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Puri V, Sharma A, Kumar P, Dua K, Huanbutta K, Singh I, Sangnim T. Assessment of Acute Oral Toxicity of Thiolated Gum Ghatti in Rats. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183836. [PMID: 36145990 PMCID: PMC9506416 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various drug delivery systems were developed using a modified form of gum ghatti. Modifying gum ghatti using thioglycolic acid improves its mucoadhesive property, and hence, it is a suitable approach for the fabrication and development of controlled drug delivery systems. In accordance with regulatory guidelines, namely, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) 423 guidelines, an acute oral dose toxicity study was performed to examine the toxicological effects of gum ghattiin an animal (Wistar rat) after a single oral dose administration of pure gum ghatti and thiolated gum ghatti. Orally administered pure and thiolated gum ghatti do not reveal any considerable change in the behavioral pattern, food intake, body weight, hematology, or clinical symptoms of treated animals. Furthermore, histopathological studies showed no pathological mutations in the vital organs of Wistar rats after the oral administration of single doses of both types of gumghatti (i.e., 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg body weight). Whole blood clotting studies showed the low absorbance value of the modified gum (thiolated gum ghatti) in contrast to the pure gum and control, hence demonstrating its excellent clotting capability. The aforementioned toxicological study suggested that the oral administration of a single dose of pure and thiolated gum ghatti did not produce any toxicological effects in Wistar rats. Consequently, it could be a suitable and safe candidate for formulating various drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Puri
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi 174103, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ameya Sharma
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi 174103, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kampanart Huanbutta
- School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asia University, Thanyaburi 12110, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Muang 20131, Chonburi, Thailand
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (T.S.)
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Kaur L, Raj R, Thakur AK, Singh I. Development of chitosan-catechol conjugates as mucoadhesive polymer: assessment of acute oral toxicity in mice. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2020; 35:e2020014. [PMID: 32819046 PMCID: PMC7656166 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of modified polymers is the focused area of research for developing stable, effective, sustainable and economical polymeric materials for developing different drug delivery systems. Modification of chitosan by catechol functionalization is useful for developing chitosan derivative with the improved mucoadhesive property. Present study was designed to perform single dose acute oral toxicity on chitosan-catechol conjugates in Swiss albino mice as per international guidelines. Oral administration of modified chitosan did not exhibit any significant change in body weight, behavioural pattern, haematology, food intake and clinical symptoms in the experimental animals. In the histopathological study, no pathological changes were observed in the vital organs of mice when administered perorally with 300 mg/kg and 2,000 mg/kg body-weight doses of chitosan-catechol polymeric conjugates. Overall, it was concluded from the acute oral toxicity study that the oral administration of chitosan-catechol conjugates in mice did not produce any toxicity. Hence, chitosan-catechol conjugates could be designated and recommended as safe polymeric material for developing different drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loveleen Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ritu Raj
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Biopolymer Extracted from Anadenanthera colubrina (Red Angico Gum) Exerts Therapeutic Potential in Mice: Antidiarrheal Activity and Safety Assessment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13010017. [PMID: 31963683 PMCID: PMC7168896 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul (Fabaceae family), commonly known as the red angico tree, is a medicinal plant found throughout Brazil’s semi-arid area. In this study, a chemical analysis was performed to investigate the antidiarrheal activity and safety profile of red angico gum (RAG), a biopolymer extracted from the trunk exudate of A. colubrina. Upon FT-IR spectroscopy, RAG showed bands in the regions of 1608 cm−1, 1368 cm−1, and 1029 cm−1, which relate to the vibration of O–H water molecules, deformation vibration of C-O bands, and vibration of the polysaccharide C-O band, respectively, all of which are relevant to glycosidic bonds. The peak molar mass of RAG was 1.89 × 105 g/mol, with the zeta potential indicating electronegativity. RAG demonstrated high yield and solubility with a low degree of impurity. Pre-treatment with RAG reduced the total diarrheal stool and enteropooling. RAG also enhanced Na+/K+-ATPase activity and reduced gastrointestinal transit, and thereby inhibited intestinal smooth muscle contractions. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) demonstrated that RAG can interact with GM1 receptors and can also reduce E. coli-induced diarrhea in vivo. Moreover, RAG did not induce any signs of toxicity in mice. These results suggest that RAG is a possible candidate for the treatment of diarrheal diseases.
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Vasile FE, Romero AM, Judis MA, Mattalloni M, Virgolini MB, Mazzobre MF. Phenolics composition, antioxidant properties and toxicological assessment of Prosopis alba exudate gum. Food Chem 2019; 285:369-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Use of seed gums from Tamarindus indica and Cassia fistula as controlled-release agents. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:398-408. [PMID: 32104414 PMCID: PMC7032240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most seed gums have been widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, and food products because of their hydrophilic properties. Gums from Tamariudus indica and Cassia fistula seeds were chemically modified by carboxymethylation to improve their functionalities. The objective of the present study was to characterize and evaluate crude and carboxymethylated gums from T. indica and C. fistula seeds to achieve the controlled-release of diclofenac sodium (DS) in matrix tablet form. Both crude and carboxymethylated gums were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the gums were successfully modified by carboxymethylation and that the modified gums were amorphous in structure and had better flow properties. The carboxymethylated gums from both plant seeds did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/ml. All gum samples used as polymeric controlled-release agents were formulated into DS matrix tablets. Hardness and thickness tests were conducted as in-process tests. Drug content estimation and in vitro drug release studies were carried out to evaluate the matrix tablets. Increasing the concentration of gums increased compression time and hardness while it reduced the thickness. Furthermore, the results fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. Moreover, the DS tablets were found to release the drug by super case II transport (relaxation). In summary, the carboxymethylated gum from T. indica and C. fistula seeds is an excellent, naturally sourced gum with high physicochemical and functional qualities, and can potentially be used in pharmaceutical applications as a disintegrant, diluent, and drug release-controlling agent.
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Mukhtar MH, Almalki WH, Azmat A, Raafat Abd M, Ahmed M. Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Activity of Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.438.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hao X, Sun H, Liu W, Li L, Zhao H, Li Y, Zhang D, Shao M. Safety evaluation of soybean protein isolate oxidized by a hydroxyl radical-generating system. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Medicinal plants useful for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Current status and future perspectives. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:141-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Scientific Opinion on the use of Gum Acacia modified with Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA) as a food additive. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Moreland L, Desmond R, Kendrach AC. The safety of flavocoxid, a medical food, in the dietary management of knee osteoarthritis. J Med Food 2010; 12:1143-8. [PMID: 19857081 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the safety of a medical food, flavocoxid, a proprietary blend of free-B ring flavonoids and flavans from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap) and the bark of Acacia catechu in the dietary management of knee osteoarthritis. The 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in an academic medical center enrolled 59 patients with moderate osteoarthritis of at least one knee who were recruited who were classified as having "below average" to "a moderately above average cardiovascular risk" with a Framingham-based scoring tool. Subjects were randomized to flavocoxid 250 mg twice a day versus identical placebo. Safety measures, including recording of adverse events, incidence of serious adverse events, and results of routine laboratory values, were compared between the two groups. There were no major differences in the baseline demographic characteristics of the placebo and flavocoxid groups. With one exception no significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to adverse events by body system, blood pressure, or laboratory values. There was a significantly higher incidence of upper respiratory adverse events in the placebo group (35.4% vs. 5.8%, P = .0003). There were no intra- or inter-group differences in any of the laboratory parameters from study baseline to completion. Thus, flavocoxid is safe when used in a population with "below average" to "moderately above average cardiovascular risk" compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Morgan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1270, USA.
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Marone PA, Lyon M, Gahler R, Donath C, Hofman-Hüther H, Wood S. Genotoxicity Studies of PolyGlycopleX (PGX). Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:318-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809338955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PolyGlycopleX (PGX), a novel dietary fiber, produces no mutagenic effects in bacterial tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, and TA 1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA at concentrations of 0.316, 1.00, 3.16, 10.0, 31.6, and 100 μg/plate. No biologically relevant increases in revertant colonies of any of the 5 strains are observed at any concentration; however, a reduction at 100 μg/plate in TA 1537 is noted. PGX, analyzed for polychromatic erythrocyte micronuclei induction in mice following a single 1×, 0.5×, and 0.2× maximum tolerable dose intraperitoneal treatment, produces no biologically relevant increase in any dose group. Males at 1× maximum tolerable dose show a reduction of micronuclei-containing cells. High-dose animals show signs of systemic toxicity, including a reduction of spontaneous activity, rough fur, palpebral closure, prone position, and constricted abdomen. These genotoxicity studies show PGX to be nonmutagenic in both the Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay and the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
| | - Michael Lyon
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
| | - Roland Gahler
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
| | - Claudia Donath
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
| | - Hana Hofman-Hüther
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
| | - Simon Wood
- From the Eurofins Product Safety Laboratories, Dayton, New Jersey (PAM); Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada (ML, SW); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (ML); Factors R & D Technologies, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (RG); and and BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Planegg, Germany (CD, HH-H)
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Li G, Li C, Li M, Li B. Acute and subchronic toxicity of danshensu in mice and rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:363-8. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510902810672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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