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Leal ALAB, da Silva MC, Silva AKFE, de Souza Mesquita AB, Bezerra CF, Dotto ARF, do Amaral W, de Araujo Abi-chacra É, da Silva LE, Barreto HM, dos Santos HS. Chemical composition of Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth essential oil and evaluation of its antimicrobial and modulatory effects on antibiotic resistance, antibiofilm, and cell dimorphism inhibitory activities. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:255. [PMID: 37396469 PMCID: PMC10310684 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils extracted from many plant species have different biological activities, among which microbial activity stands out. Species of the genus Piper have antimicrobial potential against different species of bacteria and fungi. In this sense, the present study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Piper gaudichaudianum (EOPG), as well as to investigate their antimicrobial activity and their modulatory effect on the Norfloxacin resistance in the Staphylococcus aureus SA1199B strain overproducer of the NorA efflux pump. Furthermore, their inhibitory activities on the biofilm formation as well as on the cellular differentiation of C. albicans were evaluated. Gas chromatography analysis identified 24 compounds, such as hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (54.8%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (28.5%). To investigate the antimicrobial potential of EOPG against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, a microdilution assay was performed, and no intrinsic antimicrobial activity was observed. On the other hand, the oil potentiated the activity of Norfloxacin against the SA1199B strain, indicating that EOPG could be used in association with Norfloxacin against S. aureus strains resistant to this antibiotic. EOPG also inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation, as evidenced by the crystal violet assay. In the dimorphism assay, EOPG was able to inhibit the cell differentiation process in C. albicans. Results indicate that EOPG could be used in association with Norfloxacin in the treatment of infections caused by resistant S. aureus strains overproducing the NorA efflux pump. Furthermore, its ability to inhibit the formation of hyphae by C. albicans suggests that EOPG could also be applied in the prevention and/or treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Linkoln Alves Borges Leal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE Brazil
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Matheus Carvalho da Silva
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Andressa Kelly Ferreira e Silva
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Avilnete Belem de Souza Mesquita
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Camila Fonseca Bezerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Ana Rafaela Freitas Dotto
- Postgraduate Programme in Sustainable Territorial, Federal University of Paraná, Matinhos, PR Brazil
| | - Wanderlei do Amaral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Érika de Araujo Abi-chacra
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Luiz Everson da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in Sustainable Territorial, Federal University of Paraná, Matinhos, PR Brazil
| | - Humberto Medeiros Barreto
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva dos Santos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE Brazil
- Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Vale Do Acarau State University, Sobral, CE Brazil
- Graduate Program in Natural Sciences, Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE Brazil
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Cai T, Shi P, Zhang S, Xiang W, Liu J, Lin Z, Tang J. Inhibition of Perilla frutescens Essential Oil on Pellicle Formation of Candida tropicalis and Pichia kluyveri and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds in Sichuan Pickles. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081593. [PMID: 37107388 PMCID: PMC10137390 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pellicle formation is the most typical characteristic of deteriorating fermented vegetable products. Perilla frutescens essential oil (PEO) is widely used as a useful natural preservative. However, few studies have addressed the antifungal activity and mechanism of PEO in pellicle formation microorganisms, and it is still unclear whether it can inhibit pellicle formation and affect its volatile compounds in Sichuan pickles. The current study showed that PEO can inhibit pellicle formation during fermentation of Sichuan pickles as it had significant antifungal activity against the pellicle formation microorganisms Candida tropicalis SH1 and Pichia kluyveri SH2. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PEO against C. tropicalis SH1 and P. kluyveri SH2 was determined to be 0.4 μL/mL, and the minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were 1.6 μL/mL and 0.8 μL/mL, respectively. The antifungal mechanism was activated as a result of damage to the cell membrane, an increase in the cell permeability, a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the inhibition of ATPase activity. Meanwhile, the addition of PEO to Sichuan pickles can enrich the profiles of volatile compounds during fermentation, including limonene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, perilla ketone, heptanal, hexanal, α-thujone and β-terpineol and thus improve the overall sensory acceptability. These results indicated that PEO has the potential to be used as a novel food preservative to control pellicle formation in fermented vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cai
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Pei Shi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Wenliang Xiang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Zixi Lin
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology of Sichuan, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
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Ahmed M, Khan KUR, Ahmad S, Aati HY, Ovatlarnporn C, Rehman MSU, Javed T, Khursheed A, Ghalloo BA, Dilshad R, Anwar M. Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling, Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies of Pleurospermum candollei: An Insight into Potential for Natural Products Development. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134113. [PMID: 35807359 PMCID: PMC9268725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find the biological propensities of the vegetable plant Pleurospermum candollei by investigating its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis was done by spectroscopic methods to investigate the amount of total polyphenols, and biological evaluation was done by the different antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory (tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase), thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities. The highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed in methanolic extract (240.69 ± 2.94 mg GAE/g and 167.59 ± 3.47 mg QE/g); the fractions showed comparatively less quantity (57.02 ± 1.31 to 144.02 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g, and 48.21 ± 0.75 to 96.58 ± 2.30 mg QE/g). The effect of these bioactive contents was also related to biological activities. GCMS analysis led to the identification of bioactive compounds with different biological effects from methanolic extract (antioxidant; 55.07%, antimicrobial; 56.41%), while the identified compounds from the n-hexane fraction with antioxidant properties constituted 67.86%, and those with antimicrobial effects constituted 82.95%; however, the synergetic effect of polyphenols may also have contributed to the highest value of biological activities of methanolic extract. Molecular docking was also performed to understand the relationship of identified secondary metabolites with enzyme-inhibitory activities. The thrombolytic activity was also significant (40.18 ± 1.80 to 57.15 ± 1.10 % clot lysis) in comparison with streptokinase (78.5 ± 1.53 to 82.34 ± 1.25% clot lysis). Methanolic extract also showed good activity against Gram-positive strains of bacteria, and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis. The findings of this study will improve our knowledge of phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. candollei, which seems to be a ray of hope to design formulations of natural products for the improvement of health and prevention of chronic diseases; however, further research may address the development of novel drugs for use in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqsood Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Kashif-ur-Rehman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (K.-u.-R.K.); (H.Y.A.)
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Hanan Y. Aati
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (K.-u.-R.K.); (H.Y.A.)
| | - Chitchamai Ovatlarnporn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Muhammad Sajid-ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Tariq Javed
- Lahore Pharmacy College (LMDC), Lahore 53400, Pakistan;
| | - Anjum Khursheed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Bilal Ahmad Ghalloo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Rizwana Dilshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Maryam Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (M.A.); (S.A.); (A.K.); (B.A.G.); (R.D.); (M.A.)
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Jiang C, Zhou S, Liu L, Toshmatov Z, Huang L, Shi K, Zhang C, Shao H. Evaluation of the phytotoxic effect of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112856. [PMID: 34619470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemical profile and the phytotoxicity of Artemisia absinthium essential oil (EO) were investigated to evaluate its potential value as a biopesticide for food safety purposes. A total of 54 compounds were identified in A. absinthium EO, with the most abundant constituents being eucalyptol (25.59%), linalool (11.99%), and β-myrcene (10.05%). The EO, linalool, and a mixture of three major components exhibited potent suppressive activity against four receiver species; however, eucalyptol and β-myrcene showed a much weaker effect. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of linalool as the major active compound responsible for the EO's phytotoxicity. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that linalool significantly inhibited root-hair formation and metaxylem development. This is the first report on the determination of linalool as the major active phytotoxic compound in A. absinthium EO, as well as the elucidation of its mechanism of phytotoxicity from the perspective of root structure changes in the receiver species. Our results suggest that both the EO and its major constituents have potential value as environmentally friendly herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shixing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Zokir Toshmatov
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Kai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Maduro CEP, de Camargo RG, Hendges APPK, Ferriani AP, da Silva AR, Duarte MCT, do Amaral W, Sales Maia BHLN. Essential Oils from Piper caldense C. DC. and Piper xylosteoides (Kunth) Steud.: Seasonal Variation of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100495. [PMID: 34669236 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) chemical composition can be affected by several environmental factors, impacting their desired biological activities. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Piper caldense and Piper xylosteoides leaves EOs. Their chemical composition was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID analyses, resulting in the identification of eighty compounds. P. caldense EOs were mainly consisted of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whereas in P. xylosteoides EOs, monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant. EOs from both species strongly inhibited B. subtilis (MIC=0.25 mg mL-1 ), while only P. caldense EOs showed strong activity against S. aureus (MIC=0.50 mg mL-1 ). P. caldense spring EO showed the broadest spectrum of antimicrobial action amongst all samples. For each species, PCA seasonally differentiated EOs chemical composition. In addition, as expected, PCA of all samples showed a distinction between the two species. This study has successfully demonstrated the importance of evaluating the seasonal variation of EOs chemical composition and antimicrobial activity in obtaining a product with the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo P Maduro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Rebeca G de Camargo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Ana Paula P K Hendges
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Aurea P Ferriani
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Allan R da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Marta Cristina T Duarte
- Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas (CPQBA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Alexandre Cazelatto, 999, Vila Betel, Paulínia, SP, Brazil, 13148-218
| | - Wanderlei do Amaral
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
| | - Beatriz Helena L N Sales Maia
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 81531-980
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Hu Z, Yuan K, Zhou Q, Lu C, Du L, Liu F. Mechanism of antifungal activity of Perilla frutescens essential oil against Aspergillus flavus by transcriptomic analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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da Cunha Xavier J, Almeida-Neto FWDQ, da Silva PT, de Sousa AP, Marinho ES, Marinho MM, Rocha JE, Freitas PR, de Araújo ACJ, Freitas TS, Nogueira CES, de Lima-Neto P, Bandeira PN, Teixeira AMR, Coutinho HDM, dos Santos HS. Structural characterization, DFT calculations, ADMET studies, antibiotic potentiating activity, evaluation of efflux pump inhibition and molecular docking of chalcone (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cai Y, Hu X, Wang P, Xie Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z. Biological activity and safety profile of monoterpenes against Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24889-24901. [PMID: 32342411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella L. is a cosmopolitan pest of wild and cultivated crucifer vegetables worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost all commercial chemicals, making them one of the most problematic field pests in China. The natural plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) could be a safe alternative for agricultural pests. The development and production of EOs decrease the negative effects of synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the fumigation activity of 8 pure monoterpenes against P. xylostella was evaluated. Results from fumigation tests revealed that 8 tested compounds exhibited various degrees of toxicity against adults of the diamondback moth. Cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound based on the 12-h LC50 (0.17 mg/L) and 24-h LC50 (0.12 mg/L) values, respectively. Also for larvae and eggs, cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound. The 12-h LC50 value for cuminaldehyde to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar larvae was 0.10 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for the different instar larvae was 0.07 mg/L, 0.09 mg/L, and 0.35 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for eggs (endpoint hatching rate) was 1.95 mg/L for cuminaldehyde, followed by carvacrol and eugenol (2.05 mg/L and 2.31 mg/L, respectively). Cuminaldehyde was very friendly to the larvae and adults of Harmonia axyridis and did not cause any mortality. Our results indicated that cuminaldehyde had potential insecticidal activity against P. xylostella and could be utilized in the novel biological pesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430345, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhufeng Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Key Laboratory for Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, 571100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China.
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