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Jiang T, Liu L, Zhang M, Qiao Z, Zhao T, Su J, Cao G, Su T. Metabolomics Reveals the Mechanisms for the Pulmonary Toxicity of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. and the Toxicity-Reducing Effect of Processing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:630319. [PMID: 34434104 PMCID: PMC8381750 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.630319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Siegesbeckia orientalis L. (SO) is a commonly used Chinese medicinal herb. It has long been used as a remedy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for symptoms that resemble inflammatory joint disorders. However, it is slightly toxic. According to the TCM theory, processing can reduce the toxicity of the herbs. Here, we performed metabolomics to determine whether processing with rice wine reduces the toxicity of raw SO, and to explore the mechanisms underlying the raw SO–induced toxicity and the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Our results showed that raw SO has long-term toxicity in rats. It significantly elevated the serum level of LDH and caused histopathological damages in the lung tissues. It is worth noting that the LDH level in the PSO group was lower than that in the raw SO group, and the damages in lung tissues were relatively mild in PSO-treated rats, suggesting that processing reduces the pulmonary toxicity of the raw. Moreover, a total of 32 significantly changed metabolites were identified. Based on the MetaboAnalyst pathway analysis, we found that two characteristic metabolic pathways including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were only changed in the raw SO group, while histidine metabolism was only changed in the PSO group, which suggests that induction of oxidative stress contributes to raw SO–induced pulmonary toxicity, and free radical scavenging might be responsible for the toxicity-reducing effect of processing. Our data shed new light on how raw SO induces pulmonary toxicity and how the toxicity can be reduced by processing. This study not only provides scientific justifications for the traditional processing theory of SO, but also helps to optimize the processing protocol and the clinical drug combination of SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linsheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Qiao
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingxiu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Su
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Tolerable amounts of amino acids for human supplementation: summary and lessons from published peer-reviewed studies. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1313-1328. [PMID: 34338884 PMCID: PMC8416832 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid supplementation may be indicated to correct for insufficient amino acid intake in healthy individuals, and in specific physiological or pathophysiological situations. However, there is a concern to not supplement beyond the tolerable upper intake level (UL) by determining parameters of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for each amino acid. Since the NOAEL and LOAEL values are at least one order of magnitude different when comparing the values obtained in rats and humans, the aim of this review is to evaluate to what extent the amino acid UL measured in the rat model, when referenced to the dietary usual consumption (UC) and dietary requirement (RQ) for indispensable amino acids, may be used as an approximation of the UL in humans. This review then compares the ratios of the NOAEL or LOAEL over UC and RQ in the rat model with the same ratios calculated in humans for the nine amino acids (arginine, serine, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) for which this comparison can be done. From the calculations made, it appears that for these 9 amino acids, the calculated ratios for rats and humans, although rather different for several amino acids, remains for all of them in the same order of magnitude. For tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine, the ratios calculated in rats are markedly different according to the sex of animals, raising the view that it may be also the case in humans.
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Deljooei M, Zargar G, Nooripoor V, Takassi MA, Esfandiarian A. Novel green surfactant made from L-aspartic acid as enhancer of oil production from sandstone reservoirs: Wettability, IFT, microfluidic, and core flooding assessments. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A metabolomics study of Qiliqiangxin in a rat model of heart failure: a reverse pharmacology approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3688. [PMID: 29487344 PMCID: PMC5829193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese medicine Qiliqiangxin (QL) has been shown to have a protective role in heart failure. Here, we explore the underlying working mechanism of the key therapeutic component in QL using a rat model of heart failure. Heart failure after myocardial infarction was induced surgically and confirmed using echocardiography; a separate group of rats underwent sham surgery. The rats with heart failure were randomly assigned to receive QL, the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril, or placebo groups. Blood samples were collected from the rats at four time points for up to 8 weeks and used for biochemical analysis and mass spectrometry‒based metabolomics profiling. In total, we measured nine well-known biochemical parameters of heart failure and 147 metabolites. In the rats with heart failure, QL significantly improved these biochemical parameters and metabolomics profiles, significantly increasing the cardioprotective parameter angiopoietin-like 4 and significantly lowering inflammation-related oxylipins and lysophosphatidic acids compared to benazepril. Mechanistically, QL may improve outcome in heart failure by controlling inflammatory process and cardiac hypertrophy. Clinical studies should be designed in order to investigate these putative mechanisms in patients.
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Orally Administered D-Aspartate Depresses Rectal Temperature and Alters Plasma Triacylglycerol and Glucose Concentrations in Broiler Chicks. J Poult Sci 2017; 54:205-211. [PMID: 32908427 PMCID: PMC7477212 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Aspartate (L-Asp), D-aspartate (D-Asp) or their chemical conjugates plays important physiological roles in regulating food intake, plasma metabolites and thermoregulation in animals. However, there are very few studies available in layers and no reports have been found in broilers. Broilers are very important commercial birds for meat production, so effects of L- or D-Asp in broilers would provide new physiological insight of this strain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of L- or D-Asp on feed intake, rectal temperature and some plasma metabolites in broiler chicks. Broiler chicks (5 days old) were orally administered with different doses (0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mmol/kg body weight) of L- or D-Asp. At 120 min after administration of L- or D-Asp, the blood was immediately collected through the jugular vein. The rectal temperature of chicks was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after administration using a digital thermometer with an accuracy of ±0.1°C, by inserting the thermistor probe in the rectum to a depth of 2 cm. A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was applied for the analysis of feed intake and rectal temperature. Plasma metabolites were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and regression equations. The study showed that oral administration of both L- and D-Asp did not alter feed intake. However, D-Asp, but not L-Asp, dose-dependently decreased the rectal temperature in chicks. It was also found that D-Asp increased plasma glucose and decreased triacylglycerol concentrations. The changes in plasma metabolites further indicate that D-Asp treatment modulates the energy metabolism in broiler chicks. In conclusion, D-Asp may be a beneficial nutrient not only for layers but also for broilers, since orally administered D-Asp lowered rectal temperature without reducing feed intake.
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Oral administration of D-aspartate, but not L-aspartate, depresses rectal temperature and alters plasma metabolites in chicks. Life Sci 2014; 109:65-71. [PMID: 24881518 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS L-Aspartate (L-Asp) and D-aspartate (D-Asp) are physiologically important amino acids in mammals and birds. However, the functions of these amino acids have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we therefore examined the effects of L-Asp and D-Asp in terms of regulating body temperature, plasma metabolites and catecholamines in chicks. MAIN METHODS Chicks were first orally administered with different doses (0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mmol/kg body weight) of L- or D-Asp to monitor the effects of these amino acids on rectal temperature during 120 min of the experimental period. KEY FINDINGS Oral administration of D-Asp, but not of L-Asp, linearly decreased the rectal temperature in chicks. Importantly, orally administered D-Asp led to a significant reduction in body temperature in chicks even under high ambient temperature (HT) conditions. However, centrally administered D-Asp did not significantly influence the body temperature in chicks. As for plasma metabolites and catecholamines, orally administered D-Asp led to decreased triacylglycerol and uric acid concentrations and increased glucose and chlorine concentrations but did not alter plasma catecholamines. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that oral administration of D-Asp may play a potent role in reducing body temperature under both normal and HT conditions. The alteration of plasma metabolites further indicates that D-Asp may contribute to the regulation of metabolic activity in chicks.
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Fujiwara K, Nakashima S, Sami M, Kanda T. Ninety-day dietary toxicity study of apple polyphenol extracts in Crl: CD (SD) rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Karaman S, Barnett J, Sykes GP, Delaney B. Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:155-65. [PMID: 20946933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the systemic effects of subchronic dietary exposure to NAA in Sprague Dawley® rats. NAA was added to the diet at different concentrations to deliver target doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight/day and was administered for 90 consecutive days. All rats (10/sex/group) survived until scheduled sacrifice. No diet-related differences in body weights, feed consumption and efficiency, clinical signs, or ophthalmologic findings were observed. No biologically significant differences or adverse effects were observed in functional observation battery (FOB) and motor activity evaluations, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, or gross pathology evaluations that were attributable to dietary exposure to NAA. Treatment-related increased incidence and degree of acinar cell hypertrophy in salivary glands was observed in both male and female rats in the high dose group. Because there was no evidence of injury or cytotoxicity to the salivary glands, this finding was not considered to be an adverse effect. Based on these results and the actual average doses consumed, the no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity from subchronic dietary exposure to NAA were 451.6 and 490.8 mg/kg of body weight/day for male and female Sprague Dawley® rats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Karaman
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ankeny, Iowa 50021-7102, USA
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Tada Y, Yano N, Takahashi H, Yuzawa K, Ando H, Kubo Y, Nagasawa A, Chin K, Kawamata Y, Sakai R, Ohashi N, Ogata A, Nakae D. A 90-day Feeding Toxicity Study of l-Serine in Male and Female Fischer 344 Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:39-47. [PMID: 22272010 PMCID: PMC3234656 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A subchronic feeding study of l-serine (l-Ser) was conducted with groups of 10
male and 10 female Fischer 344 rats fed a powder diet containing 0, 0.06, 0.5,
1.5 or 5.0% concentrations of l-Ser for 90 days. There were no toxicologically
significant, treatment-related changes with regards to body weight, food intake,
water intake or urinalysis data. In several of the hematology, serum
biochemistry and organ weight parameters, significant changes were observed
between some of the treated groups and the controls. All these changes, however,
were subtle and lacked any corresponding pathological findings. In addition, the
increased or decreased values remained within the range of the historical
control values. In fact, histopathological assessment revealed only sporadic
and/or spontaneous lesions. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level
(NOAEL) for l-Ser was, therefore, determined to be at least a dietary dose of
5.0% (2765.0 mg/kg body weight/day for males and 2905.1 mg/kg body weight/day
for females) under the present experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Tada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Norio Yano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yuzawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kubo
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akemichi Nagasawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Keigi Chin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1 Suzuki’cho,
Kawasaki’ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kawamata
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1 Suzuki’cho,
Kawasaki’ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Ryosei Sakai
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1 Suzuki’cho,
Kawasaki’ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Norio Ohashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akio Ogata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3–24–1,
Hyakunin’cho, Shin’juku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
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Magnesium aspartate, potassium aspartate, magnesium potassium aspartate, calcium aspartate, zinc aspartate, and copper aspartate as sources for magnesium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and copper added for nutritional purposes to food supplements - Scientific. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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