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Chhaya RS, O'Brien J, Nag R, Cummins E. Prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in bovine feed and feed components: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172323. [PMID: 38608906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi and identified as contaminants in animal feed. They have potentially harmful effects, including carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and repro-toxicity in animals and humans. As a result of climate change, there is the potential for a change in the prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed components. This necessitates an assessment of the present and emerging threats to the food supply chain from mycotoxins. This systematic review and meta-analysis study synthesised studies on mycotoxin contamination and prevalence in cattle feed components. The studies were collected from scientific databases Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Embase between 2011 and 2022. The meta-analysis synthesised 97 studies on the prevalence and the concentration of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxins in feed components. Aflatoxin was highly prevalent (59 %), with a concentration of 2.58-3.92 μg kg-1 in feed components. Ochratoxin A had a global prevalence of 31 % with a concentration of 5.56-12.41 μg kg-1. Deoxynivalenol had a global concentration of 233.17-327.73 μg kg-1 and a prevalence of 74 %. Zearalenone had a prevalence of 70 % and a concentration of 42.47-66.19 μg kg-1. The concentration and prevalence of fumonisins was 232.19-393.07 μg kg-1 and 65 %, respectively. The prevalence and concentration of T-2/HT-2 toxins were 45 % and 23.54-35.12 μg kg-1, respectively. The synthesised concentration of the mycotoxins in the overall feed components was lower than the regulated and guidance values set by the European Union. However, in a few cases, the 95th percentile exceeded these concentration values due to high levels of uncertainty attributed to lower sample size, and thus, need to be considered while conducting risk assessments. The study highlights climates and regions likely to be conducive to the emergence of mycotoxin risk, especially considering the potential influences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sanjiv Chhaya
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John O'Brien
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Design Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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Dänicke S, Saltzmann J, Waurich B, Wöckel A, Wippermann W, Hermenau G, Wittich J, Bannert E, Rachidi F, Hufe P, May D, Swalve H, Starke A, Schären-Bannert M. A method for estimating the outer exposure of dairy cows to deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) as a precondition for risk assessment based on inner exposure with toxin residue levels in blood and urine as indicators. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00533-6. [PMID: 38671221 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
DON and ZEN residues in the blood and urine of dairy cows can be used to predict the outer exposure to DON and ZEN expressed per kilogram diet for a risk evaluation based on comparisons to critical dietary concentrations. This method was used to evaluate the exposure of dairy cows from 12 farms located in Brandenburg, Germany, fed rations with unknown DON and ZEN concentrations (N = 244). The corresponding diet concentrations predicted by different methods from analyzed blood and urine samples varied significantly amongst farms from 0 to 1.6 mg/kg for DON and 0 to 3.0 mg/kg for ZEN at a reference dry matter content of 88% but independently of lactational state (post-partum vs. early lactation). This significant variation was noticed below the critical dietary DON concentration of 5 mg/kg, while the ZEN concentration in one farm exceeded the critical ZEN level of 0.5 mg/kg markedly. Predicted DON concentrations of rations increased with the proportion of maize silage, while the high ZEN concentration found in one farm was most likely related to a higher proportion of sugar beet pulp supposedly highly contaminated by ZEN. Exceeding the critical dietary ZEN concentration and significant variations in DON contents below the critical level was not related to performance, reproductive performance, and health-related traits of cows. For a more consistent evaluation of possible associations between the inner exposure of cows to DON and ZEN, more frequent longitudinal observations of both mycotoxin residue levels and performance and health traits are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benno Waurich
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Adriana Wöckel
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Wippermann
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guntram Hermenau
- LVAT-Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Groß Kreutz, Germany
| | - Julia Wittich
- LVAT-Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Groß Kreutz, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fanny Rachidi
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Hufe
- LVAT-Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Groß Kreutz, Germany
| | - Detlef May
- LVAT-Institute for Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Groß Kreutz, Germany
| | - Hermann Swalve
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Schären-Bannert
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Hartinger T, Castillo-Lopez E, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q. Elucidating the factors and consequences of the severity of rumen acidosis in first-lactation Holstein cows during transition and early lactation. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae041. [PMID: 38364366 PMCID: PMC10946224 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
First-lactation cows are particularly prone to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) during transition. Besides common risk factors of SARA, such as feeding of starch-rich diets, an individual severity of SARA in cows has been recently evidenced. Yet, the factors that play a role in SARA severity have not been elucidated. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the factors of SARA severity in first-lactation cows during transition and early lactation, which go beyond high-grain feeding, and to explore their impact on behavior, health, and fermentation in the rumen and hindgut. Twenty-four first-lactation Holstein cows with the same feeding regime were used starting from 3 wk before the expected calving day until 10 wk postpartum. Cows received a close-up diet (32% concentrate) until calving and were then transitioned to a lactation diet (60% concentrate) within 1 week. The SARA severity was assessed by cluster analysis of several rumen pH metrics, which revealed exceptionally longer and more severe SARA in cows denominated as high (n = 9), as compared to moderate (n = 9) and low (n = 6) SARA severity cows (P < 0.01). The logistic analysis showed that the length of close-up feeding, age at parturition, and the level of dry matter intake (DMI) were the main factors that influenced the cows' odds for high SARA severity (each P ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the ANOVA hinted differences in the metabolic activity of the ruminal microbiome to promote SARA severity, as indicated by highest ruminal propionate proportions (P = 0.05) in high SARA severity cows, also with similar DMI. The distinct SARA severity was marginally reflected in behavior and there were no effects of SARA severity or high-grain feeding on blood inflammation markers, which peaked at parturition regardless of SARA severity (P < 0.01). Still, ongoing high-grain feeding increased liver enzyme concentrations from 6 wk postpartum on, compared to weeks before (P < 0.01), yet irrespectively of SARA severity. In conclusion, first-lactation cows differed in SARA severity under the same feeding regime, which was ascribed to management factors and differences in ruminal fermentation. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and to understand the mechanisms behind differences in the metabolic function of rumen microbiome, in particular in terms of evaluating markers for various SARA severity, as well as to evaluate potential long-term effects on health, performance, fertility, and longevity of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartinger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Catellani A, Ghilardelli F, Trevisi E, Cecchinato A, Bisutti V, Fumagalli F, Swamy HVLN, Han Y, van Kuijk S, Gallo A. Effects of Supplementation of a Mycotoxin Mitigation Feed Additive in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Fusarium Mycotoxin-Contaminated Diet for an Extended Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:546. [PMID: 37755972 PMCID: PMC10534924 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are inactivated by rumen flora; however, a certain amount can pass the rumen and reticulum or be converted into biological active metabolites. Limited scientific evidence is available on the impact and mitigation of Fusarium mycotoxins on dairy cows' performance and health, particularly when cows are exposed for an extended period (more than 2 months). The available information related to these mycotoxin effects on milk cheese-making parameters is also very poor. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commercially available mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP, i.e., TOXO® HP-R, Selko, Tilburg, The Netherlands) in lactating dairy cows fed a Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated diet, and the repercussions on the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk quality, cheese-making traits and health status of cows. The MMP contains smectite clays, yeast cell walls and antioxidants. In the study, 36 lactating Holstein cows were grouped based on the number of days of producing milk, milk yield, body condition score and those randomly assigned to specific treatments. The study ran over 2 periods (March/May-May/July 2022). In each period, six animals/treatment were considered. The experimental periods consisted of 9 days of adaptation and 54 days of exposure. The physical activity, rumination time, daily milk production and milk quality were measured. The cows were fed once daily with the same total mixed ration (TMR) composition. The experimental groups consisted of a control (CTR) diet, with a TMR with low contamination, high moisture corn (HMC), and beet pulp; a mycotoxins (MTX) diet, with a TMR with highly contaminated HMC, and beet pulp; and an MTX diet supplemented with 100 g/cow/day of the mycotoxin mitigation product (MMP). The trial has shown that the use of MMP reduced the mycotoxin's negative effects on the milk yield and quality (protein, casein and lactose). The MTX diet had a lower milk yield and feed efficiency than the CTR and MMP HP-R diets. The MMP limited the negative effect of mycotoxin contamination on clotting parameters, mitigating the variations on some coagulation properties; however, the MMP inclusion tended to decrease the protein and apparent starch digestibility of the diet. These results provide a better understanding of mycotoxin risk on dairy cows' performances and milk quality. The inclusion of an MMP product mitigated some negative effects of the Fusarium mycotoxin contamination during this trial. The major effects were on the milk yield and quality in both the experimental periods. These results provide better insight on the effects of mycotoxins on the performance and quality of milk, as well as the cheese-making traits. Further analyses should be carried out to evaluate MMP's outcome on immune-metabolic responses and diet digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Catellani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - H. V. L. N. Swamy
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Yanming Han
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Sandra van Kuijk
- Selko Feed Additives, Nutreco, Stationsstraat 77, P.O. Box 299, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (H.V.L.N.S.); (Y.H.); (S.v.K.)
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy; (A.C.); (F.G.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
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Liao Z, Guo W, Ning G, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ning G. A sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for zearalenone detection based on target-triggered branched hybridization chain reaction and exonuclease I-assisted recycling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4911-4921. [PMID: 37326832 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for detecting antibiotic and mycotoxin residues rely on large-scale instruments, which are expensive and require complex sample pretreatment processes and professional operators. Although aptamer-based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of simplicity, speed, low cost, and high sensitivity, most aptamer-based sensors lack a signal amplification strategy due to their direct use of aptamers as probes, resulting in insufficient sensitivity. To solve the sensitivity problem in the electrochemical detection process, a novel electrochemical sensing strategy was established for ultrasensitive zearalenone (ZEN) detection on the basis of exonuclease I (Exo I) and branched hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) to amplify the signal. The amplification strategy showed excellent analytical performance towards ZEN with a low detection limit at 3.1×10-12 mol/L and a wide linear range from 10-11 to 10-6 mol/L. Importantly, the assay was utilized in the corn powder samples with satisfactory results, holding promising applications in food safety detection and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation, Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wentao Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation, Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Guiai Ning
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation, Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yaohui Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation, Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology & International Cooperation, Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Ge Ning
- International Education Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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Otter A, Schock A, Payne J. A form of hepatogenous copper poisoning in fattening cattle associated with the ingestion of mouldy straw. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Otter
- FRCVS Animal and Plant Health Agency Shrewsbury Shrewsbury UK
| | | | - Jo Payne
- MRCVS Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington Loughborough UK
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Effects of Exposure to Low Zearalenone Concentrations Close to the EU Recommended Value on Weaned Piglets’ Colon. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030206. [PMID: 36977097 PMCID: PMC10055674 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are the most sensitive animal to zearalenone (ZEN) contamination, especially after weaning, with acute deleterious effects on different health parameters. Although recommendations not to exceed 100 µg/kg in piglets feed exists (2006/576/EC), there are no clear regulations concerning the maximum limit in feed for piglets, which means that more investigations are necessary to establish a guidance value. Due to these reasons, the present study aims to investigate if ZEN, at a concentration lower than the EC recommendation for piglets, might affect the microbiota or induce changes in SCFA synthesis and can trigger modifications of nutritional, physiological, and immunological markers in the colon (intestinal integrity through junction protein analysis and local immunity through IgA production). Consequently, the effect of two concentrations of zearalenone were tested, one below the limit recommended by the EC (75 µg/kg) and a higher one (290 µg/kg) for comparison reasons. Although exposure to contaminated feed with 75 µg ZEN/kg feed did not significantly affect the observed parameters, the 290 µg/kg feed altered several microbiota population abundances and the secretory IgA levels. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the adverse effects that ZEN can have in the colon of young pigs in a dose-dependent manner.
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Hartinger T, Kröger I, Neubauer V, Faas J, Doupovec B, Schatzmayr D, Zebeli Q. Zearalenone and Its Emerging Metabolites Promptly Affect the Rumen Microbiota in Holstein Cows Fed a Forage-Rich Diet. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:185. [PMID: 36977076 PMCID: PMC10053043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the short-term effects of a single oral bolus of zearalenone (ZEN) on the rumen microbiota and fermentation patterns in four rumen-cannulated Holstein cows fed a forage diet with daily 2 kg/cow concentrate. During the baseline day, cows received uncontaminated concentrate, followed by ZEN-contaminated concentrate on the second day, and again the uncontaminated concentrate on day three. Free rumen liquid (FRL) and particle-associated rumen liquid (PARL) were collected at different hours post-feeding on all days to analyze the prokaryotic community composition, absolute abundances of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and anaerobic fungi, as well as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles. The ZEN reduced the microbial diversity in FRL but not in the PARL fraction. The abundance of protozoa was higher after ZEN exposure in PARL, which may be related to their strong biodegradation capacity that, therefore, promoted protozoal growth. In contrast, α-zearalenol might compromise anaerobic fungi as indicated by reduced abundances in FRL and fairly negative correlations in both fractions. Total SCFA significantly increased in both fractions after ZEN exposure, while the SCFA profile only changed marginally. Concluding, a single ZEN challenge caused changes in the rumen ecosystem soon after intake, including ruminal eukaryotes, that should be the subject of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartinger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Kröger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- Biomin Research Center, Biomin Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Barbara Doupovec
- Biomin Research Center, Biomin Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- Biomin Research Center, Biomin Holding GmbH, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Sun F, Zhao Q, Chen X, Zhao G, Gu X. Feed tossing behaviour of Holstein cows: evaluation of physiological stress state and rumen fermentation function. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:371. [PMID: 36253770 PMCID: PMC9575279 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal or stereotyped behaviours in dairy cows are common in large-scale indoor farms and are usually accompanied by high physiological stress levels. Feed tossing is an abnormal behaviour commonly seen in cows while being fed, making farm management difficult. However, the reasons behind this behaviour have not been sufficiently reported. The objective of this study was to explore the changes in rumen fermentation, serum indicators, inflammatory conditions and the performance of cows with feed tossing behaviour. Holstein cows with similar lactation stages in the same barn were subjected to behaviour observations two times per day for 21 consecutive days. Ten cows with feed tossing behaviour (FT) and ten cows without abnormal behaviours (CON) were selected for further sampling. Plasma samples, rumen fluid, milk yield data of cows, and an indoor environment temperature-humidity index (THI) were collected. Results There was no significant difference in average daily milk yield during the observation period between feed-tossing cows (n = 68) and the other cows (n = 112). The number of cows showing FT behaviour had a moderately strong negative linear correlation with the THI of the environment. Compared to the CON cows, the FT cows had higher cortisol, norepinephrine and urea nitrogen levels in plasma, as well as higher plasma levels of inflammatory indicators, including total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase levels, and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase. The FT cows had no significant variations from the CON cows regarding their rumen fermentation indicators, such as pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids. In addition, 16S rRNA analysis revealed that there might be no clear association between the diversity and abundance of rumen bacteria and feed tossing behaviour. Conclusions Our findings suggested that cows might have suffered from high levels of physiological stress and immune state for a long period when they exhibited FT behaviour. The environmental THI could affect the FT behaviour of cows; as the THI increases, the willingness of cows to throw decreases. This work provided the first evidence that feed tossing might be a response associated with high levels of physiological stress and immune. It also explored our insights into a commonly observed behavioural response to cow welfare traits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03469-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China.
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Suitability of anaerobic fungi culture supernatant or mixed ruminal fluid as novel silage additives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6819-6832. [PMID: 36100752 PMCID: PMC9529681 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study investigated silage quality characteristics and ruminal fiber degradability of grass and straw ensiled with either anaerobic fungi (AF) supernatant with active fungal enzymes or mixed ruminal fluid as novel silage additives. Compared to control silages, AF supernatant improved the quality of grass and straw silages as evidenced by decreased pH, acetic acid concentration, and dry matter losses. Likewise, mixed ruminal fluid enhanced lactic acid fermentation, which further resulted in lower pH of the treated grass silage. The ruminal fiber degradability was determined using in situ incubations and, compared to controls, the cellulose degradability was higher for grass silage with AF supernatant, whereas ruminal degradability of straw silage was reduced by this treatment. In contrast, mixed ruminal fluid did not influence fiber degradability of silages in the rumen. Concluding, both novel additives improved silage quality, whereas only AF supernatant enhanced ruminal fiber degradability of grass silage and therefore may represent an approach for improving forage utilization by ruminants.
Key points
• Enzymes of anaerobic fungi supernatant improve quality of grass and straw silages.
• Mixed ruminal fluid enhances lactic acid fermentation when ensiling grass and straw.
• Enzymes of anaerobic fungi supernatant increase ruminal grass silage degradability.
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Shift of dietary carbohydrate source from milk to various solid feeds reshapes the rumen and fecal microbiome in calves. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12383. [PMID: 35858964 PMCID: PMC9300698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from milk to solid diets drastically impacts the gut microbiome of calves. We explored the microbial communities of ruminal fluid and feces of Holstein calves when fed milk on d 7 of life, and when fed solid feeds based on either medium- or high-quality hay with or without concentrate inclusion (70% in fresh matter) on d 91. Ruminal fluid and feces had distinct microbial compositions already on d 7, showing that niche specialization in early-life gut is rather diet-independent. Changes between d 7 and d 91 were accompanied by a general increase in microbial diversity. Solid diets differed largely in their carbohydrate composition, being reflected in major changes on d 91, whereby concentrate inclusion was the main driver for differences among groups and strongly decreased microbial diversity in both matrices. Fecal enterotyping revealed two clusters: concentrate-supplemented animals had an enterotype prevalent in Prevotella, Succinivibrio and Anaerovibrio, whereas the enterotype of animals without concentrate was dominated by fibrolytic Ruminococcaceae. Hay quality also affected microbial composition and, compared to medium-quality, high-quality hay reduced alpha-diversity metrics. Concluding, our study revealed that concentrate inclusion, more than hay quality, dictates the establishment of niche-specific, microbial communities in the rumen and feces of calves.
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Adverse Effects of Fusarium Toxins in Ruminants: A Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased knowledge of the mechanism of action of Fusarium mycotoxins, the concept that these substances are deleterious only for monogastric species is obsolete. Indeed, most mycotoxins can be converted into less toxic compounds by the rumen microflora from healthy animals. However, mycotoxin absorption and its conversion to more toxic metabolites, as well as their impact on the immune response and subsequently animal welfare, reproductive function, and milk quality during chronic exposure should not be neglected. Among the Fusarium mycotoxins, the most studied are deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisins from the B class (FBs). It is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo research, with a low number of studies on nutrient digestibility and rumen function. Most of the in vitro studies are related to the reproductive function or are restricted to rumen incubation. When evaluating the production performance, milk yield is used as an evaluated parameter, but its quality for cheese production is often overlooked. In the present review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding the adverse effects of these mycotoxins with special attention to dairy cattle.
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