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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Moreno-Mesonero L, Soler L, Amorós I, Moreno Y, Ferrús M, Alonso J. Protozoan parasites and free-living amoebae contamination in organic leafy green vegetables and strawberries from Spain. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 32:e00200. [PMID: 37405064 PMCID: PMC10316001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the presence of Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia sp., Toxoplasma gondii and Vermamoeba vermiformis was assessed in organic leafy green vegetables (lettuce, spinach, cabbage) and fruits (strawberry), which are usually consumed raw. A total of 110 organic samples were collected in Valencia (Spain). Protozoa were concentrated before detection by immunofluorescence (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp.) or real-time qPCR (Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., C. cayetanensis, E. histolytica, T. gondii and V. vermiformis). The most abundant protozoa in organic vegetables and berry fruits were Acanthamoeba (65.5%), followed by T. gondii (37.2%), V. vermiformis (17.3%), C. cayetanensis (12.7%), Cryptosporidium spp. (6.8%), Blastocystis sp. (1.8%) and Giardia sp. (1.7%). E. histolytica was not found in any of the organic samples. Thus, results showed that consumers can be exposed to protozoan parasites by consuming organic vegetables and berry fruits. This is the first report in Spain describing the presence of the protozoan pathogens Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., C. cayetanensis, T. gondii and V. vermiformis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp. in organic fresh produce. The results of this research will help determine the risk of foodborne protozoan parasites on organic leafy greens and strawberries that are available at local markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Moreno-Mesonero
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - L. Soler
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - I. Amorós
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y. Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M.A. Ferrús
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J.L. Alonso
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Nasser AM. Transmission of Cryptosporidium by Fresh Vegetables. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1737-1744. [PMID: 36048914 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is increasing thanks to a greater awareness of the human health benefits. Vegetables may become contaminated by enteric pathogens (protozoan parasites, bacteria, and viruses) by irrigation with contaminated water, fertilization with fresh animal manure, or by infected food handlers. Cryptosporidium spp. are fecal-oral protozoan parasites, known to be highly persistent in the environment. Efficient methods were developed for releasing and concentrating Cryptosporidium oocysts from leafy vegetables, and sensitive and specific methods were applied for detection. The aims of this review are to discuss the development and optimization of methods applied to elute, concentrate, and detect oocysts from leafy vegetables, to review the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts on fresh leafy vegetables from various parts of the world, and to discuss cryptosporidiosis outbreaks resulting from the consumption of leafy vegetables. Three solutions were used with comparable efficiency to release oocysts from leafy vegetables: 1 M glycine solution; 0.1% Alconox; and filter elution buffer, with an efficiency of 36.2, 72.6, and 44%, respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was reported in developed, as well as from developing countries, although simple detection methods were applied. Most of the cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were reported in developed countries, which can be related to the efficient surveillance system. Transmission of infectious pathogens, such as Cryptosporidium, may be facilitated by fresh vegetables, which are imported and transferred from less developed to highly developed countries and consumed uncooked. Monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts by sensitive detection methods may enhance measures to prevent transmission by freshly consumed vegetables. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidelfatah M Nasser
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 69 Ben Zvi Road, Tel Aviv-Jaffa 6810416, Israel
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Costa D, Razakandrainibe R, Basmaciyan L, Raibaut J, Delaunay P, Morio F, Gargala G, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Levy B, Rieder C, Larreche S, Lesthelle S, Coron N, Menu E, Demar M, de Santi VP, Blanc V, Valot S, Dalle F, Favennec L. A summary of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks reported in France and overseas departments, 2017–2020. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00160. [PMID: 35586547 PMCID: PMC9108463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a known foodborne pathogen, ranked fifth out of 24 among foodborne parasites in terms of importance and a cause of many cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide. In France, very few outbreaks were reported before 2017, and data recently obtained by the Expert Laboratory of the Cryptosporidiosis National Reference Center (CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis) have shown that outbreaks are in fact common and frequently underreported. In this work, we aim to report the characteristics of outbreaks detected in France during the period 2017–2020 and present a summary of investigations carried out by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis. During the study period, there were eleven cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, including three with no identified origin. Among the eight identified outbreaks: six were due to water contamination (five tap water and one recreational water), one was due to direct contact with infected calves, and one was due to consumption of contaminated curd cheese. Among these outbreaks, five of them exceeded one hundred cases. Recent results obtained by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis revealed the multiannual occurrence of Cryptosporidium outbreaks in France. Waterborne outbreaks were more frequently detected, while foodborne outbreaks which are more difficult to detect were likely underreported. Massive Cryptosporidium outbreaks were detected in France recently. Waterborne origin appeared predominant. Foodborne origin is probably strongly neglected. Develop adapted monitoring and preventing strategies could reduce cryptosporidiosis
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Chalmers RM, Katzer F, La Carbona S, Lalle M, Razakandrainibe R, Robertson LJ, Robinson G, Šoba B, Temesgen T, Mayer-Scholl A. A guide to standardise artificial contamination procedures with protozoan parasite oocysts or cysts during method evaluation, using Cryptosporidium and leafy greens as models. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Berrouch S, Escotte-Binet S, Madline A, Aubert D, Nast E, La Carbona S, Hoummadi L, Hafid J, Villena I. Protozoan Parasites and Leafy Greens in Marrakech: Study of Occurrence Using a Molecular Method. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:546-554. [PMID: 34800215 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the presence of T. gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, and G. duodenalis cysts, in three leafy greens (coriander, lettuce, and parsley) commonly consumed raw. Despite the recognition of the association between the parasitic illnesses and the consumption of contaminated food, there is still a lack of studies investigating the occurrence of parasitic contamination in food matrices. METHODS A total of 152 leafy green samples were collected in Marrakech from April 2018 to October 2019. Parasites were eluted and concentrated before detection of their DNA by real-time qPCR. RESULTS The analysis revealed an overall rate of contamination of 32.2% (49/152), with 29.6% (45/152) positive for T. gondii and 2.6% (4/152) for G. duodenalis, while none was positive for Cryptosporidium spp. CONCLUSION The results showed that humans can be exposed to protozoan parasites through vegetables consumption. Further investigations can be performed to acquire new epidemiological data to assess the public health impact of these protozoan diseases in Morocco.
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Development and evaluation of a molecular based protocol for detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. In wastewater. Exp Parasitol 2022; 234:108216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kubina S, Costa D, Favennec L, Gargala G, Rousseau A, Villena I, La Carbona S, Razakandrainibe R. Detection of Infectious Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts from Lamb's Lettuce: CC-qPCR's Intake. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020215. [PMID: 33494236 PMCID: PMC7909830 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is responsible for several food and waterborne disease outbreaks worldwide. Healthier lifestyles attract consumers to eat, notably, fresh food like fruits and vegetables. The consumption of raw or under-cooked food increases the risk of foodborne transmission of Cryptosporidiosis. The assessment of the consumer’s exposure to Cryptosporidium danger is crucial for public health. Still, the standardized method to detect this parasite in fresh leafy greens and berry fruits has only been available since 2016 and suffers from weaknesses. Consequently, in this study, we propose a method with minimum processing steps that combines cell culture and the quantitative PCR (CC–qPCR) for detecting infectious C. parvum oocysts recovered from lamb’s lettuce. This CC–qPCR is a rapid and easy method that can detect up to one oocyst, whereas it is undetectable by classic qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kubina
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Loïc Favennec
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Gargala
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
| | - Angélique Rousseau
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51 000 Reims, France;
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, EA 7510, SFR CAP-Santé, Université Reims-Champagne Ardenne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, 51 000 Reims, France;
| | - Stéphanie La Carbona
- ACTALIA Food Safety Department, 310 Rue Popielujko, 50 000 Saint-Lô, France; (A.R.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, EA 7510, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76 000 Rouen, France; (D.C.); (L.F.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76 000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (R.R.)
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