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Analysis and Comparison of Rapid Methods for the Determination of Ochratoxin a Levels in Organs and Body Fluids Obtained from Exposed Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090634. [PMID: 36136572 PMCID: PMC9503121 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are bioaccumulative contaminants impacting animals and humans. The simultaneous detection of frequent active exposures and accumulated mycotoxin level (s) in exposed organisms would be the most ideal to enable appropriate actions. However, few methods are available for the purpose, and there is a demand for dedicated, sensitive, reliable, and practical assays. To demonstrate the issue, mice were exposed to a relevant agent Ochratoxin A (OTA), and accumulated OTA was measured by fine-tuned commercial assays. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry assays have been developed/modified using reagents available as commercial products when appropriate. Assays were performed on excised samples, and results were compared. Accumulated OTA could be detected and quantified; positive correlations (between applied doses of exposure and accumulated OTA levels and the results from assays) were found. Dedicated assays could be developed, which provided comparable results. The presence and accumulation of OTA following even a short exposure could be quantitatively detected. The assays performed similarly, but HPLC had the greatest sensitivity. Blood contained higher levels of OTA than liver and kidney. We demonstrate that specific but flexible and practical assays should be used for specific/local purposes, to measure the exposure itself and accumulation in blood or organs.
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Dong S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang C, Xie Y, Zhong J, Xu C, Liu X. Establishment of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific detection of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ab toxin utilizing a monoclonal antibody produced with a novel hapten designed with molecular model. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1985-1994. [PMID: 28078413 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cry1Ab toxin is commonly expressed in genetically modified crops in order to control chewing pests. At present, the detection method with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on monoclonal antibody cannot specifically detect Cry1Ab toxin for Cry1Ab's amino acid sequence and spatial structure are highly similar to Cry1Ac toxin. In this study, based on molecular design, a novel hapten polypeptide was synthesized and conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Then, through animal immunization with this antigen, a monoclonal antibody named 2C12, showing high affinity to Cry1Ab and having no cross reaction with Cry1Ac, was produced. The equilibrium dissociation constant (K D) value of Cry1Ab toxin with MAb 2C12 was 1.947 × 10-8 M. Based on this specific monoclonal antibody, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was developed for the specific determination of Cry1Ab toxin and the LOD and LOQ values were determined as 0.47 ± 0.11 and 2.43 ± 0.19 ng mL-1, respectively. The average recoveries of Cry1Ab from spiked rice leaf and rice flour samples ranged from 75 to 115%, with coefficient of variation (CV) less than 8.6% within the quantitation range (2.5-100 ng mL-1), showing good accuracy for the quantitative detection of Cry1Ab toxin in agricultural samples. In conclusion, this study provides a new approach for the production of high specific antibody and the newly developed DAS-ELISA is a useful method for Cry1Ab monitoring in agriculture products. Graphical Abstract Establishment of a DAS-ELISA for the specific detecting of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ab toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Dong
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Yajing Xie
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Chongxin Xu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China. .,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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3
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Dong S, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhong J, Xie Y, Xu C, Ding Y, Zhang L, Liu X. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Broadly Recognizing Cry1 Toxins by Use of Designed Polypeptide as Hapten. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7023-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajing Xie
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongxin Xu
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory
of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory
Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for
Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute
of Food Quality Safety and Detection Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Kaattari SL, Vogelbein MA, Vadas GG, Unger MA. A highly sensitive monoclonal antibody based biosensor for quantifying 3-5 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous environmental samples. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2016; 7:115-120. [PMID: 26925369 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly sensitive for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and can be employed to determine concentrations in near real-time. A sensitive generic mAb against PAHs, named as 2G8, was developed by a three-step screening procedure. It exhibited nearly uniformly high sensitivity against 3-ring to 5-ring unsubstituted PAHs and their common environmental methylated PAHs, with IC50 values between 1.68-31 μg/L (ppb). 2G8 has been successfully applied on the KinExA Inline Biosensor system for quantifying 3-5 ring PAHs in aqueous environmental samples. PAHs were detected at a concentration as low as 0.2 μg/L. Furthermore, the analyses only required 10 min for each sample. To evaluate the accuracy of the 2G8-based biosensor, the total PAH concentrations in a series of environmental samples analyzed by biosensor and GC-MS were compared. In most cases, the results yielded a good correlation between methods. This indicates that generic antibody 2G8 based biosensor possesses significant promise for a low cost, rapid method for PAH determination in aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
| | - Stephen L Kaattari
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
| | - Mary A Vogelbein
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
| | - George G Vadas
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
| | - Michael A Unger
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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Soy 11S Globulin Acid Subunits as the Novel Food Polymer Carrier. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/250146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins were conjugated with soy 11S globulins acid subunits and the hapten-specific monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) cross-reactive with four major aflatoxins were achieved using indirect competitive ELISA screening procedure. The two antibodies (clones 1B2 and 2D3) had similar reaction efficiency with aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1 but showed a weak cross-reaction to G2. The clone 4C5 exhibited the highest sensitivity for all four aflatoxins. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 at 50% inhibition for 4C5 were 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, and 17.6 pg mL−1. The results indicated that soy 11S globulin acid subunits were suitable novel carriers for aflatoxin antigen in immunization experiments and clone 4C5 could be used for simultaneous analysis of total aflatoxins.
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Ling S, Pang J, Yu J, Wang R, Liu L, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Jin N, Wang S. Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibody against fumonisin B1 and development of detection by Ic-ELISA. Toxicon 2014; 80:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A Sensitive Immunoaffinity Column-Linked Indirect Competitive ELISA for Ochratoxin A in Cereal and Oil Products Based on a New Monoclonal Antibody. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Meulenberg EP. Immunochemical methods for ochratoxin A detection: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:244-66. [PMID: 22606375 PMCID: PMC3347002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of food and feed depends to a great deal on quality control. Numerous compounds and organisms may contaminate food and feed commodities and thus pose a health risk for consumers. The compound of interest in this review is ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite of the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its adverse health effects, detection and quantification are of utmost importance. Quality control of food and feed requires extraction and analysis, including TLC, HPLC, MS, and immunochemical methods. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. However, with regard to costs and rapidity, immunochemical methods have gained much interest in the last decade. In this review an introduction to immunochemistry and assay design will be given to elucidate the principles. Further, the application of the various formats to the detection and quantification of ochratoxin will be described, including the use of commercially available kits.
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Pavón MÁ, González I, Martín R, García T. Competitive direct ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody for detection of Ochratoxin A in dried fig samples. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.604769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wang E, Dong Y. Development and characterization of a chitosan-supported immunoaffinity chromatography column for the selective extraction of methandrostenolone from food and feed samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:428-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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An ultra-sensitive monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme immunoassay for aflatoxin M1 in milk and infant milk products. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against Ochratoxin B and its application in ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1582-94. [PMID: 22069651 PMCID: PMC3153249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody specific to ochratoxin B (OTB) was employed for the development of an indirect competitive OTB-ELISA. The optimized OTB-ELISA resulted in a limit of detection (LOD) for OTB of 3 µg/L (8 nM), a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3.7 µg/L (10 nM), and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 150 nM. Due to very low cross-reactivity to OTA (2.7%) and structurally related molecules (0%), this OTB-ELISA was found to be suitable to detect OTB with excellent precision in different matrices, i.e., beer, coffee and wine. Therefore, this OTB-ELISA will allow screening of OTB in food and feed products.
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Goryacheva IY, Rusanova TY, Burmistrova NA, De Saeger S. Immunochemical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809080024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Production of ultrasensitive generic monoclonal antibodies against major aflatoxins using a modified two-step screening procedure. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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