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Characterization of a Human Sapovirus Genotype GII.3 Strain Generated by a Reverse Genetics System: VP2 Is a Minor Structural Protein of the Virion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081649. [PMID: 36016271 PMCID: PMC9414370 DOI: 10.3390/v14081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We devised a reverse genetics system to generate an infectious human sapovirus (HuSaV) GII.3 virus. Capped/uncapped full-length RNAs derived from HuSaV GII.3 AK11 strain generated by in vitro transcription were used to transfect HuTu80 human duodenum carcinoma cells; infectious viruses were recovered from the capped RNA-transfected cells and passaged in the cells. Genome-wide analyses indicated no nucleotide sequence change in the virus genomes in the cell-culture supernatants recovered from the transfection or those from the subsequent infection. No virus growth was detected in the uncapped RNA-transfected cells, suggesting that the 5′-cap structure is essential for the virus’ generation and replication. Two types of virus particles were purified from the cell-culture supernatant. The complete particles were 39.2-nm-dia., at 1.350 g/cm3 density; the empty particles were 42.2-nm-dia. at 1.286 g/cm3. Two proteins (58-kDa p58 and 17-kDa p17) were detected from the purified particles; their molecular weight were similar to those of VP1 (~60-kDa) and VP2 (~16-kDa) of AK11 strain deduced from their amino acids (aa) sequences. Protein p58 interacted with HuSaV GII.3-VP1-specific antiserum, suggesting that p58 is HuSaV VP1. A total of 94 (57%) aa of p17 were identified by mass spectrometry; the sequences were identical to those of VP2, indicating that the p17 is the VP2 of AK11. Our new method produced infectious HuSaVs and demonstrated that VP2 is the minor protein of the virion, suggested to be involved in the HuSaV assembly.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied. SUMMARY Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
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Yang B, Yang B, Shan X, Li B, Ma X, Yin X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lan X. Short communication: Immune responses in sows induced by porcine sapovirus virus-like particles reduce viral shedding in suckled piglets. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:196-199. [PMID: 29294432 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is a potential threat to public health owing to its capacity for reassortment with human sapovirus strains. However, there is still no vaccine available for the prevention and control of this infectious disease. In this study, we developed PoSaV virus-like particles (VLPs) using a baculovirus expression system. Immunization with PoSaV VLPs induced high titers of serum antibody specific for VP1 in sows. The results of our challenge study demonstrated that maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) induced by VLP immunization dramatically reduced viral shedding of PoSaV in the feces of next generation piglets. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the immune responses of sows elicited by PoSaV VLPs can inhibit in vivo viral replication in their offspring and represent a promising strategy for developing vaccines against PoSaV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Xingna Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Xi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Conley M, Emmott E, Orton R, Taylor D, Carneiro DG, Murata K, Goodfellow IG, Hansman GS, Bhella D. Vesivirus 2117 capsids more closely resemble sapovirus and lagovirus particles than other known vesivirus structures. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:68-76. [PMID: 27902397 PMCID: PMC5370393 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesivirus 2117 is an adventitious agent that, in 2009, was identified as a contaminant of Chinese hamster ovary cells propagated in bioreactors at a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant belonging to Genzyme. The consequent interruption in supply of Fabrazyme and Cerezyme (drugs used to treat Fabry and Gaucher diseases, respectively) caused significant economic losses. Vesivirus 2117 is a member of the Caliciviridae, a family of small icosahedral viruses encoding a positive-sense RNA genome. We have used cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to calculate a structure of vesivirus 2117 virus-like particles as well as feline calicivirus and a chimeric sapovirus. We present a structural comparison of several members of the Caliciviridae, showing that the distal P domain of vesivirus 2117 is morphologically distinct from that seen in other known vesivirus structures. Furthermore, at intermediate resolutions, we found a high level of structural similarity between vesivirus 2117 and Caliciviridae from other genera: sapovirus and rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirms vesivirus 2117 as a vesivirus closely related to canine vesiviruses. We postulate that morphological differences in virion structure seen between vesivirus clades may reflect differences in receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Conley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Taylor
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 742 Stanley Hall, MS 3220 University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA
| | - Daniel G Carneiro
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Present address: School of Immunity and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Grant S Hansman
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Present address: Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Abstract
Sapoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. They belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae. They infect and cause disease in humans of all ages, in both sporadic cases and outbreaks. The clinical symptoms of sapovirus gastroenteritis are indistinguishable from those caused by noroviruses, so laboratory diagnosis is essential to identify the pathogen. Sapoviruses are highly diverse genetically and antigenically. Currently, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays are widely used for sapovirus detection from clinical specimens due to their high sensitivity and broad reactivity as well as the lack of sensitive assays for antigen detection or cell culture systems for the detection of infectious viruses. Sapoviruses were first discovered in 1976 by electron microscopy in diarrheic samples of humans. To date, sapoviruses have also been detected from several animals: pigs, mink, dogs, sea lions, and bats. In this review, we focus on genomic and antigenic features, molecular typing/classification, detection methods, and clinical and epidemiological profiles of human sapoviruses.
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Rohayem J, Bergmann M, Gebhardt J, Gould E, Tucker P, Mattevi A, Unge T, Hilgenfeld R, Neyts J. Antiviral strategies to control calicivirus infections. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:162-78. [PMID: 20471996 PMCID: PMC7114105 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviridae are human or non-human pathogenic viruses with a high diversity. Some members of the Caliciviridae, i.e. human pathogenic norovirus or rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), are worldwide emerging pathogens. The norovirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, accounting for about 85% of the outbreaks in Europe between 1995 and 2000. In the United States, 25 million cases of infection are reported each year. Since its emergence in 1984 as an agent of fatal hemorrhagic diseases in rabbits, RHDV has killed millions of rabbits and has been dispersed to all of the inhabitable continents. In view of their successful and apparently increasing emergence, the development of antiviral strategies to control infections due to these viral pathogens has now become an important issue in medicine and veterinary medicine. Antiviral strategies have to be based on an understanding of the epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, viral replication and immunity to infection resulting from infection by these viruses. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying calicivirus infection, focusing on the molecular aspects of replication in the host cell. Recent experimental data generated through an international collaboration on structural biology, virology and drug design within the European consortium VIZIER is also presented. Based on this analysis, we propose antiviral strategies that may significantly impact on the epidemiological characteristics of these highly successful viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rohayem
- The Calicilab, Institute of Virology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Oka T, Miyashita K, Katayama K, Wakita T, Takeda N. Distinct genotype and antigenicity among genogroup II sapoviruses. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:417-20. [PMID: 19563401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SaV, a pathogen of acute gastroenteritis, is divided into five genogroups, GI to GV. However, the relation between SaV antigenicity and genetic clusters is not fully understood. We have recently identified two GII SaV strains, Mc10 and C12, which are grouped into the same cluster based on the polymerase but are grouped into distinct clusters based on the capsid. To evaluate the difference in antigenicity between these two strains, VLP were expressed in mammalian cells. An antigen ELISA demonstrated for the first time that strains in the same GII SaV genogroup, but within different clusters, have distinct antigenicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Oka T, Yamamoto M, Miyashita K, Ogawa S, Katayama K, Wakita T, Takeda N. Self-assembly of sapovirus recombinant virus-like particles from polyprotein in mammalian cells. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:49-52. [PMID: 19161558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The SaV genome is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA molecule of approximately 7.5 kb that is polyadenylated at its 3' terminus. The major capsid (VP1) of SaV is thought to be produced as the ORF1 polyprotein followed by cleavage, or translation from subgenomic RNA (3'-coterminal with the virus genome), or both. We have recently reported the formation of SaV VLP from subgenomic-like RNA in mammalian cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that the VP1 cleaved from a part of ORF1 polyprotein self-assembled into VLP in mammalian cells when a transient expression system using a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding T7 RNA polymerase was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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Hansman GS, Oka T, Takeda N. Sapovirus-like particles derived from polyprotein. Virus Res 2008; 137:261-5. [PMID: 18674574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We expressed full-length sapovirus genome constructs in insect cells and analyzed their products. The capsid protein was cleaved from the ORF1 polyprotein from a native-like genome construct and two full-length genome constructs with mutations in an active polymerase motif, whereas the capsid protein was not cleaved from a full-length genome construct with a mutation in an active protease motif. Our results showed that the sapovirus protease-polymerase precursor protein cleaved the capsid protein from the polyprotein at the putative conserved capsid start. Importantly, the cleaved capsid protein formed empty virus-like particles that were morphologically and antigenically similar to native sapovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
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