ankle, and subtalar alignment. It describes the transition occurring at present from two-dimensional to three-dimensional (3D) alignment measurements, which accompany the emergence of new, functional, high-resolution imaging modalities such as the weight-bearing cone-beam computerized tomography (CT) imaging. To ease and enhance the transition and acceptability of 3D alignment measurements, new acceptable standards for different clinical application are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Siegler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Luigi Piarulli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan Stolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zaidi R, Sangoi D, Cullen N, Patel S, Welck M, Malhotra K. Semi-automated 3-dimensional analysis of the normal foot and ankle using weight bearing CT - A report of normal values and bony relationships. Foot Ankle Surg 2023; 29:111-117. [PMID: 36522235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot and ankle deformities have translational and rotational components in multiple planes, at multiple levels. Semi-automatic segmentation is a relatively new technology, which when used with weight-bearing CT (WBCT), can build an accurate model of the foot and calculate the orientation and relationships of bones under physiological load. However, few papers report reference values using these techniques. We report normative values for key bony relationships based on semi-automated analysis of WBCT. METHODS This was a single-centre, retrospective analysis of 100 feet without deformity from 55 adult patients undergoing WBCT as part of routine clinical activity (mean age 40.5 ± 17.3 years). Imaging was analysed using Bonelogic 2.1 (DISIOR, Finland). Semi-automatic segmentation was used to compute the various bony axes in 3-dimensional space. Selected coronal, axial and sagittal plane relationships were then calculated for bones of the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot. RESULTS Data is presented on axial and sagittal plane relationships between the metatarsals in the forefoot, and the metatarsals and cuneiforms in the midfoot. In the hindfoot, the calcaneal pitch, talar-first-metatarsal angles, talonavicular coverage angles and Saltzman angles are reported. Coronal plane axes and their relationships are reported at multiple levels from hindfoot to forefoot. Results are presented as mean values with standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS We present an observational analysis of the normal values from non-deformed feet. We highlight the major relationships in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes as obtained by semi-automated analysis of WBCT. This data may serve as a reference for future research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Basic science study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razi Zaidi
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
| | - Dhrumin Sangoi
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
| | - Shelain Patel
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
| | - Matthew Welck
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
| | - Karan Malhotra
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill, Stanmore HA7 4LP.
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Brandenburg LS, Siegel M, Neubauer J, Merz J, Bode G, Kühle J. Measuring standing hindfoot alignment: reliability of different approaches in conventional x-ray and cone-beam CT. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:3035-3043. [PMID: 33885961 PMCID: PMC9522738 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently there is no consensus how hindfoot alignment (HA) should be assessed in CBCT scans. The aim of this study is to investigate how the reliability is affected by the anatomical structures chosen for the measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Datasets consisting of a Saltzman View (SV) and a CBCT of the same foot were acquired prospectively and independently assessed by five raters regarding HA. In SVs the HA was estimated as follows: transversal shift between tibial shaft axis and heel contact point (1); angle between tibial shaft axis and a tangent at the medial (2) or lateral (3) calcaneal wall. In CBCT the HA was estimated as follows: transversal shift between the centre of the talus and the heel contact point (4); angle between a perpendicular line and a tangent at the medial (5) or lateral (6) calcaneal wall; angle between the distal tibial surface and a tangent at the medial calcaneal wall (7). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess inter-rater reliability. A linear regression was performed to compare the different measurement regarding their correlation. RESULTS 32 patients were included in the study. The ICCs for the measurements 1-7 were as follows: (1) 0.924 [95% CI 0.876-0.959] (2) 0.533 [95% CI 0.377-0.692], (3) 0.553 [95% CI 0.399-0.708], (4) 0.930 [95% CI 0.866-0.962], (5) 0.00 [95% CI - 0.111 to 0.096], (6) 0.00 [95% CI - 0.103 to 0.111], (7) 0.152 [95% CI 0.027-0.330]. A linear regression between measurement 1 and 4 showed a correlation of 0.272 (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS It could be shown that reliability of measuring HA depends on the investigated anatomical structure. Placing a tangent along the calcaneus (2, 3, 5, 6, 7) was shown to be unreliable, whereas determining the weight-bearing heel point (1, 4) appeared to be a reliable approach. The correlation of the measurement workflows is significant (p = 0.036), but too weak (0.272) to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Simon Brandenburg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Siegel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Neubauer
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Merz
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Bode
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Sporthopaedicum Straubing, Bahnhofsplatz 27, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Jan Kühle
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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de Cesar Netto C, Day J, Godoy-Santos AL, Roney A, Barbachan Mansur NS, Lintz F, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos CA. The use of three-dimensional biometric Foot and Ankle Offset to predict additional realignment procedures in total ankle replacement. Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 28:1029-1034. [PMID: 35190277 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision to perform associated corrective alignment procedures in patients undergoing total ankle replacement (TAR) is commonly made intraoperatively. The Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO) can evaluate multiplanar deformity and be an effective instrument in surgical planning. This study objective was to assess the ability of this tool to predict the need for additional realignment procedures at the time of TAR. METHODS In this retrospective study, we enrolled 21 patients who underwent TAR and had preoperative WBCT studies. Two independent and blinded observers calculated the preoperative FAO using dedicated software. FAO measurements were compared between the different alignment groups (physiological alignment, valgus and varus). A multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between performed realignment procedures and FAO values. RESULTS Mean preoperative FAO was 4.4% (95%CI = 1.4-7.5). The number of osseous realignment procedures needed was found to correlate positively and significantly with FAO (p = .001). The number of osseus procedures needed was significantly higher in patients with valgus malalignment (p = .009). Patients with valgus malalignment needing a medial column procedure had a relative risk of 6.3 when compared to varus malalignment patients (p = .02). CONCLUSION The number of additional bony realignment procedures performed at the time of TAR significantly correlated with preoperative FAO and that the number of osseus procedures needed was significantly higher in patients with valgus malalignment. Such biometric tools may enhance the preoperative assessment and surgical planning for patients undergoing TAR, with the potential to optimize surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar de Cesar Netto
- University of Iowa, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jonathan Day
- Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Orthopaedics, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew Roney
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nacime S Barbachan Mansur
- University of Iowa, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Bernasconi A, De Cesar Netto C, Siegler S, Jepsen M, Lintz F. Weightbearing CT assessment of foot and ankle joints in Pes Planovalgus using distance mapping. Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 28:775-784. [PMID: 34656445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to describe the abnormal joint surface interaction at the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints in patients presenting with Pes Planovalgus (PPV) using three-dimensional (3D) distance mapping on weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images by comparing a series of PPVs to a series of normally-aligned feet. We hypothesized that in PPVs joint interactions would reveal significantly increased spaces in the medial side of the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. METHODS In this case-control study, ten feet (10 patients) with asymptomatic PPV were compared to 10 matched-paired (by age, gender and body mass index) normally-aligned feet (10 patients). Three-dimensional models were produced from the images and distance maps representing joint surface configuration were generated for the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. The distance maps for each joint were then compared between the two groups and between regions in the same group. RESULTS In PPV patients there was a significantly increased surface-to-surface distance anteromedially at the ankle joint (+46.3%, p < 0.001) along with an increased distance on the anterior halves of both the medial (+21.3%, p = 0.098) and lateral malleoli (+22.7%, p = 0.038). At the posterolateral corner of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint we found an increased surface-to-surface distance (by 57.1%, p < 0.001), while at the talonavicular joint there was a reduction of the distance at the superomedial corner (-20%, p = 0.097) along with a significant increase in the upper central (+20%, p = 0.039) and lateral (+30.7%, p = 0.015) zones. A reduction of the surface-to-surface distance was also observed in three of the four zones of the calcaneocuboid joint. Finally, a statistically significant increase in the mean distance was observed at the naviculocuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints in a range between 38% and 93.4% (p < 0.001 in all cases). CONCLUSION We found significant differences in surface-to-surface interaction at the foot and ankle joints between Pes Planovalgus and normally-aligned controls. Distance mapping on WBCT images could be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic support to gauge the morphological changes of articular spaces occurring in Pes Planovalgus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bernasconi
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Cesar De Cesar Netto
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | - François Lintz
- Ramsay Générale de Santé Clinique de l'Union, Foot and Ankle Department, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
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Sangoi D, Ranjit S, Bernasconi A, Cullen N, Patel S, Welck M, Malhotra K. 2D Manual vs 3D Automated Assessment of Alignment in Normal and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Cavovarus Feet Using Weightbearing CT. Foot Ankle Int 2022; 43:973-982. [PMID: 35403476 DOI: 10.1177/10711007221084308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex deformities in cavovarus feet may be difficult to assess and understand. Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) is increasingly used in evaluating complex deformities. However, the bone axes may be difficult to calculate in the setting of severe deformity. Computer-assisted 3D axis calculation is a novel approach that may allow for more accurate assessment of foot alignment or deformity. This study aimed to assess differences in measurements done manually on 2D slices of WBCT vs 3D computer models in normal and cavus feet. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed WBCT scans from 16 normal and 16 cavus feet in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Six measurements were assessed: talar-first metatarsal angle (axial plane), forefoot arch angle (coronal plane), and Meary angle, calcaneal pitch, and cuneiform and navicular to floor distances (sagittal plane). 2D measurements were performed manually and 3D measurements were performed using specialized software (Bonelogic, DISIOR). Bland-Altman plots and linear regression were used to analyze differences. RESULTS There were no significant biases in measured variables in normal feet. In the cavovarus group, automated assessment calculated increased sagittal plane deformity (fixed bias 7.31 degrees for Meary angle, 2.39 degrees for calcaneal pitch) and less axial plane deformity (fixed bias 10.61 degrees for axial talar-first metatarsal angle). The latter also demonstrated proportional bias indicating greater discrepancy with increasing adduction. CONCLUSION Measurements were comparable in normal feet suggesting automated techniques can reliably assess the alignment of bony axes. However, automated calculations show greater sagittal and less axial deformity in cavovarus feet than measured by manual techniques. This discrepancy may relate to rotational deformity seen in cavovarus feet, which may not be easily assessed manually. 3D automated measurements may therefore play a role in better assessing and classifying the cavovarus foot, which may ultimately inform treatment algorithms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrumin Sangoi
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Srinath Ranjit
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Shelain Patel
- Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Welck
- Department of Ortho & MSK Science, UCL, Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Karan Malhotra
- Department of Ortho & MSK Science, UCL, Foot & Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
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Lôbo CFT, Pires EA, Bordalo-Rodrigues M, de Cesar Netto C, Godoy-Santos AL. Imaging of progressive collapsing foot deformity with emphasis on the role of weightbearing cone beam CT. Skeletal Radiol 2022; 51:1127-1141. [PMID: 34693455 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The term progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is currently recommended as the replacement to adult-acquired flatfoot deformity and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction to better reflect its pathology, which consists of a complex three-dimensional deformity involving the foot and ankle. The new consensus has also provided a new classification that requires clinical and radiographic findings for patient stratification into each class. However, conventional radiographs are susceptible to errors resulting from the inadequate positioning of patients, incorrect angulation of the X-ray tube, and overlapping of bone structures. Weightbearing cone beam computed tomography (WBCBCT), which has greater diagnostic accuracy than conventional radiograph, is useful for evaluating progressive collapsing foot deformity to determine medial arch collapse, hindfoot alignment, peritalar subluxation, posterior subtalar joint valgus, intrinsic talus valgus, and lateral extra-articular bone impingement. The present review aimed to discuss the new recommendations for nomenclature, classification, and imaging evaluation of PCFD, with an illustrative and quantitative focus on the measurements used in conventional radiography and WBCBCT. The measurements presented here are important criteria for decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Felipe Teixeira Lôbo
- Lab. Prof. Manlio Mario Marco Napoli, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, R. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 333, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Araújo Pires
- Lab. Prof. Manlio Mario Marco Napoli, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, R. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 333, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bordalo-Rodrigues
- Lab. Prof. Manlio Mario Marco Napoli, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, R. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 333, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos
- Lab. Prof. Manlio Mario Marco Napoli, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, R. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 333, São Paulo, SP, 05403-010, Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, São Paulo, SP, 05652-900, Brazil
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23
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Arena CB, Sripanich Y, Leake R, Saltzman CL, Barg A. Assessment of Hindfoot Alignment Comparing Weightbearing Radiography to Weightbearing Computed Tomography. Foot Ankle Int 2021; 42:1482-1490. [PMID: 34109833 DOI: 10.1177/10711007211014171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hindfoot alignment view (HAV) radiographs are widely utilized for 2-dimensional (2D) radiographic assessment of hindfoot alignment; however, the development of weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) may provide more accurate methods of quantifying 3-dimensional (3D) hindfoot alignment. The aim of this study was to compare the 2D calcaneal moment arm measurements on HAV radiographs with WBCT. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 375 consecutive patients with both HAV radiographs and WBCT imaging. Measurement of the 2D hindfoot alignment moment arm was compared between both imaging modalities. The potential confounding influence of valgus/varus/neutral alignment, presence of hardware, and motion artifact were further analyzed. RESULTS The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of interobserver and intraobserver reliability for measurements with both imaging modalities were excellent. Both modalities were highly correlated (Spearman coefficient, 0.930; P < .001). HAV radiographs exhibited a mean calcaneal moment arm difference of 3.9 mm in the varus direction compared with WBCT (95% CI, -4.9 to 12.8). The difference of hindfoot alignment between both modalities was comparable in subgroups with neutral/valgus/varus alignment, presence of hardware, and motion artifact. CONCLUSION Both HAV radiographs and WBCT are highly reliable and highly correlated imaging methods for assessing hindfoot alignment. Measurements were not influenced by severe malalignment, the presence of hardware, or motion artifact on WBCT. On average, HAV radiographs overestimated 3.9 mm of varus alignment as compared with WBCT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Arena
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Orthopedic Sports Institute, Institute for Orthopedic Research & Innovation, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USA
| | - Yantarat Sripanich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Phramongkutklao Hospital and College of Medicine, Tung Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard Leake
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Alexej Barg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Day J, de Cesar Netto C, Richter M, Mansur NS, Fernando C, Deland JT, Ellis SJ, Lintz F. Evaluation of a Weightbearing CT Artificial Intelligence-Based Automatic Measurement for the M1-M2 Intermetatarsal Angle in Hallux Valgus. Foot Ankle Int 2021; 42:1502-1509. [PMID: 34088236 DOI: 10.1177/10711007211015177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weightbearing cone beam computed tomography (WBCT) has been gaining traction as a useful imaging modality in the diagnosis and follow-up of foot and ankle musculoskeletal pathologies due to the ability to perform quick, low-dose, 3-dimensional (3D) scans. However, the resulting wealth of 3D data renders daily clinical use time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic measurement for the M1-M2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA) in hallux valgus (HV). We hypothesized that automatic and manual measurements would have a strong correlation, and that the AI software would yield better reproducibility and would be faster compared with manual measurements. METHODS This was a multicenter retrospective comparative case-control study in which a total of 128 feet were included from 93 patients who underwent WBCT scans as part of their routine follow-up: 59 feet with symptomatic HV and 69 controls. The IMA was measured automatically using the AI software and manually on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). The AI software produced both an automatic 2D (auto 2D) and 3D (auto 3D) measurement. RESULTS There were strong intermethod correlations between the DRR IMA and the auto 2D (HV, r = 0.61; control, r = 0.60; all P < .0001) and auto 3D (HV, r = 0.63; control, r = 0.52; all P < .0001) measurements, respectively. The intrasoftware reproducibility was very close to 100%. Measurements took 23.6 ± 2.31 seconds and 14.5 ± 1.18 seconds, respectively, when taken manually on DRRs and automatically. Controls demonstrated a mean DRR IMA of 8.6 (95% CI, 8.1-9.1), mean auto 2D of 11.2 (95% CI, 10.7-11.7), and mean auto 3D IMA of 11.0 (95% CI, 10.5-11.5). The HV group demonstrated significantly increased IMA compared with controls (P < .0001), with a mean DRR IMA of 15.4 (95% CI, 14.8-16.1), mean auto 2D of 17.8 (95% CI, 17.2-18.4), and mean auto 3D IMA of 16.8 (95% CI, 16.8-17.4). CONCLUSION Measurements generated by the WBCT AI-based automatic measurement system for IMA demonstrated strong correlations with manual measurements, with near-perfect reproducibility. Further developments are warranted in order to make this tool more usable in daily practice, particularly with respect to its use in the presence of hardware in the foot. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Day
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Martinus Richter
- Department for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Nuremberg and Rummelsberg, Schwarzenbruck, Germany
| | - Nacime Salomao Mansur
- Department of Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Celine Fernando
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Center, Clinique de l'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | | | | | - François Lintz
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Center, Clinique de l'Union, Saint-Jean, France
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25
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Zeitlin J, Henry J, Ellis S. Preoperative Guidance With Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography and Patient-Specific Instrumentation in Foot and Ankle Surgery. HSS J 2021; 17:326-332. [PMID: 34539274 PMCID: PMC8436345 DOI: 10.1177/15563316211026325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of preoperative and intraoperative guidance in foot and ankle surgery has grown substantially in recent years. Weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) and patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) are used in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) to achieve precise bone cutting and implant positioning, and intraoperative 3-dimensional (3D) imaging has been used to reduce complications and improve clinical outcomes in other foot and ankle surgical procedures. This narrative review of the literature focuses on the evidence supporting the use of WBCT and PSI in TAA and looks at other promising technologies used to guide foot and ankle surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Ellis
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Abstract
Advanced imaging modalities have, in very recent years, enabled a considerable leap in understanding progressive collapsing foot deformity, evolving from a simple confirmation of clinical diagnostic using basic measurements to minute understanding of soft tissue and bone involvements. MRI and weight-bearing cone-beam computed tomography are enabling the development of new 3-dimensional measurement modalities. The identification of key articular and joint markers of advanced collapse will allow surgeons to better indicate treatments and assess chances of success with conservative therapies and less invasive surgical procedures, with the hope of improving patient outcomes.
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BERNASCONI ALESSIO, CESAR NETTO CESARDE, ROBERTS LAUREN, LINTZ FRANÇOIS, GODOY-SANTOS ALEXANDRELEME, O’MALLEY MARTINJOSEPH. FOOT ALIGNMENT IN SYMPTOMATIC NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE (NFL) ATHLETES: A WEIGHTBEARING CT ANALYSIS. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2021; 29:118-123. [PMID: 34290556 PMCID: PMC8266275 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220212903236709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Our aim was to describe the foot alignment in National Football League (NFL) players with different symptomatic foot and ankle pathologies using weightbearing cone-beam computed tomography (WBCBCT), comparing them to normally aligned feet as control group. Methods: 41 feet (36 active NFL players) were assessed using WBCBCT and compared to 20 normally aligned controls from a normal population. Measurements included: Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO); Calcaneal Offset (CO); Hindfoot Alignment Angle (HAA); angle between inferior and superior facets of the talus (Inftal-Suptal); angle between inferior facet of the talus and the horizontal/floor (Inftal-Hor); Forefoot Arch Angle (FAA); navicular- and medial cuneiform-to-floor distance. Results: NFL athletes showed a neutrally aligned hindfoot when compared to controls (FAO: 1% vs 0.5%; CO: 2.3 mm vs 0.8 mm; HAA: 2.9° vs 0.8° in two groups, with all p > 0.05) and a normal morphology of the subtalar joint (no difference in Inftal-Suptal and Inftal-Hor angles). Conversely, in athletes we found a decreased medial longitudinal arch (FAA: 15° vs 18.3°, p = 0.03) with smaller navicular (38.2 mm vs 42.2 mm, p = 0.03) and medial cuneiform (27 mm vs 31.3 mm, p = 0.01) mean distances to the floor when compared to controls. Conclusion: In our series, NFL players presented a lower medial longitudinal arch than controls but a neutrally aligned hindfoot. WBCBCT may help shed light on anatomical risk factors for injuries in professional players. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALESSIO BERNASCONI
- Hospital for Special Surgery, United States of America; University Federico II of Naples, Italy
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28
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Choi JY, Lee HI, Kim JH, Suh JS. Radiographic measurements on hindfoot alignment view in 1128 asymptomatic subjects. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:366-370. [PMID: 32451174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of this study was to determine the mean values for three of the most common parameters measured to assess hindfoot alignment in asymptomatic subjects: hindfoot alignment angle (HAA), hindfoot alignment ratio (HAR), and hindfoot moment arm (HMA). The secondary aim was to evaluate the mean value of each parameter according to age and sex. METHODS We assessed 1128 asymptomatic subjects from January 2014 to June 2019. HAA, HAR and HMA were measured to evaluate the degree of hindfoot varus or valgus deviation on the hindfoot alignment view, described by Saltzman and el-Khoury. All subjects were divided into subgroups according to sex and age (<45 years versus ≥45 years). RESULTS The overall mean HAA, HAR, and HMA were -4.07 ± 3.48°, 0.21 ± 0.15, and -6.12 ± 5.22 mm, respectively. Female subjects ≥45 years old had the largest valgus deviation (HAA, -7.08 ± 6.34°; HAR 0.09 ± 0.25; HMA, -10.58 ± 11.46 mm). CONCLUSIONS HAA, HAR, and HMA evaluation revealed that asymptomatic subjects had a hindfoot alignment with valgus deviation. Furthermore, the degree of valgus deviation was the largest in female subjects aged ≥45 years. We hope that the results of our study will be helpful to inform other researchers about the usefulness of these parameters as references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyun Il Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Suh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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29
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Lintz F, Jepsen M, De Cesar Netto C, Bernasconi A, Ruiz M, Siegler S. Distance mapping of the foot and ankle joints using weightbearing CT: The cavovarus configuration. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:412-420. [PMID: 32505510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to characterize the abnormal joint surface interaction at the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints of the cavovarus foot using distance mapping on weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images by comparing a series of cavovarus feet to a series of normally-aligned feet. METHODS In this case-control study, ten feet (10 patients) with asymptomatic cavovarus shape (cases; N = 10) were compared to 10 matched-paired (by age, gender and body mass index) normally-aligned feet (10 patients) (controls; N = 10). Three-dimensional models were produced from the images and distance maps representing joint surface configuration were generated for the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. The distance maps for each joint were then compared between the two groups and between regions in the same group. RESULTS In the cavovarus group there was a significant increase in surface-to-surface distance at the posterior tibiotalar joint and a reduced distance at the anterior part, together with a greater distance at the posterior half of the medial gutter. Also, a decrease in surface-to-surface distance on the anterior half of the anterior facet and an increased distance on the posterior quadrants of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint were found. At the sinus tarsi, the lateral aspect of the talonavicular joint, the naviculocuneiform and the tarsometatarsal joints there was a statistically significant increase in surface-to-surface distance in cavovarus patients as compared to controls. CONCLUSION Distance mapping analysis on WBCT images identified significant differences in surface-to-surface interaction at the foot and ankle joints between cavovarus and normally-aligned feet. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lintz
- Ramsay Générale de Santé Clinique de l'Union, Foot and Ankle Department, Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | | | - Cesar De Cesar Netto
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruiz
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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LÔBO CARLOSFELIPETEIXEIRA, BORDALO-RODRIGUES MARCELO, Godoy-Santos AL, Gobbi RG, Cesar Netto CD, Burssens A, Lintz F, Barg A. WEIGHT-BEARING CONE BEAM CT SCANS AND ITS USES IN ANKLE, FOOT, AND KNEE: AN UPDATE ARTICLE. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2021; 29:105-110. [PMID: 34248411 PMCID: PMC8244836 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220212902236939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Imaging plays a key role in the preoperative diagnosis, surgical planning, and postsurgical assessment of the foot, ankle, and knee pathologies. Interpreting diagnostic imaging accurately is crucial for the clinical practice of orthopedic surgeons. Although among the most used imaging modalities, radiographic assessments are amenable to errors for various technical reasons and superposition of bones. Computed tomography (CT) is a conventional imaging procedure that provides high-resolution images, but fails in considering a truly weight-bearing (WB) condition. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, WB cone beam CT technology has being successfully employed in the clinical practice for the past decade. Besides economically viable and safe, the WB cone beam CT considers WB conditions and provides high-quality scans, thus allowing an equitable and correct interpretation. This review aims to address extensive description and discussion on WBCT, including imaging quality; costs; time consumption; and its applicability in common foot, ankle, and knee, conditions. With this technology increasing popularity, and considering the extensive literature on medical research, radiologists and orthopedic surgeons need to understand its potential applications and use it optimally. Level of Evidence III, Systematic review of level III studies.
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31
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Weight-bearing CT in foot and ankle pathology. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2021; 107:102772. [PMID: 33321232 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2020.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cone-beam scanners (CBCT) enable CT to be performed under weight-bearing - notably for the foot and ankle. The technology is not new: it has been used since 1996 in dental surgery, where it has come to replace panoramic X-ray. What is new is placing the scanner on the ground, so as to have 3D weight-bearing images, initially of the foot and ankle, and later for the knee and pelvis. This saves time, radiation and money. It is now increasingly used, but is unfortunately limited by not having specific national health insurance cover in France, and by the psychological reticence that goes with any technological breakthrough. A review of the topic is indispensable, as it is essential to become properly acquainted with this technique. To this end, we shall be addressing 5 questions. What biases does conventional radiography incur? Projecting a volume onto a plane incurs deformation, precluding true measurement. Conventional CT is therefore often associated with an increased dose of radiation. What is the impact of CBCT on radiation dose, costs and the care pathway? The conical beam turns around the limb (under weight-bearing if so desired) in less than a minute, making the radiation dose no greater than in standard X-ray. What does the literature have to say about CBCT, and what are the indications? CBCT is indicated in all foot and ankle pathologies, and indications now extend to the upper limb and the knee, and will soon include the pelvis. How are angles measured on this 3D technique? The recently developed concept of 3D biometry uses dedicated software to identify anatomic landmarks and automatically segment the bones, thereby enabling every kind of measurement. What further developments are to be expected? CBCT may become indispensable to lower-limb surgical planning. Artificial Intelligence will reveal novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic solutions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V; expert opinion.
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32
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Bernasconi A, Cooper L, Lyle S, Patel S, Cullen N, Singh D, Welck M. Pes cavovarus in Charcot-Marie-Tooth compared to the idiopathic cavovarus foot: A preliminary weightbearing CT analysis. Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 27:186-195. [PMID: 32507338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pes cavovarus is a foot deformity that can be idiopathic (I-PC) or acquired secondary to other pathology. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common adult cause for acquired pes cavovarus deformity (CMT-PC). The foot morphology of these distinct patient groups has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to assess if morphological differences exist between CMT-PC, I-PC and normal feet (controls) using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). METHODS A retrospective analysis of WBCT scans performed between May 2013 and June 2017 was undertaken. WBCT scans from 17 CMT-PC, 17 I-PC and 17 healthy normally-aligned control feet (age-, side-, sex- and body mass index-matched) identified from a prospectively collected database, were analysed. Eight 2-dimensional (2D) and three 3-dimensional (3D) measurements were undertaken for each foot and mean values in the three groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between CMT-PC or I-PC and controls (p<0.05). Two-dimensional measurements were similar in CMT-PC and I-PC, except for forefoot arch angle (p=0.04). 3D measurements (foot and ankle offset, calcaneal offset and hindfoot alignment angle) demonstrated that CMT-PC exhibited more severe hindfoot varus malalignment than I-PC (p=0.03, 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS CMT-related cavovarus and idiopathic cavovarus feet are morphologically different from healthy feet, and CMT feet exhibit increased forefoot supination and hindfoot malalignment compared to idiopathic forms. The use of novel three-dimensional analysis may help highlight subtle structural differences in patients with similar foot morphology but aetiologically different pathology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bernasconi
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health, Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucy Cooper
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Shirley Lyle
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Shelain Patel
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Cullen
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Dishan Singh
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Welck
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
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Godoy-Santos AL, Bernasconi A, Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Lintz F, Lôbo CFT, de Cesar Netto C. Weight-bearing cone-beam computed tomography in the foot and ankle specialty: where we are and where we are going - an update. Radiol Bras 2021; 54:177-184. [PMID: 34108765 PMCID: PMC8177673 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been applied in dentistry and medicine for nearly two decades. Its application in the foot and ankle specialty has grown exponentially in recent years. Weight-bearing CBCT allows clinicians to obtain weight-bearing images that can be viewed in all three planes and to construct three-dimensional models, similar to those constructed from traditional CT scans, as well as exposing patients to less radiation than do traditional CT scans. This technology has revolutionized diagnoses, improving the understanding of various lesions and surgical planning in the foot and ankle specialty. Ongoing studies of the use of weight-bearing CBCT in foot and ankle surgery are focused on fully automated and semi-automated three-dimensional measurements, as well as bone segmentation, mapping of the distances/orientation of the joints, and the production of customized implants. The aims of this review article are to show the evolution of this emerging tool in the foot and ankle specialty, to update those in related specialties on its use in current clinical practice, and to indicate where the research community is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil., Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Correspondence: Dr. Alexandre Leme Godoy-Santos. Laboratório Professor Manlio Mario Marco Napoli - HC-FMUSP. Rua Doutor Ovídio Pires de Campos, 333, Cerqueira César. São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05403-010.
| | | | - Marcelo Bordalo-Rodrigues
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Felipe Teixeira Lôbo
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bernasconi A, Welck M, Mariconda M. Letter Regarding: Anterior-Posterior (AP) Calcaneal Profile View: A Novel Radiographic Image to Assess Varus Malalignment. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:1442-1443. [PMID: 33176484 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720962409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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35
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de Cesar Netto C, Myerson MS, Day J, Ellis SJ, Hintermann B, Johnson JE, Sangeorzan BJ, Schon LC, Thordarson DB, Deland JT. Consensus for the Use of Weightbearing CT in the Assessment of Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:1277-1282. [PMID: 32851880 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720950734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RECOMMENDATION There is evidence that the use of WEIGHTBEARING imaging aids in the assessment of progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD). The following WEIGHTBEARING conventional radiographs (CRs) are necessary in the assessment of PCFD patients: anteroposterior (AP) foot, AP or mortise ankle, and lateral foot. If available, a hindfoot alignment view is strongly recommended. If available, WEIGHTBEARING computed tomography (CT) is strongly recommended for surgical planning. When WEIGHTBEARING CT is obtained, important findings to be assessed are sinus tarsi impingement, subfibular impingement, increased valgus inclination of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint, and subluxation of the subtalar joint at the posterior and/or middle facet. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, consensus, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark S Myerson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lew C Schon
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Georgetown School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Lintz F, Barg A, de Cesar Netto C, Burssens A, Ellis S, Richter M. Comments on the paper: "Impact of the rotational position of the hindfoot on measurements assessing the integrity of the distal tibio-fibular syndesmosis". Foot Ankle Surg 2020; 26:833-834. [PMID: 32622643 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Lintz
- Ankle and Foot Surgery Center, Ramsay Santé-Clinique de l'Union, 31240 Saint Jean Toulouse, France.
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- Ankle and Foot Surgery Center, Ramsay Santé-Clinique de l'Union, 31240 Saint Jean Toulouse, France
| | - Alexej Barg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | | | - Arne Burssens
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, University Hospital of Ghent: Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium.
| | - Scott Ellis
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, NY 10021, USA
| | - Martinus Richter
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rummelsberg Hospital, Rummelsberg, Germany; The International Weight Bearing CT Society, 66, Blankenbergestraat, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Day J, de Cesar Netto C, Nishikawa DRC, Garfinkel J, Roney A, J O'Malley M, T Deland J, J Ellis S. Three-Dimensional Biometric Weightbearing CT Evaluation of the Operative Treatment of Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:930-936. [PMID: 32506953 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720925423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of operative correction of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) has been traditionally performed by clinical evaluation and conventional radiographic imaging. Previously, a 3-dimensional biometric weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) tool, the foot ankle offset (FAO), has been developed and validated in assessing hindfoot alignment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of FAO in evaluating operative deformity correction in AAFD. METHODS In this prospective comparative study, 19 adult patients (20 feet) with stage II (flexible) flatfoot deformity underwent preoperative and postoperative standing WBCT examination at mean 19 months (range, 6-24) after surgery. Three-dimensional coordinates of the foot tripod and center of the ankle joint were acquired by 2 independent and blinded observers. These coordinates were used to calculate the FAO using dedicated software, and subsequently compared pre- and postoperatively. The FAO is a previously validated biometric measurement that represents centering of the foot tripod as well as hindfoot alignment, with a normal mean FAO of 2.3% ± 2.9%. In addition, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) clinical outcomes scores were compared pre- and postoperatively with a mean follow-up of 22.6 months (range, 14-37). RESULTS There was significant correction of flatfoot deformity from a mean preoperative FAO of 9.8% to a mean postoperative value of 1.3% (P < .001). Additionally, there was statistically significant improvement in all PROMIS domains (P < .05), except depression, at an average follow-up of 22.6 months. Spring ligament reconstruction was the only procedure associated with a significant correction in FAO (P = .0064). CONCLUSION The FAO was a reliable and sensitive tool that was used to evaluate preoperative deformity as well as postoperative correction, with patients demonstrating both significant improvement in FAO as well as patient-reported outcomes. These findings demonstrate the role for biometric 3-dimensional WBCT imaging in assessing operative correction after flatfoot reconstruction, as well as the potential role for operative planning to address preoperative deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Danilo R C Nishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital do Servidor Publico Municipal de Sao Paulo (HSPM), Foot and Ankle Surgery, Sao Paolo, SP, Brazil
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de Cesar Netto C, Bang K, Mansur NS, Garfinkel JH, Bernasconi A, Lintz F, Deland JT, Ellis SJ. Multiplanar Semiautomatic Assessment of Foot and Ankle Offset in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:839-848. [PMID: 32441540 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720920274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semiautomatic 3-dimensional (3D) biometric weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) tools have been shown to adequately demonstrate the relationship between the center of the ankle joint and the tripod of the foot. The measurement of the foot and ankle offset (FAO) represents an optimized biomechanical assessment of foot alignment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between FAO and traditional adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) markers, measured in different planes. We hypothesized that the FAO would significantly correlate with other radiographic markers of pronounced AAFD. METHODS In this retrospective comparative study, we included 113 patients with stage II AAFD, 43 men and 70 women, mean age of 53.5 (range, 20-86) years. 3D coordinates (x, y, and z planes) of the foot tripod (most plantar voxel of the first and fifth metatarsal heads, and calcaneal tuberosity) and the center of the ankle joint (most proximal and central voxel of the talar dome) were assessed by 2 blinded and independent fellowship-trained orthopedic foot and ankle surgeons. The FAO was automatically calculated using the 3D coordinates by dedicated software. Multiple WBCT parameters related to the severity of the deformity in the coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes were manually measured. RESULTS We found overall good to excellent intra- (range, 0.75-0.99) and interobserver (range, 0.73-0.99) reliability for manual AAFD measurements. FAO semiautomatic measurements demonstrated excellent intra- (0.99) and interobserver (0.99) reliabilities. Hindfoot moment arm (HMA) (P < .00001), subtalar horizontal angle (P < .00001), talonavicular coverage angle (P = .00004), and forefoot arch angle (P = .0001) were the only variables found to significantly influence and correlate with FAO measurements, with an R2 value of 0.79. An HMA value of 19.8 mm was found to be a strong threshold predictor of increased values of FAO, with mean values of FAO of 6.5 when the HMA was lower than 19.8 mm and 14.6 when the HMA was equal to or higher than 19.8 mm. CONCLUSION We found that 3D WBCT semiautomatic measurements of FAO significantly correlated with some traditional markers of pronounced AAFD. Measurements of FAO were also found to be slightly more reliable than the manual measurements. The FAO offers a simple and more complete biomechanical and multiplanar assessment of the AAFD, representing in a single measurement the 3D components of the deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina Bang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Francois Lintz
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Center, Clinique de l'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | - Jonathan T Deland
- Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Ellis
- Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of cone beam weightbearing semi-automatic three-dimensional measurements in symptomatic pes cavovarus. Foot Ankle Surg 2020; 26:564-572. [PMID: 31378592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pes cavovarus is a three-dimensional (3D) foot deformity. New 3D semi-automatic measurements utilising weightbearing computerised topography (WBCT) images have recently been proposed to assess hindfoot alignment, but reliability in pes cavovarus has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the foot ankle offset (FAO), calcaneal offset (CO) and hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) in pes cavovarus. METHODS Anonymised WBCT datasets from 51 feet (17 Charcot-Marie-Tooth related cavovarus, 17 idiopathic cavovarus and 17 controls) were retrospectively reviewed. Three observers (two senior foot and ankle fellows and one orthopaedic resident) independently measured FAO, CO and HAA using dedicated software, with measurements repeated two weeks apart. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess whether aetiology or severity of varus deformity and level of seniority affected reliability. RESULTS Mean values for intra and interobserver reliability for FAO (r=0.98; ICC: 0.99), CO (r=0.97; ICC: 0.98) and HAA measurements (r=0.97; ICC: 0.98) were excellent. Subgroup analyses showed that FAO, CO and HAA's intra (r/ρ range, 0.77-0.95) and interobserver (ICC range, 0.88-0.98) reliability remained excellent in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth related cavovarus, idiopathic pes cavovarus and normal feet, regardless of the severity of deformity. No difference was found in FAO, CO and HAA mean values from three observers (p>0.05 in all cases). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that 3D semi-automatic measurements of WBCT images have excellent intra and interobserver reliability in the assessment of hindfoot alignment in pes cavovarus. Aetiology and severity of deformity, and level of seniority do not affect reliability of these measurements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Relationship between foot posture index and weight bearing computed tomography 3D biometrics to define foot alignment. Gait Posture 2020; 80:143-147. [PMID: 32504942 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Foot Posture Index (FPI) was originally validated only against two dimensional radiographic imaging at the time of its inception since weight bearing three dimensional (3D) imaging did not exist. This technology is now widely available but it is not known if the FPI will continue to correlate well against it. RESEARCH QUESTION How does the clinical assessment tool of FPI correlate against 3D biometrics of foot alignment assessed on weight bearing computerised tomography (WBCT)? METHODS The FPI and 3D biometrics of 66 feet in 33 patients presenting to a single foot and ankle unit were assessed by two observers independently. All measurements were assessed for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, and the association between the clinically assessed FPI and radiologically assessed 3D biometrics was identified. RESULTS The FPI demonstrated excellent intra-rater and good inter-rater reliability. All 3D biometric measures demonstrated excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. A strong and significant correlation was identified between the FPI and 3D biometrics overall although subgroup analysis revealed the strength of association dropped when the hindfoot had a valgus alignment. SIGNIFICANCE This study confirmed that the FPI is a valid tool for assessing foot position. However, correlation between the FPI and 3D biometrics fell in the valgus aligned hindfoot so caution must be used when the FPI is used for assessment in this population.
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Foran IM, Mehraban N, Jacobsen SK, Bohl DD, Lin J, Hamid KS, Lee S. Impact of Coleman Block Test on Adult Hindfoot Alignment Assessed by Clinical Examination, Radiography, and Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 5:2473011420933264. [PMID: 35097393 PMCID: PMC8697095 DOI: 10.1177/2473011420933264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cavovarus foot constitutes a complex 3-dimensional deformity. The Coleman block test has traditionally been used to distinguish between forefoot- and hindfoot-driven deformity. However, there has been no objective evaluation of the Coleman block test using radiographs or weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT). The purpose of this study was to compare hindfoot alignment in adult cavovarus feet with and without the Coleman block using clinical examination, radiography, and WBCT. Methods: Six feet in 6 patients with a clinical diagnosis of cavovarus foot deformity were prospectively enrolled. All feet underwent clinical photography with the camera positioned at 0 degrees to the heel, hindfoot alignment view radiography with the beam positioned 20 degrees off the ground, and WBCT, both with and without the Coleman block in place. Clinical photos were characterized using the standing talocalcaneal angle (STCA), radiographs were characterized using the hindfoot alignment angle (HAA), and WBCTs were characterized using manual and automated hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) and foot and ankle offset (FAO). Using paired analyses, measurements taken with the Coleman block in place were compared to those taken without the Coleman block. Finally, the different methods of measuring hindfoot alignment were tested for correlation with each other. Mean age was 56 years (range 38-69). Results: On clinical photography, the STCA decreased by 3.8 degrees with addition of the block (from 10.0±6.6 degrees varus without block to 6.2±7.1 degrees varus with block; P = .001). On radiograph, HAA decreased by 9.0 degrees with addition of the block (from 16.8±8.4 degrees varus without block to 7.5±6.3 degrees varus with block; P = .07). On WBCT, hindfoot alignment angle changed an average of 3.2 degrees (33.4 degrees varus without block, 30.2 degrees varus with block; P = .008). On WBCT, FAO decreased by 1.4% (from 11.3% varus without block to 10.1% varus with block; P = .003). Clinical examination and automated WBCT measurements were strongly correlated with each other. Conclusion: Clinical examination, radiograph, and WBCT demonstrated improvements in hindfoot varus using the Coleman block test in adults, but no patient demonstrated complete resolution of deformity regardless of the measurement modality. Clinical examination correlated strongly with automated WBCT measurements. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Foran
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nasima Mehraban
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen K. Jacobsen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Daniel D. Bohl
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Johnny Lin
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kamran S. Hamid
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simon Lee
- Rush University Medical Center, Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Hallux valgus (HV) represents a progressive 3-dimensional deformity that includes bone malalignment, hypermobility of the first ray, and imbalanced soft-tissue structures of the midfoot and forefoot. Conventional radiographs provide sectorized and limited information of the deformity in different planes. The literature evidence supporting the use of cone beam weightbearing computed tomography in the assessment of HV has been growing. It demonstrates important advances that include the ability to reliably perform traditional measurements such as HV angle and intermetatarsal angle in the 3-dimensional setting.
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Lintz F, Mast J, Bernasconi A, Mehdi N, de Cesar Netto C, Fernando C, Buedts K. 3D, Weightbearing Topographical Study of Periprosthetic Cysts and Alignment in Total Ankle Replacement. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:1-9. [PMID: 31779466 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719891411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the association between hindfoot residual malalignment assessed on weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images and the development of periprosthetic cysts (PPCs) after total ankle replacement (TAR). We hypothesized that PPCs would be found predominantly medially in the varus configuration and laterally in the valgus configuration. METHODS Cases of primary TAR with available WBCT imaging of the ankle were included in this retrospective study. The location of the PPC was marked and the following volumes were calculated: total (TCV), medial (MCV), central (CCV), and lateral (LCV) cyst volumes. Hindfoot alignment was measured as Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) calculated to define varus (<95% CI) and valgus (>95% CI) groups. Cyst volumes were compared between these 2 groups. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score at the time of the WBCT was also retrieved. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine FAO thresholds for predicting an increased risk of PPC. RESULTS Forty-eight TARs (mean follow-up, 44.6 months) were included, 81% of which had at least 1 PPC. The mean FAO was 0.12% (95% CI, -1.12 to 1.36). Patients with greater residual malalignment (P < .001) and those with longer follow-up (P < .001) presented with increased TCV. In varus cases, the MCV was greater than the LCV (P = .042), with a threshold FAO value of -2.75% or less predicting an increased MCV. In valgus cases, the LCV was greater than the MCV (P = .049), with a FAO threshold value of 4.5% or more predicting an increased LCV. CONCLUSION In this series, the PPC volume after primary TAR significantly correlated with postoperative hindfoot malalignment and longer follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative series.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lintz
- Ramsay Générale de Santé Clinique de l'Union, Foot and Ankle Department, Saint-Jean, Toulouse Metropole, France
| | - Jef Mast
- Foot and Ankle Unit, ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK.,Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, University "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Nazim Mehdi
- Ramsay Générale de Santé Clinique de l'Union, Foot and Ankle Department, Saint-Jean, Toulouse Metropole, France
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Carver College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Céline Fernando
- Ramsay Générale de Santé Clinique de l'Union, Foot and Ankle Department, Saint-Jean, Toulouse Metropole, France
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de Cesar Netto C, Shakoor D, Roberts L, Chinanuvathana A, Mousavian A, Lintz F, Schon LC, Demehri S. Hindfoot alignment of adult acquired flatfoot deformity: A comparison of clinical assessment and weightbearing cone beam CT examinations. Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 25:790-797. [PMID: 30455094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical assessment of hindfoot alignment (HA) in adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) can be challenging and weightbearing (WB) cone beam CT (CBCT) may potentially better demonstrate this three-dimensional (3D) deformity. Therefore, we compared clinical and WB CBCT assessment of HA in patients with AAFD. METHODS In this prospective study, we included 12 men and 8 women (mean age: 52.2, range: 20-88) with flexible AAFD. All subjects also underwent WB CBCT and clinical assessment of hindfoot alignment. Three fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeons performed six hindfoot alignment measurements on the CT images. Intra- and Inter-observer reliabilities were calculated using intra-class correlation (ICC). Measurements were compared by paired T-tests, and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS The mean of clinically measured hindfoot valgus was 15.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.5-18.8) degrees. It was significantly different from the mean values of all WB CBCT measurements: Clinical Hindfoot Alignment Angle, 9.9 (CI: 8.9-11.1) degrees; Achilles tendon/Calcaneal Tuberosity Angle, 3.2 (CI: 1.3-5.0) degrees; Tibial axis/Calcaneal Tuberosity Angle, 6.1 (CI: 4.3-7.8) degrees; Tibial axis/Subtalar Joint Angle 7.0 (CI: 5.3-8.8) degrees, and Hindfoot Alignment Angle 22.8 (CI: 20.4-25.3) degrees. We found overall substantial to almost perfect intra- (ICC range: 0.87-0.97) and inter-observer agreements (ICC range: 0.51-0.88) for all WB CBCT measurements. CONCLUSIONS Using 3D WB CBCT can help characterize the valgus hindfoot alignment in patients with AAFD. We found the different CT measurements to be reliable and repeatable, and to significantly differ from the clinical evaluation of hindfoot valgus alignment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II-prospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, 201 E University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Delaram Shakoor
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Lauren Roberts
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Apisan Chinanuvathana
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, 201 E University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Alireza Mousavian
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, 201 E University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Francois Lintz
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Clinique de l'Union, Saint-Jean, Toulouse, France
| | - Lew C Schon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medstar Union Memorial Hospital, 201 E University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Shadpour Demehri
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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AAFD: Conventional Radiographs are not Enough! I Need the Third Dimension. TECHNIQUES IN FOOT AND ANKLE SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/btf.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang JZ, Lintz F, Bernasconi A, Zhang S. 3D Biometrics for Hindfoot Alignment Using Weightbearing Computed Tomography. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:720-726. [PMID: 30854889 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719835492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) is a useful tool for the assessment of hindfoot alignment (HA). Foot ankle offset (FAO) is a recently introduced parameter, determined from WBCT images using semiautomatic software. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical relevance and reproducibility of FAO for the evaluation of HA. METHODS A prospective comparative study was performed on consecutive patients requiring bilateral WBCT between September 2017 and April 2018. Based on the clinical assessment of HA, patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) normal alignment group (G1), (2) valgus (G2), and (3) varus (G3). FAO and long axial view (HACT) were measured on WBCT images, and the groups were compared. The reproducibility of FAO and HACT was determined through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Regression analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between the 2 methods. Overall, 249 feet (126 patients) were included (G1 = 115, G2 = 78, and G3 = 56 feet). RESULTS The mean values for FAO and HACT were 1.2% ± 2.8% and 3.9 ± 3.1, respectively, in G1; 8.1% ± 3.7% and 9.7 ± 4.9 in G2; and -6.6% ± 4.8% and -8.2 ± 6.6 in G3. Intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.987 and 0.988 for FAO and 0.949 and 0.949 for HACT, respectively. There was a good linear correlation between HACT and FAO ( R2 = 0.744), with a regression slope of 1.064. CONCLUSIONS WBCT was a useful method for the characterization of HA. FAO was reproducible and correlated well with physical examination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - François Lintz
- 2 Foot and Ankle Surgery Center, Clinique de l'Union, Saint-Jean, France
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- 3 Foot and Ankle Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shu Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Dagneaux L, Moroney P, Maestro M. Reliability of hindfoot alignment measurements from standard radiographs using the methods of Meary and Saltzman. Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 25:237-241. [PMID: 29409188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few methods have been described for measuring hindfoot alignment from an anteroposterior view. The objective of this study was to compare two methods of angular measurement based on the views of Meary and Saltzman. METHODS Thirty asymptomatic volunteers were included. Four radiographs were performed: the views of Meary and Saltzman with parallel feet and with the Fick correction. The reproducibility was determined by the inter- and intraobserver variability (ICC). RESULTS Meary's method revealed a mean valgus angulation of 3.9° (SD 3.47°). The reliability was extremely variable with a mean ICC of 0.59. The best reproducibility was obtained with Meary's method with and without Fick correction. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that the reliability of the angular measurements depends on the radiographic view and measurement method chosen. The lateral Fick correction did not counteract the influence of tibial rotation. The same method should be used consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Dagneaux
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lower limb Surgery Unit, Lapeyronie University Hospital, 351 av. Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
| | - Paul Moroney
- Institut Monégasque de Médecine et Chirurgie Sportive (IM2S), 11, Avenue d'Ostende, 98000, Monaco
| | - Michel Maestro
- Institut Monégasque de Médecine et Chirurgie Sportive (IM2S), 11, Avenue d'Ostende, 98000, Monaco
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de Cesar Netto C, Bernasconi A, Roberts L, Pontin PA, Lintz F, Saito GH, Roney A, Elliott A, O'Malley M. Foot Alignment in Symptomatic National Basketball Association Players Using Weightbearing Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119826081. [PMID: 30815498 PMCID: PMC6385333 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119826081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Weightbearing cone beam computed tomography (WB CBCT) allows detailed 3-dimensional imaging of the foot and ankle in a weightbearing state and provides improved accuracy and reliability of foot alignment measures, especially when compared with conventional radiographic views. Purpose: To describe the foot alignment in National Basketball Association (NBA) players with different symptomatic foot and ankle injuries using WB CBCT and to determine if any predominant morphotype would be identified. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 45 active NBA players (mean age, 24.4 years [range, 20-34 years]; N = 54 feet [29 right, 25 left]) were assessed using WB CBCT. Measurements included the following: (1) foot and ankle offset (FAO), (2) calcaneal offset (CO), (3) hindfoot alignment angle (HAA), (4) angle between the inferior and superior facets of the talus (Inftal-Suptal), (5) angle between the inferior facet of the talus and the horizontal floor line (Inftal-Hor), (6) forefoot arch angle (FAA), (7) navicular-to-floor distance, and (8) medial cuneiform–to-floor distance. Measurements were then compared with values available in the literature for a “normal” foot morphotype. Results: Among the 54 feet, the mean FAO was 0.48% (95% CI, –0.25% to 1.21%), the mean CO was 1.18 mm (95% CI, –0.50 to 2.87 mm), and the mean HAA was 1.42° (95% CI, –0.80° to 3.65°). The mean Inftal-Suptal angle was 5.31° (95% CI, 3.50°-7.12°), while the mean Inftal-Hor angle was 4.04° (95% CI, 2.56°-5.51°). The mean FAA was 15.84° (95% CI, 14.73°-16.92°), the mean navicular-to-floor distance was 38.30 mm (95% CI, 36.19-40.42 mm), and the mean medial cuneiform–to-floor distance was 26.79 mm (95% CI, 25.30-28.28 mm). None of these values were found to be significantly different when comparing forwards, guards, and centers. Conclusion: NBA players presenting with symptomatic foot and ankle injuries had a fairly “normal” foot morphology, with a tendency toward a varus hindfoot and a high-arched morphotype. No significant differences were found between players based on their position on the court. WB CBCT may help to shed light on anatomic risk factors for common injuries in professional players and may aid in the planning of specific prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Bernasconi
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Roberts
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Francois Lintz
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Andrew Roney
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Elliott
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martin O'Malley
- Foot and Ankle Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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de Cesar Netto C, Kunas GC, Soukup D, Marinescu A, Ellis SJ. Correlation of Clinical Evaluation and Radiographic Hindfoot Alignment in Stage II Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Foot Ankle Int 2018; 39:771-779. [PMID: 29589785 DOI: 10.1177/1071100718762113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work has demonstrated that the amount of radiographic hindfoot correction required at the time of adult-acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) operative treatment can be predicted by the amount of radiographic deformity present before surgery. Successful outcomes after reconstruction are closely correlated with hindfoot valgus correction. However, it is not clear if differences exist between clinical and radiographic assessment of hindfoot valgus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between radiographic and clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. METHODS Twenty-nine patients (30 feet) with stage II AAFD, 17 men and 12 women, mean age of 51 (range, 20-71) years, were prospectively recruited. In a controlled and standardized fashion, bilateral weightbearing radiographic hindfoot alignment views were taken. Radiographic parameters were measured by 2 blinded and independent readers: hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) and hindfoot moment arm (HMA). Clinical photographs of hindfoot alignment were taken in 3 different vertical camera angulations (0, 20, and 40 degrees). Pictures were assessed by the same readers for standing tibiocalcaneal angle (STCA) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed by Pearson/Spearman's and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Relationship between clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment was evaluated by a linear regression model. Comparison between the different angles (RCSP, STCA, and HAA) was performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. P values of less than .05 were considered significant. RESULTS We found overall almost perfect intraobserver (range, 0.91-0.99) and interobserver reliability (range, 0.74-0.98) for all measures. Mean value and confidence interval (CI) for RCSP and STCA were 10.8 degrees (CI, 10.1-11.5) and 12.6 degrees (CI, 11.7-13.4), respectively. The position of the camera did not influence readings of clinical alignment ( P > .05). The mean HMA was 18.7 mm (CI, 16.3-21.1 mm), and the mean HAA was 23.5 degrees (CI, 21.1-26.0). Clinical and radiographic hindfoot alignment were found to significantly correlate ( P < .05). However, the radiographic HAA demonstrated increased valgus compared to both clinical alignment measurements, with a mean difference of 12.8 degrees from the RCSP (CI, 11.0-14.5, P < .0001) and 11.0 degrees from the STCA (CI, 9.2-12.8, P < .0001). CONCLUSION We found significant correlation between radiographic and clinical hindfoot alignment in patients with stage II AAFD. However, radiographic measurements of HAA demonstrated significantly more pronounced valgus alignment than the clinical evaluation. The results of our study suggest that clinical evaluation of hindfoot alignment in patients with AAFD potentially underestimates the bony valgus deformity. One should consider these findings when using clinical evaluation in the treatment algorithm of flatfoot patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, prospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dylan Soukup
- 1 Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
The 3D anatomical complexity of the foot and ankle and the importance of weight-bearing in diagnosis have required the combination of conventional radiographs and medical CT. Conventional plain radiographs (XR) have demonstrated substantial limitations such as perspective, rotational and fan distortion, as well as poor reproducibility of radiographic installations. Conventional CT produces high levels of radiation exposure and does not offer weight-bearing capabilities. The literature investigating biometrics based on 2D XR has inherent limitations due to the technology itself and thereby can focus only on whether measurements are reproducible, when the real question is whether the radiographs are. Low dose weight-bearing cone beam CT (WBCT) combines 3D and weight-bearing as well as ‘built in’ reliability validated through industry-standardized processes during production and clinical use (quality assurance testing). Research is accumulating to validate measurements based on traditional 2D techniques, and new 3D biometrics are being described and tested. Time- and cost-efficient use in medical imaging will require the use of automatic measurements. Merging WBCT and clinical data will offer new perspectives in terms of research with the help of modern data analysis techniques.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170066
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lintz
- Centre de Chirurgie de la Cheville et du Pied, Clinique de l'Union, France
| | - Cesar de Cesar Netto
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, USA
| | - Alexeij Barg
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, University of Utah, USA
| | - Arne Burssens
- Foot and Ankle Surgery Department, University of Ghent, Belgium
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