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Zhu Y, Xu Q, Zou R, Liu S, Tao R, Liu S, Li X, Wen L, Wu J, Wang J. Phenethyl isothiocyanate induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis of porcine kidney cells through Mitochondrial ROS-associated ERS pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109804. [PMID: 38013045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLS) in cruciferous vegetables are anti-nutritional factors. Excessive or long-term intake of GLS-containing feed is harmful to animal health and may cause kidney damage. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a GLS. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PEITC on a porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line and explored the mechanism of PEITC-induced apoptosis. We found that PEITC could affect cell viability and induce cell apoptosis after incubating cells for 24 h. High concentrations of PEITC can induce intracellular ROS accumulation, resulting in impaired mitochondrial function (decreased MMP, decreased ATP) and DNA damage (increased 8-OHdG), cytochrome c in mitochondria is released into the cytoplasm and activates mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 family and caspase-9, -3). Meanwhile, PEITC could induce intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, disrupt ER homeostasis, and activate the expression levels of three ER-resident transmembrane proteins orchestrating the UPR (PERK, IRE-1α and ATF6) and ER-related proteins (GRP78 and CHOP), thereby activating ERS-pathway apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-12, -7). Our results showed that low concentration (2.5 μM) of PEITC had no damaging effect on cells. In comparison, a high concentration (10 μM) of PEITC could induce cell damage in porcine kidney cells and induce apoptosis in PK-15 cells via the Mitochondrial ROS-associated ERS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Changsha Luye Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Qiurong Xu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ruili Zou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Lixin Wen
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China; Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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Toyoda T, Matsushita K, Akane H, Morikawa T, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of 2-( l-menthoxy)ethanol in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:309-317. [PMID: 34629732 PMCID: PMC8484932 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(l-Menthoxy)ethanol has been frequently employed as a flavoring
agent; however, data regarding 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol toxicity remain
limited. We performed a 13-week subchronic toxicity study of
2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol in male and female F344 rats, with doses of 0, 15,
60, or 250 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day orally administered by gavage using corn oil as the
vehicle. No significant toxicological changes in general condition, body weight, or food
intake were observed in any groups. The hematological assessment showed decreased
hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin and
increased platelet count in the male 250 mg/kg group. Serum biochemistry revealed elevated
total cholesterol in the 250 mg/kg group of male and female rats, reduced triglyceride in
the female 250 mg/kg group, and increased total protein in the male 250 mg/kg group,
indicating effects on lipid metabolism and protein synthesis. For organ weights, absolute
and relative weights of the liver and adrenal glands were increased in the 250 mg/kg group
of both sexes and the male 250 mg/kg group, respectively. Histopathological analysis
showed chronic nephropathy in the male 15 mg/kg or higher groups, with increased absolute
and relative kidney weights, as well as elevated serum creatinine, in the male 60 and 250
mg/kg groups. However, eosinophilic granules containing α2u-globulin were
identified in proximal tubules, suggesting α2u-globulin nephropathy specific to
male rats and without toxicological significance. These results indicated that the
no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol was 60 mg/kg
BW/day for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Akane
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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Nakamura K, Ishii Y, Takasu S, Ogawa K. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112041. [PMID: 33556466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal (MPH) has been used as a flavoring agent. In the present study, we performed a subchronic toxicity study in male and female F344 rats with oral administration of MPH by gavage at 0, 8, 24 and 70 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day for 90 days. No mortality or clinical signs were observed during the experimental period. Body weight and food consumption for all treated groups of both sexes were essentially the same as for the respective control groups. Hematologic examination demonstrated significant decreases in monocyte counts for females given 24 and 70 mg/kg BW/day. However, these changes were not substantial and no related histopathological changes were observed, suggesting that these changes were not toxicologically significant. Among organ weights, the absolute and/or relative weights of testes and liver were significantly increased in the 70 mg/kg BW/day groups of males and females, respectively, but no related histopathological changes were observed, suggesting that these changes did not reflect adverse effects. In addition, no treatment-related histopathological changes were observed for any of the tissues examined. Based on the overall data, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for MPH was determined to be 70 mg/kg BW/day, the highest dose tested, in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Comparison of the inhibitory potential of benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate on Shiga toxin-producing and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Matsushita K, Toyoda T, Morikawa T, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of vanillin propylene glycol acetal in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Toyoda T, Cho YM, Matsushita K, Tachibana S, Senuma M, Akagi JI, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of hexyl acetate in SD rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:205-212. [PMID: 31402808 PMCID: PMC6682557 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexyl acetate (CAS No. 142-92-7) is a naturally occurring ester compound that has a
fruity odor. Despite its frequent use as a nature-identical flavoring agent, there are
limited repeated dose toxicity data for hexyl acetate. Here we performed a 13-week
subchronic toxicity study of hexyl acetate in male and female Crl:CD(SD) rats under GLP
regulations. Hexyl acetate was given orally by gavage at doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000
mg/kg/day using corn oil as the vehicle. No significant toxicological changes in general
condition, body weights, food intake, ophthalmology, hematology, organ weights, and
histopathological findings were observed in any groups. Urinalysis revealed occult blood
in two male animals treated with 1,000 mg/kg/day hexyl acetate, and one showed red blood
cells in the urine sediment. Furthermore, blood biochemistry showed a significant increase
in inorganic phosphorus levels in males treated with 1,000 mg/kg/day hexyl acetate. These
results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of hexyl acetate was
300 mg/kg/day for males and more than 1,000 mg/kg/day for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tachibana
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mika Senuma
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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