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Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy and Antiquitin Deficiency Resulting in Neonatal-Onset Refractory Seizures. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010065. [PMID: 35053812 PMCID: PMC8773593 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder due to a deficiency of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (mutation in ALDH7A1 gene), more commonly known as antiquitin (ATQ). ATQ is one of the enzymes involved in lysine oxidation; thus, its deficiency leads to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in body fluids. PDE is characterized by persistent, recurrent neonatal seizures that cannot be well controlled by antiepileptic drugs but are responsive clinically and electrographically to daily pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation. Although the phenotypic spectrum distinguishes between typical and atypical, pyridoxine-dependent is true for each. Diagnosis may pose a challenge mainly due to the rarity of the disorder and the fact that seizures may not occur until childhood or even late adolescence. Moreover, patients may not demonstrate an obvious clinical or electroencephalography response to the initial dose of pyridoxine. Effective treatment requires lifelong pharmacologic supplements of pyridoxine, and dietary lysine restriction and arginine enrichment should improve prognosis and avoid developmental delay and intellectual disability. The purpose of this review is to summarize briefly the latest reports on the etiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and management of patients suffering from pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Grubač Ž, Šutulović N, Jerotić D, Šuvakov S, Rašić-Marković A, Macut D, Simić T, Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D. Experimental chronic sleep fragmentation alters seizure susceptibility and brain levels of interleukins 1β and 6. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:96-109. [PMID: 33949166 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain hyperexcitability in sleep apnea is believed to be provoked by hypoxemia, but sleep fragmentation can also play a significant role. Sleep fragmentation can trigger inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of chronic sleep fragmentation on seizure susceptibility and brain cytokine profile. Chronic sleep fragmentation in male rats with implanted EEG electrodes was achieved by the treadmill method. Rats were randomized to: treadmill control (TC); activity control (AC) and sleep fragmentation (SF) group. Convulsive behavior was assessed 14 days later by seizure incidence, latency time and seizure severity during 30 min following lindane administration. The number and duration of EEG ictal periods were determined. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in the animals' serum and brain structures (hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex), in separate rat cohort that underwent the same fragmentation protocol except lindane administration. Incidence and severity of seizures were significantly increased, while latency was significantly decreased in SF+L compared with TC+L group. Seizure latency was also significantly decreased in SF+L compared to AC+L group. The number and duration of ictal periods were increased in the SF+L compared to the AC+L group. IL-1β was significantly increased in the thalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the SF compared to the AC and TC groups. IL-6 was statistically higher only in the cortex of SF animals, while in the thalamic or hippocampal tissue, no difference was observed between the groups. It could be concluded that fourteen-day sleep fragmentation increases seizure susceptibility in rats and modulates brain production of IL-1β and IL-6. Brain hyperexcitability in sleep apnea is believed to be provoked by hypoxemia, but sleep fragmentation can also play a significant role. Sleep fragmentation can trigger inflammatory mechanisms. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of chronic sleep fragmentation on seizure susceptibility and brain cytokine profile. Chronic sleep fragmentation in male rats with implanted EEG electrodes was achieved by the treadmill method. Rats were randomized to: treadmill control (TC); activity control (AC) and sleep fragmentation (SF) group. Convulsive behavior was assessed 14 days later by seizure incidence, latency time and seizure severity during 30 min following lindane administration. The number and duration of EEG ictal periods were determined. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured in the animals’ serum and brain structures (hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex), in separate rat cohort that underwent the same fragmentation protocol except lindane administration. Incidence and severity of seizures were significantly increased, while latency was significantly decreased in SF+L compared with TC+L group. Seizure latency was also significantly decreased in SF+L compared to AC+L group. The number and duration of ictal periods were increased in the SF+L compared to the AC+L group. IL-1β was significantly increased in the thalamus, cortex and hippocampus in the SF compared to the AC and TC groups. IL-6 was statistically higher only in the cortex of SF animals, while in the thalamic or hippocampal tissue, no difference was observed between the groups. It could be concluded that fourteen-day sleep fragmentation increases seizure susceptibility in rats and modulates brain production of IL-1β and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Grubač
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Djudja Jerotić
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Sonja Šuvakov
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Rašić-Marković
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology , Diabetes and Metabolic Disease , CCS, Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simić
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology , Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" , Belgrade University Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade , Serbia
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Šutulović N, Grubač Ž, Šuvakov S, Jovanović Đ, Puškaš N, Macut Đ, Marković AR, Simić T, Stanojlović O, Hrnčić D. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome increases susceptibility to seizures in rats and alters brain levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Epilepsy Res 2019; 153:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Useinović N, Vorkapić M, Leković A, Ademovič A, Šutulović N, Grubač Ž, Rašić-Marković A, Hrnčić D, Stanojlović O. Basic characteristics of epileptiform discharges triggered by lindane in rats. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-18552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Šutulović N, Pietro M, Šuvakov S, Hrnčić D. Glial cells, blood brain barrier and cytokines in seizures: Implications for therapeutic modalities. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-18143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Sleep disruption increases seizure susceptibility: Behavioral and EEG evaluation of an experimental model of sleep apnea. Physiol Behav 2015; 155:188-94. [PMID: 26705666 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disruption accompanies sleep apnea as one of its major symptoms. Obstructive sleep apnea is particularly common in patients with refractory epilepsy, but causing factors underlying this are far from being resolved. Therefore, translational studies regarding this issue are important. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sleep disruption on seizure susceptibility of rats using experimental model of lindane-induced refractory seizures. Sleep disruption in male Wistar rats with implanted EEG electrodes was achieved by treadmill method (belt speed set on 0.02 m/s for working and 0.00 m/s for stop mode, respectively). Animals were assigned to experimental conditions lasting 6h: 1) sleep disruption (sleep interrupted, SI; 30s working and 90 s stop mode every 2 min; 180 cycles in total); 2) activity control (AC, 10 min working and 30 min stop mode, 9 cycles in total); 3) treadmill chamber control (TC, only stop mode). Afterwards, the animals were intraperitoneally treated with lindane (L, 4 mg/kg, SI+L, AC+L and TC+L groups) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, SIc, ACc and TCc groups). Convulsive behavior was assessed by seizure incidence, latency time to first seizure, and its severity during 30 min after drug administration. Number and duration of ictal periods were determined in recorded EEGs. Incidence and severity of lindane-induced seizures were significantly increased, latency time significantly decreased in animals undergoing sleep disruption (SI+L group) compared with the animals from TC+L. Seizure latency was also significantly decreased in SI+L compared to AC+L groups. Number of ictal periods were increased and duration of it presented tendency to increase in SI+L comparing to AC+L. No convulsive signs were observed in TCc, ACc and SIc groups, as well as no ictal periods in EEG. These results indicate sleep disruption facilitates induction of epileptic activity in rodent model of lindane-epilepsy enabling translational research of this phenomenon.
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Padma VV, Lalitha G, Shirony NP, Baskaran R. Effect of quercetin against lindane induced alterations in the serum and hepatic tissue lipids in wistar rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:910-5. [PMID: 23569870 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of quercetin (flavonoid) against lindane induced alterations in lipid profile of wistar rats. METHODS Rats were administered orally with lindane (100 mg/kg body weight) and quercetin (10 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. After the end of treatment period lipid profile was estimated in serum and tissue. RESULTS Elevated levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and tissue triglycerides, cholesterol with concomitant decrease in serum HDL and tissue phospholipids were decreased in lindane treated rats were found to be significantly decreased in the quercetin and lindane co-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that quercetin has hypolipidemic effect and offers protection against lindane induced toxicity in liver by restoring the altered levels of lipids. The quercetin cotreatment along with lindane for 30 days reversed these biochemical alterations in lipids induced by lindane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanadha Vijaya Padma
- Animal tissue culture and Molecular genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamilnadu, India
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Hrnčić D, Rašić-Marković A, Macut D, Šušić V, Djuric D, Stanojlović O. Homocysteine thiolactone-induced seizures in adult rats are aggravated by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:496-503. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113491510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine and its metabolites (homocysteine thiolactone (HT)) induce seizures via different but still not well-known mechanisms. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in epileptogenesis is highly contradictory and depends on, among other factors, the source of NO production. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of aminoguanidine, selective inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), on HT-induced seizures. Aminoguanidine (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) was injected to rats 30 min prior to inducing HT (5.5 mmol/kg, i.p.). Seizure behavior was assessed by seizure incidence, latency time to first seizure onset, number of seizure episodes, and their severity during observational period of 90 min. Number and duration of spike and wave discharges (SWDs) were determined in electroencephalogram (EEG). Seizure latency time was significantly shortened, while seizure incidence, number, and duration of HT-induced SWD in EEG significantly increased in rats receiving aminoguanidine 100 mg/kg before subconvulsive dose of HT. Aminoguanidine in a dose-dependent manner also significantly increased the number of seizure episodes induced by HT and their severity. It could be concluded that iNOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine) markedly aggravates behavioral and EEG manifestations of HT-induced seizures in rats, showing functional involvement of iNOS in homocysteine convulsive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hrnčić
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Rašić-Marković
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Macut
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Šušić
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Djuric
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - O Stanojlović
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Involvement of glutamate, oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the convulsant activity of ciprofloxacin in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Prieto-Martín AI, Llorens S, Pardal-Fernández JM, Muñoz LJ, López DE, Escribano J, Nava E, de Cabo C. Opposite caudal versus rostral brain nitric oxide synthase response to generalized seizures in a novel rodent model of reflex epilepsy. Life Sci 2012; 90:531-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Marković AR, Hrnčić D, Macut D, Stanojlović O, Djuric D. Anticonvulsive Effect of Folic Acid in Homocysteine Thiolactone-Induced Seizures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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