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Kaur P, Sethi D, Hade MD, Kaur J, Dikshit KL. C-terminal lysine residues enhance plasminogen activation by inducing conformational flexibility and stabilization of activator complex of staphylokinase with plasmin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109671. [PMID: 37336343 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK), a potent fibrin-specific plasminogen activator secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, carries a pair of lysine at the carboxy-terminus that play a key role in plasminogen activation. The underlaying mechanism by which C-terminal lysins of SAK modulate its function remains unknown. This study has been undertaken to unravel role of C-terminal lysins of SAK in plasminogen activation. While deletion of C-terminal lysins (Lys135, Lys136) drastically impaired plasminogen activation by SAK, addition of lysins enhanced its catalytic activity 2-2.5-fold. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that C-terminally modified mutants of SAK carry significant changes in their beta sheets and secondary structure. Structure models and RING (residue interaction network generation) studies indicated that the deletion of lysins has conferred extensive topological alterations in SAK, disrupting vital interactions at the interface of SAK.plasmin complex, thereby leading significant impairment in its functional activity. In contrast, addition of lysins at the C-terminus enhanced its conformational flexibility, creating a stronger coupling at the interface of SAK.plasmin complex and making it more efficient for plasminogen activation. Taken together, these studies provided new insights on the role of C-terminal lysins in establishment of precise intermolecular interactions of SAK with the plasmin for the optimal function of activator complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepti Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mangesh Dattu Hade
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Toul M, Nikitin D, Marek M, Damborsky J, Prokop Z. Extended Mechanism of the Plasminogen Activator Staphylokinase Revealed by Global Kinetic Analysis: 1000-fold Higher Catalytic Activity than That of Clinically Used Alteplase. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitri Nikitin
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Bhando T, Singh S, Hade MD, Kaur J, Dikshit KL. Integration of VEK-30 peptide enhances fibrinolytic properties of staphylokinase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:213-220. [PMID: 32233032 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK), a 136 amino acid bacterial protein with profibrinolytic properties, has emerged as an important thrombolytic agent because of its fibrin specificity and reduced inhibition by α-2 antiplasmin. In an attempt to enhance the clot dissolution ability of SAK, a 30 amino acid peptide (VEK-30) derived from a plasminogen (Pg) binding protein (PAM), was fused at the C-terminal end of SAK with a RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) linker. The chimeric protein, SAKVEK, was expressed in E. coli and purified as a soluble protein. Pg activation by equimolar complexes of SAKVEK and SAK with plasmin revealed that the fusion of VEK-30 peptide has significantly enhanced the catalytic activity of SAK. The kinetic constant, kcat /Km , of SAKVEK for the substrate Pg appeared 2.7 times higher than that of SAK and the time required for the fibrin and platelet rich clot lysis was shortened by 30% and 50%, respectively. The binary activator complex of SAKVEK with plasmin gets inhibited by α2- antiplasmin but remains protected in the presence of fibrin, very similar to SAK. Thus, the present study suggests that SAKVEK is more potent and effective as a thrombolytic agent due to its higher catalytic activity for Pg activation in a fibrin-specific manner and its ability to clear platelet-rich plasma clot faster than SAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timsy Bhando
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satish Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Singh S, Rathore YS, Bhando T, Hade MD, Ashish, Dikshit KL. Bilobed shape of PadA reveals the connectivity from single to multi-domain bacterial plasminogen activators. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 78:370-8. [PMID: 25900858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial plasminogen activator, PadA activates bovine, ovine and caprine plasminogen but remains inert toward human plasminogen. It shows high sequence homology with human plasminogen activator, staphylokinase (SAK) but generates active-site in bovine plasminogen non-proteolytically, similar to streptokinase (SK). To examine the structural requirements for the function of this unique cofactor, attempts were made to visualize solution structure of the PadA using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data and compare its shape profile with structural models based on crystal structures of staphylokinase and streptokinase domains. The bilobal shape solved for the PadA matched closely with the structural model of α-domain of SK rather than its sequence homolog, SAK. The SAXS based solution structure of the PadA exhibited an extra volume and high mobility around Y(90)DKAEK(95) and P(104)ITES(108) loop regions that were found to play a crucial role in its cofactor function. Structure and sequence analysis of bacterial cofactors and mammalian plasminogens displayed evolutionary conservation of crucial complimentary amino acids required for making a functional binary activator complex between bacterial plasminogen activators and their cognate partner plasminogen. These studies highlighted the importance of structure-function related evolutionary strategies adopted by bacteria for exploiting mammalian plasminogen activation system and its understanding may help in designing and the development of new thrombolytic agents for clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | | | - Timsy Bhando
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Mangesh Dattu Hade
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ashish
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Kanak L Dikshit
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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Bacterial plasminogen receptors utilize host plasminogen system for effective invasion and dissemination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:482096. [PMID: 23118509 PMCID: PMC3477821 DOI: 10.1155/2012/482096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order for invasive pathogens to migrate beyond the site of infection, host physiological barriers such as the extracellular matrix, the basement membrane, and encapsulating fibrin network must be degraded. To circumvent these impediments, proteolytic enzymes facilitate the dissemination of the microorganism. Recruitment of host proteases to the bacterial surface represents a particularly effective mechanism for enhancing invasiveness. Plasmin is a broad spectrum serine protease that degrades fibrin, extracellular matrices, and connective tissue. A large number of pathogens express plasminogen receptors which immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface. Surface-bound plasminogen is then activated by plasminogen activators to plasmin through limited proteolysis thus triggering the development of a proteolytic surface on the bacteria and eventually assisting the spread of bacteria. The host hemostatic system plays an important role in systemic infection. The interplay between hemostatic processes such as coagulation and fibrinolysis and the inflammatory response constitutes essential components of host defense and bacterial invasion. The goal of this paper is to highlight mechanisms whereby pathogenic bacteria, by engaging surface receptors, utilize and exploit the host plasminogen and fibrinolytic system for the successful dissemination within the host.
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Yadav S, Aneja R, Kumar P, Datt M, Sinha S, Sahni G. Identification through combinatorial random and rational mutagenesis of a substrate-interacting exosite in the gamma domain of streptokinase. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6458-69. [PMID: 21169351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new structure-function correlations in the γ domain of streptokinase, mutants were generated by error-prone random mutagenesis of the γ domain and its adjoining region in the β domain followed by functional screening specifically for substrate plasminogen activation. Single-site mutants derived from various multipoint mutation clusters identified the importance of discrete residues in the γ domain that are important for substrate processing. Among the various residues, aspartate at position 328 was identified as critical for substrate human plasminogen activation through extensive mutagenesis of its side chain, namely D328R, D328H, D328N, and D328A. Other mutants found to be important in substrate plasminogen activation were, namely, R319H, N339S, K334A, K334E, and L335Q. When examined for their 1:1 interaction with human plasmin, these mutants were found to retain the native-like high affinity for plasmin and also to generate amidolytic activity with partner plasminogen in a manner similar to wild type streptokinase. Moreover, cofactor activities of the mutants precomplexed with plasmin against microplasminogen as the substrate as well as in silico modeling studies suggested that the region 315-340 of the γ domain interacts with the serine protease domain of the macromolecular substrate. Overall, our results identify the presence of a substrate specific exosite in the γ domain of streptokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Yadav
- Institute of Microbial Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Chandigarh 160036, India
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Levashov MY, Aisina RB, Gershkovich KB, Varfolomeyev SD. Mechanism of action of θ-amino acids on plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:707-15. [PMID: 17680762 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907070048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Lys-plasminogen (Lys-Pg) and Glu-plasminogen (Glu-Pg) activation under the action of staphylokinase and Glu-Pg activation under the action of preformed plasmin-staphylokinase activator complex (Pm-STA) by low concentrations and inhibition by high concentrations of omega-amino acids (>90-140 mM) were found. Maximal stimulation of the activation was observed at concentrations of L-lysine, 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA), and trans-(4-aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 8.0, 2.0, and 0.8 mM, respectively. In contrast, the Lys-Pg activation rate by Pm-STA complex sharply decreased when concentrations of omega-amino acids exceeded the above-mentioned values. It was found that formation of Pm-STA complex from a mixture of equimolar concentrations of staphylokinase and Glu-Pg or Lys-Pg is stimulated by low concentrations (maximal at 10 mM) of 6-AHA. Negligible increase in the specific activities of plasmin and Pm-STA complex was detected at higher concentrations of 6-AHA (to maximal at 70 and 50 mM, respectively). Inhibitory effects of omega-amino acids on the rate of fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase, Pm-STA complex, and plasmin were compared. It was found that inhibition of staphylokinase-induced fibrinolysis by omega-amino acids includes blocking of the reactions of Pm-STA complex formation, plasminogen activation by this complex, and lysis of fibrin by forming plasmin as a result of displacement of plasminogen and plasmin from the fibrin surface. Thus, the slow stage of Pm-STA complex formation plays an important role in the mechanism of action of omega-amino acids on Glu-Pg activation and fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase. In addition to alpha-->beta change of Glu-Pg conformation, stimulation of Pm-STA complex formation leads to increase in Glu-Pg activation rate in the presence of low concentrations of omega-amino acids. Inhibition of Pm-STA complex formation on fibrin surface by omega-amino acids is responsible for appearance of long lag phases on curves of fibrinolysis induced by staphylokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Levashov
- Chemical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Chiou JF, Woon MD, Cheng SN, Hsu CH, Cherng SC, Hsieh FK, Lin SM, Shiau CY. Staphylokinase-annexin XI chimera exhibited efficient in vitro thrombolytic activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1122-9. [PMID: 17485856 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Annexins (ANXs) are a family of calcium dependent phospholipid binding proteins. Phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine are rapidly exposed on the surfaces of injured endothelial cells, activated platelets, and apoptotic cells in a large number of disorders. In this study, annexin V and XI (ANXV and ANXXI) were individually fused to the C-terminal of staphylokinase (SAK), a fibrin-selective thrombolytic protein, to form chimeras for evaluation of their in-vitro thrombolytic activities. The two chimeras were found to have plasminogen activation activity of comparable efficiency. When the chimeras were challenged under higher concentrations of plasmin for 1 h, hydrolysis of them into moieties was not seen on SDS-PAGE. In two thrombolytic assays, SAK-ANXXI was found to resolve both platelet rich plasma (PRP) clots and platelet poor plasma (PPP) clots with an efficiency similar to that of SAK. However, SAK-ANXV showed significantly reduced efficiency. With regard to anticoagulation ability, SAK-ANXXI was also found to have a stronger effect on dose-dependent extension of clotting time among the four tested proteins. The unique long N-terminal tail of ANXXI, composed of 202 residues, in contrast to the 16 residues of ANXV, probably served successfully to dispatch two moieties to function properly in a complicated microenvironment. Hence, a new option other than the most committed ANXV for the ANX based chimera without elaboration of linker construction is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Cancer Center and Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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