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Mendoza-Soto P, Jara C, Torres-Arévalo Á, Oyarzún C, Mardones GA, Quezada-Monrás C, San Martín R. Pharmacological Blockade of the Adenosine A 2B Receptor Is Protective of Proteinuria in Diabetic Rats, through Affecting Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation and the Adhesion Dynamics of Podocytes. Cells 2024; 13:846. [PMID: 38786068 PMCID: PMC11119713 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of the adenosine receptor A2B (A2BAR) expression in diabetic glomeruli correlates with an increased abundance of its endogenous ligand adenosine and the progression of kidney dysfunction. Remarkably, A2BAR antagonism protects from proteinuria in experimental diabetic nephropathy. We found that A2BAR antagonism preserves the arrangement of podocytes on the glomerular filtration barrier, reduces diabetes-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, and attenuates podocyte foot processes effacement. In spreading assays using human podocytes in vitro, adenosine enhanced the rate of cell body expansion on laminin-coated glass and promoted peripheral pY397-FAK subcellular distribution, while selective A2BAR antagonism impeded these effects and attenuated the migratory capability of podocytes. Increased phosphorylation of the Myosin2A light chain accompanied the effects of adenosine. Furthermore, when the A2BAR was stimulated, the cells expanded more broadly and more staining of pS19 myosin was detected which co-localized with actin cables, suggesting increased contractility potential in cells planted onto a matrix with a stiffness similar to of the glomerular basement membrane. We conclude that A2BAR is involved in adhesion dynamics and contractile actin bundle formation, leading to podocyte foot processes effacement. The antagonism of this receptor may be an alternative to the intervention of glomerular barrier deterioration and proteinuria in the diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mendoza-Soto
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Claudia Jara
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
| | - Gonzalo A. Mardones
- Institute of Physiology, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile;
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile; (P.M.-S.); (C.J.); (Á.T.-A.); (C.O.)
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Peñate L, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Spichiger C, Cuevas-Zhbankova A, Torres-Arévalo Á, Silva P, Richter HG, Ayuso-Sacido Á, San Martín R, Quezada-Monrás C. The Impact of A3AR Antagonism on the Differential Expression of Chemoresistance-Related Genes in Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:579. [PMID: 38794149 PMCID: PMC11124321 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive and common primary malignant tumor of the brain and central nervous system. Without treatment, the average patient survival time is about six months, which can be extended to fifteen months with multimodal therapies. The chemoresistance observed in GB is, in part, attributed to the presence of a subpopulation of glioblastoma-like stem cells (GSCs) that are characterized by heightened tumorigenic capacity and chemoresistance. GSCs are situated in hypoxic tumor niches, where they sustain and promote the stem-like phenotype and have also been correlated with high chemoresistance. GSCs have the particularity of generating high levels of extracellular adenosine (ADO), which causes the activation of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) with a consequent increase in the expression and activity of genes related to chemoresistance. Therefore, targeting its components is a promising alternative for treating GB. This analysis determined genes that were up- and downregulated due to A3AR blockades under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In addition, possible candidates associated with chemoresistance that were positively regulated by hypoxia and negatively regulated by A3AR blockades in the same condition were analyzed. We detected three potential candidate genes that were regulated by the A3AR antagonist MRS1220 under hypoxic conditions: LIMD1, TRIB2, and TGFB1. Finally, the selected markers were correlated with hypoxia-inducible genes and with the expression of adenosine-producing ectonucleotidases. In conclusion, we detected that hypoxic conditions generate extensive differential gene expression in GSCs, increasing the expression of genes associated with chemoresistance. Furthermore, we observed that MRS1220 could regulate the expression of LIMD1, TRIB2, and TGFB1, which are involved in chemoresistance and correlate with a poor prognosis, hypoxia, and purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuba Peñate
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Alexei Cuevas-Zhbankova
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Recursos Naturales, Sede Talca, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 347-3620, Chile
| | - Pamela Silva
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Hans G Richter
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ángel Ayuso-Sacido
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Brain Tumour Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Laboratorio de Biología Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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Suarez R, Villarreal C, Nahuelpán Y, Jara C, Oyarzún C, Alarcón S, Díaz-Encarnación MM, Guillén-Gómez E, Quezada C, San Martín R. Defective insulin-stimulated equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 activity and altered subcellular transporter distribution drive the loss of adenosine homeostasis in diabetic kidney disease progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166890. [PMID: 37734469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM Progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is linked to the dysregulated increase of adenosine and altered signaling properties. A major contribution to the maintenance of physiological extracellular adenosine levels relies on cellular uptake activity through plasma membrane nucleoside transporters. Because kidney cells are responsive to insulin, this study aims to determine how DN affects insulin regulation of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 (ENT2). METHODS Human Podocytes and rat glomeruli were used to study ENT2 regulation. The effects of diabetes and insulin on ENT2 mediated transport activity were determined measuring the fraction of total adenosine uptake in sodium-free medium which is inhibitable by hypoxanthine. Alterations in ENT2 subcellular distribution were assessed in the kidney of people affected with DN and diabetic rats. The consequences of impaired ENT2 activity on the kidney were evaluated using dipyridamole in an animal model. RESULTS Insulin upregulates ENT2 uptake activity by increasing the Vmax, thus counteracting decreased adenosine uptake due to high d-glucose and achieving extracellular adenosine homeostasis. Insulin promoted ENT2 translocation to the plasma membrane dependent on PI3-kinase/Akt signaling and actin cytoskeleton integrity. However, in diabetic rats, the insulin-mediated induction of ENT2 activity was lost. Additionally, reduced Akt activation in response to insulin correlated with decreased ENT2 distribution at the plasma membrane. Kidney tissues from diabetic rats and human DN biopsies showed ENT2 redistribution to an intracellular pattern, evidencing dysfunctional adenosine uptake. Through ENT inhibition, we evidenced increased proteinuria and induced alpha-smooth muscle actin as a result of profibrotic activation of cells in the kidney. CONCLUSION Deficient insulin regulation of ENT2 activity contributes to chronically high adenosine levels and glomerular alterations that underline diabetic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raibel Suarez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Villarreal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yessica Nahuelpán
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Montserrat M Díaz-Encarnación
- Nephrology Service Fundació Puigvert, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Guillén-Gómez
- Nephrology Service Fundació Puigvert, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Torres-Arévalo Á, Nahuelpán Y, Muñoz K, Jara C, Cappelli C, Taracha-Wiśniewska A, Quezada-Monrás C, Martín RS. A2BAR Antagonism Decreases the Glomerular Expression and Secretion of Chemoattractants for Monocytes and the Pro-Fibrotic M2 Macrophages Polarization during Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10829. [PMID: 37446007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some chemoattractants and leukocytes such as M1 and M2 macrophages are known to be involved in the development of glomerulosclerosis during diabetic nephropathy (DN). In the course of diabetes, an altered and defective cellular metabolism leads to the increase in adenosine levels, and thus to changes in the polarity (M1/M2) of macrophages. MRS1754, a selective antagonist of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR), attenuated glomerulosclerosis and decreased macrophage-myofibroblast transition in DN rats. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of MRS1754 on the glomerular expression/secretion of chemoattractants, the intraglomerular infiltration of leukocytes, and macrophage polarity in DN rats. Kidneys/glomeruli of non-diabetic, DN, and MRS1754-treated DN rats were processed for transcriptomic analysis, immunohistopathology, ELISA, and in vitro macrophage migration assays. The transcriptomic analysis identified an upregulation of transcripts and pathways related to the immune system in the glomeruli of DN rats, which was attenuated using MRS1754. The antagonism of the A2BAR decreased glomerular expression/secretion of chemoattractants (CCL2, CCL3, CCL6, and CCL21), the infiltration of macrophages, and their polarization to M2 in DN rats. The in vitro macrophages migration induced by conditioned-medium of DN glomeruli was significantly decreased using neutralizing antibodies against CCL2, CCL3, and CCL21. We concluded that the pharmacological blockade of the A2BAR decreases the transcriptional expression of genes/pathways related to the immune response, protein expression/secretion of chemoattractants, as well as the infiltration of macrophages and their polarization toward the M2 phenotype in the glomeruli of DN rats, suggesting a new mechanism implicated in the antifibrotic effect of MRS1754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángelo Torres-Arévalo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Recursos Naturales, Sede Talca, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 347-3620, Chile
| | - Yéssica Nahuelpán
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Katherin Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | | | - Claudia Quezada-Monrás
- Tumor Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica Y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 511-0566, Chile
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Liu X, Du H, Sun Y, Shao L. Role of abnormal energy metabolism in the progression of chronic kidney disease and drug intervention. Ren Fail 2022; 44:790-805. [PMID: 35535500 PMCID: PMC9103584 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2072743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe clinical syndrome with significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. Orderly energy metabolism is essential for normal kidney function and energy metabolism disorders are increasingly recognized as an important player in CKD. Energy metabolism disorders are characterized by ATP deficits and reactive oxygen species increase. Oxygen and mitochondria are essential for ATP production, hypoxia and mitochondrial dysfunction both affect the energy production process. Renin-angiotensin and adenine signaling pathway also play important regulatory roles in energy metabolism. In addition, disturbance of energy metabolism is a key factor in the development of hereditary nephropathy such as autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Currently, drugs with clinically clear renal function protection, such as Angiotensin II Type 1 receptor blockers and fenofibrate, have been proven to improve energy metabolism disorders. The sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors 2 that can mediate glucose metabolism disorders not only delay the progress of diabetic nephropathy, but also have significant protective effects in non-diabetic nephropathy. Hypoxia-inducible factor enhances ATP production to the kidney by improving renal oxygen supply and increasing glycolysis, and the mitochondria targeted peptides (SS-31) plays a protective role by stabilizing the mitochondrial inner membrane. Moreover, several drugs are being studied and are predicted to have potential renal protective properties. We propose that the regulation of energy metabolism represents a promising strategy to delay the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huasheng Du
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leping Shao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Vierhout M, Ayoub A, Naiel S, Yazdanshenas P, Revill SD, Reihani A, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Shi W, Ask K. Monocyte and macrophage derived myofibroblasts: Is it fate? A review of the current evidence. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:548-562. [PMID: 34107123 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the myofibroblast over 50 years ago, much has been learned about its role in wound healing and fibrosis. Its origin, however, remains controversial, with a number of progenitor cells being proposed. Macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT) is a recent term coined in 2014 that describes the mechanism through which macrophages, derived from circulating monocytes originating in the bone marrow, transformed into myofibroblasts and contributed to kidney fibrosis. Over the past years, several studies have confirmed the existence of MMT in various systems, suggesting that MMT could potentially occur in all fibrotic conditions and constitute a reasonable therapeutic target to prevent progressive fibrotic disease. In this perspective, we examined recent evidence supporting the notion of MMT in both human disease and experimental models across organ systems. Mechanistic insight from these studies and information from in vitro studies is provided. The findings substantiating plausible MMT showcased the co-expression of macrophage and myofibroblast markers, including CD68 or F4/80 (macrophage) and α-SMA (myofibroblast), in fibroblast-like cells. Furthermore, fate-mapping experiments in murine models exhibiting myeloid-derived myofibroblasts in the tissue further provide direct evidence for MMT. Additionally, we provide some evidence from single cell RNA sequencing experiments confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation studies, showing monocyte/macrophage and myofibroblast markers co-expressed in lung tissue from patients with fibrotic lung disease. In conclusion, MMT is likely a significant contributor to myofibroblast formation in wound healing and fibrotic disease across organ systems. Circulating precursors including monocytes and the molecular mechanisms governing MMT could constitute valid targets and provide insight for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies; however, further understanding of these processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amir Reihani
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Reichert KP, Castro MFV, Assmann CE, Bottari NB, Miron VV, Cardoso A, Stefanello N, Morsch VMM, Schetinger MRC. Diabetes and hypertension: Pivotal involvement of purinergic signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111273. [PMID: 33524787 PMCID: PMC7846467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension are highly prevalent worldwide health problems and frequently associated with severe clinical complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, stroke, and cardiac arrhythmia, among others. Despite all existing research results and reasonable speculations, knowledge about the role of purinergic system in individuals with DM and hypertension remains restricted. Purinergic signaling accounts for a complex network of receptors and extracellular enzymes responsible for the recognition and degradation of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine. The main components of this system that will be presented in this review are: P1 and P2 receptors and the enzymatic cascade composed by CD39 (NTPDase; with ATP and ADP as a substrate), CD73 (5′-nucleotidase; with AMP as a substrate), and adenosine deaminase (ADA; with adenosine as a substrate). The purinergic system has recently emerged as a central player in several physiopathological conditions, particularly those linked to inflammatory responses such as diabetes and hypertension. Therefore, the present review focuses on changes in both purinergic P1 and P2 receptor expression as well as the activities of CD39, CD73, and ADA in diabetes and hypertension conditions. It can be postulated that the manipulation of the purinergic axis at different levels can prevent or exacerbate the insurgency and evolution of diabetes and hypertension working as a compensatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Paula Reichert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Milagros Fanny Vera Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Bianchin Bottari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Valéria Miron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Cardoso
- Academic Coordination, Medicine, Campus Chapecó, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Melchiors Morsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Post-Graduation Program of Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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8
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"Adenosine an old player with new possibilities in kidney diseases": Preclinical evidences and clinical perspectives. Life Sci 2020; 265:118834. [PMID: 33249096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal injury might originate from multiple factors like ischemia reperfusion (I/R), drug toxicity, cystic fibrosis, radio contrast agent etc. The four adenosine receptor subtypes have been identified and found to show diverse physiological and pathological roles in kidney diseases. The activation of A1 adenosine receptor (A1) protects against acute kidney injury by improving renal hemodynamic alterations, decreasing tubular necrosis and its inhibition might facilitate removal of toxin or drug metabolite in chronic kidney disease models. Furthermore, recent findings revealed that A2A receptor subtype activation regulates macrophage phenotype in experimental models of nephritis. Interestingly the emerging role of adenosine kinase inhibitors in kidney diseases has been discussed which act by increasing adenosine availability at target sites and thereby promote A2A receptor stimulation. In addition, the least explored adenosine receptor subtype A3 inhibition was observed to exert anti- oxidant, immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic effects, but more studies are required to confirm its benefits in other renal injury models. The clinical studies targeting A1 receptor in patients with pre-existing kidney disease have yielded disappointing results, perhaps owing to the origin of unexpected neurological complications during the course of trial. Importantly, conducting well designed clinical trials and testing adenosine modulators with lesser brain penetrability could clear the way for clinical approval of these agents for patients with renal functional impairments.
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Patinha D, Abreu C, Carvalho C, Cunha OM, Mota M, Afonso J, Sousa T, Albino-Teixeira A, Diniz C, Morato M. Adenosine A 2A and A 3 Receptors as Targets for the Treatment of Hypertensive-Diabetic Nephropathy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110529. [PMID: 33238361 PMCID: PMC7700226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypertension are prime causes for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that often coexist in patients, but are seldom studied in combination. Kidney adenosine levels are markedly increased in diabetes, and the expression and function of renal adenosine receptors are altered in experimental diabetes. The aim of this work is to explore the impact of endogenous and exogenous adenosine on the expression/distribution profile of its receptors along the nephron of hypertensive rats with experimentally-induced diabetes. Using spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ), we show that treatment of SHR-STZ rats with an agonist of adenosine receptors increases A2A immunoreactivity in superficial glomeruli (SG), proximal tubule (PCT), and distal tubule (DCT). Differently, treatment of SHR-STZ rats with a xanthinic antagonist of adenosine receptors decreases adenosine A3 immunoreactivity in SG, PCT, DCT, and collecting duct. There is no difference in the immunoreactivity against the adenosine A1 and A2B receptors between the experimental groups. The agonist of adenosine receptors ameliorates renal fibrosis, probably via A2A receptors, while the antagonist exacerbates it, most likely due to tonic activation of A3 receptors. The reduction in adenosine A3 immunoreactivity might be due to receptor downregulation in response to prolonged activation. Altogether, these results suggest an opposite regulation exerted by endogenous and exogenous adenosine upon the expression of its A2A and A3 receptors along the nephron of hypertensive diabetic rats, which has a functional impact and should be taken into account when considering novel therapeutic targets for hypertensive-diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- The Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Medical School, University of Exeter, EX4 4QJ Exeter, UK
| | - Carla Abreu
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Carla Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Olga Mariana Cunha
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariana Mota
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Joana Afonso
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Department of Biomedicine—Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (D.P.); (J.A.); (T.S.); (A.A.-T.)
- MedInUP—Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuela Morato
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (C.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.C.); (M.M.); (M.M.)
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Pietrobono D, Giacomelli C, Marchetti L, Martini C, Trincavelli ML. High Adenosine Extracellular Levels Induce Glioblastoma Aggressive Traits Modulating the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207706. [PMID: 33081024 PMCID: PMC7589183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an aggressive, fast-growing brain tumor influenced by the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) play a pivotal role. Adenosine (ADO), a purinergic signal molecule, can reach up to high micromolar concentrations in TME. The activity of specific adenosine receptor subtypes on glioma cells has been widely explored, as have the effects of MSCs on tumor progression. However, the effects of high levels of ADO on glioma aggressive traits are still unclear as is its role in cancer cells-MSC cross-talk. Herein, we first studied the role of extracellular Adenosine (ADO) on isolated human U343MG cells as a glioblastoma cellular model, finding that at high concentrations it was able to prompt the gene expression of Snail and ZEB1, which regulate the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, even if a complete transition was not reached. These effects were mediated by the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Additionally, ADO affected isolated bone marrow derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) by modifying the pattern of secreted inflammatory cytokines. Then, the conditioned medium (CM) of BM-MSCs stimulated with ADO and a co-culture system were used to investigate the role of extracellular ADO in GBM–MSC cross-talk. The CM promoted the increase of glioma motility and induced a partial phenotypic change of glioblastoma cells. These effects were maintained when U343MG cells and BM-MSCs were co-cultured. In conclusion, ADO may affect glioma biology directly and through the modulation of the paracrine factors released by MSCs overall promoting a more aggressive phenotype. These results point out the importance to deeply investigate the role of extracellular soluble factors in the glioma cross-talk with other cell types of the TME to better understand its pathological mechanisms.
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11
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Intraglomerular Monocyte/Macrophage Infiltration and Macrophage-Myofibroblast Transition during Diabetic Nephropathy Is Regulated by the A 2B Adenosine Receptor. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041051. [PMID: 32340145 PMCID: PMC7226348 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is considered the main cause of kidney disease in which myofibroblasts lead to renal fibrosis. Macrophages were recently identified as the major source of myofibroblasts in a process known as macrophage–myofibroblast transition (MMT). Adenosine levels increase during DN and in vivo administration of MRS1754, an antagonist of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR), attenuated glomerular fibrosis (glomerulosclerosis). We aimed to investigate the association between A2BAR and MMT in glomerulosclerosis during DN. Kidneys/glomeruli of non-diabetic, diabetic, and MRS1754-treated diabetic (DM+MRS1754) rats were processed for histopathologic, transcriptomic, flow cytometry, and cellular in vitro analyses. Macrophages were used for in vitro cell migration/transmigration assays and MMT studies. In vivo MRS1754 treatment attenuated the clinical and histopathological signs of glomerulosclerosis in DN rats. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a decrease in chemokine-chemoattractants/cell-adhesion genes of monocytes/macrophages in DM+MRS1754 glomeruli. The number of intraglomerular infiltrated macrophages and MMT cells increased in diabetic rats. This was reverted by MRS1754 treatment. In vitro cell migration/transmigration decreased in macrophages treated with MRS1754. Human macrophages cultured with adenosine and/or TGF-β induced MMT, a process which was reduced by MRS1754. We concluded that pharmacologic blockade of A2BAR attenuated some clinical signs of renal dysfunction and glomerulosclerosis, and decreased intraglomerular macrophage infiltration and MMT in DN rats.
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12
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Conditioning attenuates kidney and heart injury in rats following transient suprarenal occlusion of the abdominal aorta. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5040. [PMID: 32193441 PMCID: PMC7081351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suprarenal aortic clamping during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair results in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in local (i.e. kidney) and distant (i.e. heart) tissue. To investigate perioperative approaches that mitigate IRI-induced tissue damage, Wistar rats underwent suprarenal aortic clamping either alone or in combination with short cycles of ischemic conditioning before and/or after clamping. Serum analysis revealed significant reduction in key biochemical parameters reflecting decreased tissue damage at systemic level and improved renal function in conditioned groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), which was corroborated by histolopathological evaluation. Importantly, the levels of DNA damage, as reflected by the biomarkers 8-oxo-G, γH2AX and pATM were reduced in conditioned versus non-conditioned cases. In this setting, NADPH oxidase, a source of free radicals, decreased in the myocardium of conditioned cases. Of note, administration of 5-HD and 8-SPT blocking key protective signaling routes abrogated the salutary effect of conditioning. To further understand the non-targeted effect of IRI on the heart, it was noted that serum TGF-β1 levels decreased in conditioned groups, whereas this difference was eliminated after 5-HD and 8-SPT administration. Collectively, conditioning strategies reduced both renal and myocardial injury. Additionally, the present study highlights TGF-β1 as an attractive target for manipulation in this context.
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13
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Zhou R, Dang X, Sprague RS, Mustafa SJ, Zhou Z. Alteration of purinergic signaling in diabetes: Focus on vascular function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:1-9. [PMID: 32057736 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Vascular complications including macro- and micro-vascular dysfunction are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Disease mechanisms at present are unclear and no ideal therapies are available, which urgently calls for the identification of novel therapeutic targets/agents. An altered nucleotide- and nucleoside-mediated purinergic signaling has been implicated to cause diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction in major organs. Alteration of both purinergic P1 and P2 receptor sensitivity rather than the changes in receptor expression accounts for vascular dysfunction in diabetes. Activation of P2X7 receptors plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction. Recent findings have revealed that both ecto-nucleotidase CD39, a key enzyme hydrolyzing ATP, and CD73, an enzyme regulating adenosine turnover, are involved in the renal vascular injury in diabetes. Interestingly, erythrocyte dysfunction in diabetes by decreasing ATP release in response to physiological stimuli may serve as an important trigger to induce vascular dysfunction. Nucleot(s)ide-mediated purinergic activation also exerts long-term actions including inflammatory and atherogenic effects in hyperglycemic and diabetic conditions. This review highlights the current knowledge regarding the altered nucleot(s)ide-mediated purinergic signaling as an important disease mechanism for the diabetes-associated vascular complications. Better understanding the role of key receptor-mediated signaling in diabetes will provide more insights into their potential as targets for the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Xitong Dang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, PR China
| | - Randy S Sprague
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Patinha D, Carvalho C, Abreu C, Cunha OM, Mota MC, Afonso J, Albino-Teixeira A, Diniz C, Morato M. Diabetes downregulates renal adenosine A2A receptors in an experimental model of hypertension. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217552. [PMID: 31150459 PMCID: PMC6544351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on diabetic nephropathy rarely take into account that the co-existence of diabetes and hypertension is frequent and further aggravates the prognosis of renal dysfunction. Adenosine can activate four subtypes of adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3) and has been implicated in diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not known if, in hypertensive conditions, diabetes alters the presence/distribution profile of renal adenosine receptors. The aim of this work was to describe the presence/distribution profile of the four adenosine receptors in six renal structures (superficial/deep glomeruli, proximal/distal tubules, loop of Henle, collecting tubule) of the hypertensive kidney and to evaluate whether it is altered by diabetes. Immunoreactivities against the adenosine receptors were analyzed in six renal structures from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, the control group) and from SHR rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocyin (SHR-STZ group). Data showed, for the first time, that all adenosine receptors were present in the kidney of SHR rats, although the distribution pattern was specific for each adenosine receptor subtype. Also, induction of diabetes in the SHR was associated with downregulation of adenosine A2A receptors, which might be relevant for the development of hypertensive diabetic nephropathy. This study highlights the adenosine A2A receptors as a potential target to explore to prevent and/or treat early diabetes-induced hyperfiltration, at least in hypertensive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Abreu
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga M. Cunha
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana C. Mota
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Afonso
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP–Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP–Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (CD); (MM)
| | - Manuela Morato
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (CD); (MM)
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Cervical cancer cells produce TGF-β1 through the CD73-adenosine pathway and maintain CD73 expression through the autocrine activity of TGF-β1. Cytokine 2018; 118:71-79. [PMID: 30301599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, the adenosinergic pathway participates in the generation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and in the promotion of tumor growth through the generation of adenosine (Ado). The present study analyzed the participation of Ado, generated through the functional activity of the cervical cancer (CeCa) pathway in CeCa cells, to induce the expression and secretion of TGF-β1, as well as the participation of this factor to maintain CD73 expression. Ado concentrations greater than 10 μM were necessary to induce an increase of over 50% in the production and expression of TGF-β1 in CeCa tumor cells. Blockade of A2AR and A2BR with the specific antagonists, ZM241385 and MRS1754, respectively, strongly reversed the production of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 produced by CeCa cells was necessary to maintain CD73 expression because the addition of anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibodies or the inhibition of TGF-βRI strongly reversed the expression of CD73 in the CeCa cells. These results suggested a feedback loop in CeCa cells that favors immunosuppressive activity through the production of TGF-β1 and Ado as well as the autocrine activity of TGF-β1 and expression of CD73.
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16
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Who Is Who in Adenosine Transport. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:627. [PMID: 29962948 PMCID: PMC6010718 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated by a panel of membrane transporters which, in most cases, mediate its uptake into cells. Adenosine transporters belong to two gene families encoding Equilibrative and Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter proteins (ENTs and CNTs, respectively). The lack of appropriate pharmacological tools targeting every transporter subtype has introduced some bias on the current knowledge of the role of these transporters in modulating adenosine levels. In this regard, ENT1, for which pharmacology is relatively well-developed, has often been identified as a major player in purinergic signaling. Nevertheless, other transporters such as CNT2 and CNT3 can also contribute to purinergic modulation based on their high affinity for adenosine and concentrative capacity. Moreover, both transporter proteins have also been shown to be under purinergic regulation via P1 receptors in different cell types, which further supports its relevance in purinergic signaling. Thus, several transporter proteins regulate extracellular adenosine levels. Moreover, CNT and ENT proteins are differentially expressed in tissues but also in particular cell types. Accordingly, transporter-mediated fine tuning of adenosine levels is cell and tissue specific. Future developments focusing on CNT pharmacology are needed to unveil transporter subtype-specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases – CIBER ehd, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Kishore BK, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal pathophysiology and therapeutics. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:109-120. [PMID: 29332180 PMCID: PMC5940625 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP interacts with purinergic type 2 (P2) receptors and elicits many crucial biological functions. Extracellular ATP is sequentially hydrolyzed to ADP and AMP by the actions of defined nucleotidases, such as CD39, and AMP is converted to adenosine, largely by CD73, an ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Extracellular adenosine interacts with P1 receptors and often opposes the effects of P2 receptor activation. The balance between extracellular ATP and adenosine in the blood and extracellular fluid is regulated chiefly by the activities of CD39 and CD73, which constitute the CD39-adenosinergic axis. In recent years, several studies have shown this axis to play critical roles in transport of water/sodium, tubuloglomerular feedback, renin secretion, ischemia reperfusion injury, renal fibrosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, transplantation, inflammation, and macrophage transformation. Important developments include global and targeted gene knockout and/or transgenic mouse models of CD39 or CD73, biological or small molecule inhibitors, and soluble engineered ectonucleotidases to directly impact the CD39-adenosinergic axis. This review presents a comprehensive picture of the multiple roles of CD39-adenosinergic axis in renal physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. Scientific advances and greater understanding of the role of this axis in the kidney, in both health and illness, will direct development of innovative therapies for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda K. Kishore
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, 500 Foothill Drive (151M), Salt Lake City, UT 84148 USA
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Karen M. Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
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18
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Rocha R, Torres Á, Ojeda K, Uribe D, Rocha D, Erices J, Niechi I, Ehrenfeld P, San Martín R, Quezada C. The Adenosine A₃ Receptor Regulates Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells to Endothelial Cells under Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041228. [PMID: 29670017 PMCID: PMC5979496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a neoplasm characterized by an extensive blood vessel network. Hypoxic niches of GBM can induce tumorigenic properties of a small cell subpopulation called Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) and can also increase extracellular adenosine generation which activates the A₃ adenosine receptor (A₃AR). Moreover, GSCs potentiates the persistent neovascularization in GBM. The aim of this study was to determine if A₃AR blockade can reduce the vasculogenesis mediated by the differentiation of GSCs to Endothelial Cells (ECs) under hypoxia. We evaluated the expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31, CD34, CD144, and vWF) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion by ELISA using MRS1220 (A₃AR antagonist) under hypoxia. We validate our results using U87MG-GSCs A₃AR knockout (GSCsA3-KO). The effect of MRS1220 on blood vessel formation was evaluated in vivo using a subcutaneous GSCs-tumor model. GSCs increased extracellular adenosine production and A₃AR expression under hypoxia. Hypoxia also increased the percentage of GSCs positive for endothelial cell markers and VEGF secretion, which was in turn prevented when using MRS1220 and in GSCsA3-KO. Finally, in vivo treatment with MRS1220 reduced tumor size and blood vessel formation. Blockade of A₃AR decreases the differentiation of GSCs to ECs under hypoxia and in vivo blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rocha
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Ángelo Torres
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Karina Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Dellis Rocha
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - José Erices
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.
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19
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Torres A, Vargas Y, Uribe D, Jaramillo C, Gleisner A, Salazar-Onfray F, López MN, Melo R, Oyarzún C, San Martín R, Quezada C. Adenosine A3 receptor elicits chemoresistance mediated by multiple resistance-associated protein-1 in human glioblastoma stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67373-67386. [PMID: 27634913 PMCID: PMC5341882 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MRP1 transporter correlates positively with glioma malignancy and the Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) phenotype in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Evidence shows that the MRP1 transporter is controlled by the adenosine signalling axis. The aim of this study was to identify the role of adenosine on the MDR phenotype in Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells (GSCs), the cell population responsible for the tumorigenic and chemoresistance capabilities of this tumour. We found that GSCs have increased intrinsic capacity to generate extracellular adenosine, thus controlling MRP1 transporter expression and activity via activation of the adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR). We showed PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways downstream A3AR to control MRP1 in GSCs. In vitro pharmacological blockade of A3AR had a chemosensitizing effect, enhancing the actions of antitumour drugs and decreasing cell viability and proliferation of GSCs. In addition, we produced an in vivo xenograft model by subcutaneous inoculation of human GSCs in NOD/SCID-IL2Rg null mice. Pharmacological blockade of A3AR generated a chemosensitizing effect, enhancing the effectiveness of the MRP1 transporter substrate, vincristine, reducing tumour size and the levels of CD44 and Nestin stem cell markers as well as the Ki-67 proliferation indicator. In conclusion, we demonstrated the chemosensitizing effect of A3AR blockade on GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Torres
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yosselyn Vargas
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Catherine Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Gleisner
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes N López
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rómulo Melo
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Laboratorio de Patología Molecular, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Badillo P, Salgado P, Bravo P, Guevara K, Acurio J, Gonzalez MA, Oyarzun C, San Martin R, Escudero C. High plasma adenosine levels in overweight/obese pregnant women. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:479-488. [PMID: 28721552 PMCID: PMC5714837 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to investigate whether overweight/obese pregnant women have elevated plasma levels of adenosine associated with increased consumption of high-calorie food. Sixty women were included. They were divided into lean (n = 23 and n = 12) or overweight/obese (n = 7 and n = 18) non-pregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Clinical records and maternal blood samples were collected after informed consent. A self-reported dietary questionnaire was also completed. Plasma adenosine levels were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Biochemical parameters, including glucose, total protein, and lipid profile, were determined using standard colorimetric assays. Adenosine levels were higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (18.7 ± 1.6 vs 10.8 ± 1.3 nM/μg protein, respectively, p < 0.0001). Overweight/obese pregnant women (21.9 ± 2.5 nM/μg protein) exhibited higher adenosine levels than lean pregnant (14.5 ± 1.0 nM/μg protein, p = 0.04) or non-pregnant women (11.7 ± 1.5 nM/μg protein, p = 0.0005). Also, pregnant women with elevated weight gain exhibited higher (26.2 ± 3.7 nM/μg protein) adenosine levels than those with adequate weight gain (14.9 ± 1.4 nM/μg protein, p = 0.03). These differences were not statistically significant compared with those of pregnant women with reduced weight gain (17.4 ± 2.1 nM/μg protein, p = 0.053). Body mass index and adenosine only in pregnant women were positively correlated (r = 0.39, p = 0.02). While, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption was negatively correlated with plasma adenosine levels only in non-pregnant women (r = -0.33, p = 0.03). Pregnancy is associated with high plasma adenosine levels, which are further elevated in pregnant women who are overweight/obese. High PUFA intake might reduce plasma adenosine levels in non-pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Badillo
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paola Salgado
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Patricia Bravo
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Katherine Guevara
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jesenia Acurio
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Maria Angelica Gonzalez
- Department of Nutrition, Health and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzun
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, P.O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martin
- Laboratorio de Patologia Molecular, Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, P.O. Box 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (LFV-GIANT), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.
- Department of Nutrition, Health and Food Sciences Faculty, University of Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.
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Alarcón S, Garrido W, Vega G, Cappelli C, Suárez R, Oyarzún C, Quezada C, San Martín R. Deficient Insulin-mediated Upregulation of the Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 Contributes to Chronically Increased Adenosine in Diabetic Glomerulopathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9439. [PMID: 28842605 PMCID: PMC5572683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficient insulin signaling is a key event mediating diabetic glomerulopathy. Additionally, diabetic kidney disease has been related to increased levels of adenosine. Therefore, we tested a link between insulin deficiency and dysregulated activity of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) responsible for controlling extracellular levels of adenosine. In ex vivo glomeruli, high D-glucose decreased nucleoside uptake mediated by ENT1 and ENT2 transporters, resulting in augmented extracellular levels of adenosine. This condition was reversed by exposure to insulin. Particularly, insulin through insulin receptor/PI3K pathway markedly upregulated ENT2 uptake activity to restores the extracellular basal level of adenosine. Using primary cultured rat podocytes as a cellular model, we found insulin was able to increase ENT2 maximal velocity of transport. Also, PI3K activity was necessary to maintain ENT2 protein levels in the long term. In glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, insulin deficiency leads to decreased activity of ENT2 and chronically increased extracellular levels of adenosine. Treatment of diabetic rats with adenosine deaminase attenuated both the glomerular loss of nephrin and proteinuria. In conclusion, we evidenced ENT2 as a target of insulin signaling and sensitive to dysregulation in diabetes, leading to chronically increased extracellular adenosine levels and thereby setting conditions conducive to kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Génesis Vega
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Cappelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Raibel Suárez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Peleli M, Carlstrom M. Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:62-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang XX, Levi J, Luo Y, Myakala K, Herman-Edelstein M, Qiu L, Wang D, Peng Y, Grenz A, Lucia S, Dobrinskikh E, D'Agati VD, Koepsell H, Kopp JB, Rosenberg AZ, Levi M. SGLT2 Protein Expression Is Increased in Human Diabetic Nephropathy: SGLT2 PROTEIN INHIBITION DECREASES RENAL LIPID ACCUMULATION, INFLAMMATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY IN DIABETIC MICE. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5335-5348. [PMID: 28196866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is very limited human renal sodium gradient-dependent glucose transporter protein (SGLT2) mRNA and protein expression data reported in the literature. The first aim of this study was to determine SGLT2 mRNA and protein levels in human and animal models of diabetic nephropathy. We have found that the expression of SGLT2 mRNA and protein is increased in renal biopsies from human subjects with diabetic nephropathy. This is in contrast to db-db mice that had no changes in renal SGLT2 protein expression. Furthermore, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal lipid content and inflammation is not known. The second aim of this study was to determine the potential mechanisms of beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition in the progression of diabetic renal disease. We treated db/db mice with a selective SGLT2 inhibitor JNJ 39933673. We found that SGLT2 inhibition caused marked decreases in systolic blood pressure, kidney weight/body weight ratio, urinary albumin, and urinary thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances. SGLT2 inhibition prevented renal lipid accumulation via inhibition of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-β, pyruvate kinase L, SCD-1, and DGAT1, key transcriptional factors and enzymes that mediate fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. SGLT2 inhibition also prevented inflammation via inhibition of CD68 macrophage accumulation and expression of p65, TLR4, MCP-1, and osteopontin. These effects were associated with reduced mesangial expansion, accumulation of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and type IV collagen, and loss of podocyte markers WT1 and synaptopodin, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. In summary, our study showed that SGLT2 inhibition modulates renal lipid metabolism and inflammation and prevents the development of nephropathy in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220.,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
| | - Jonathan Levi
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Michal Herman-Edelstein
- the Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liru Qiu
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Dong Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Yingqiong Peng
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Almut Grenz
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Scott Lucia
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- the Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10027
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- the Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- the Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Moshe Levi
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220, .,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
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Oyarzún C, Garrido W, Alarcón S, Yáñez A, Sobrevia L, Quezada C, San Martín R. Adenosine contribution to normal renal physiology and chronic kidney disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:75-89. [PMID: 28109856 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is particularly interesting to many scientific and clinical communities as it has important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the kidney. The distribution of adenosine receptors has only recently been elucidated; therefore it is likely that more biological roles of this nucleoside will be unveiled in the near future. Since the discovery of the involvement of adenosine in renal vasoconstriction and regulation of local renin production, further evidence has shown that adenosine signaling is also involved in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, sodium reabsorption and the adaptive response to acute insults, such as ischemia. However, the most interesting finding was the increased adenosine levels in chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and also in non-diabetic animal models of renal fibrosis. When adenosine is chronically increased its signaling via the adenosine receptors may change, switching to a state that induces renal damage and produces phenotypic changes in resident cells. This review discusses the physiological and pathophysiological roles of adenosine and pays special attention to the mechanisms associated with switching homeostatic nucleoside levels to increased adenosine production in kidneys affected by CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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25
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The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-β contributing to renal fibrosis. Cytokine 2016; 88:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Kretschmar C, Oyarzún C, Villablanca C, Jaramillo C, Alarcón S, Perez G, Díaz-Encarnación MM, Pastor-Anglada M, Garrido W, Quezada C, San Martín R. Reduced Adenosine Uptake and Its Contribution to Signaling that Mediates Profibrotic Activation in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells: Implication in Diabetic Nephropathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147430. [PMID: 26808537 PMCID: PMC4726618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered nucleoside levels may be linked to pathogenic signaling through adenosine receptors. We hypothesized that adenosine dysregulation contributes to fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Our findings indicate that high glucose levels and experimental diabetes decreased uptake activity through the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in proximal tubule cells. In addition, a correlation between increased plasma content of adenosine and a marker of renal fibrosis in diabetic rats was evidenced. At the cellular level, exposure of HK2 cells to high glucose, TGF-β and the general adenosine receptor agonist NECA, induced the expression of profibrotic cell activation markers α-SMA and fibronectin. These effects can be avoided by using a selective antagonist of the adenosine A3 receptor subtype in vitro. Furthermore, induction of fibrosis marker α-SMA was prevented by the A3 receptor antagonist in diabetic rat kidneys. In conclusion, we evidenced the contribution of purinergic signaling to renal fibrosis in experimental diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Kretschmar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Oyarzún
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristopher Villablanca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Catherinne Jaramillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gustavo Perez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wallys Garrido
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Oyarzún C, Salinas C, Gómez D, Jaramillo K, Pérez G, Alarcón S, Podestá L, Flores C, Quezada C, San Martín R. Increased levels of adenosine and ecto 5'-nucleotidase (CD73) activity precede renal alterations in experimental diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:354-9. [PMID: 26499073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not been clearly established, making diagnosis and patient management difficult. Recent studies using experimental diabetic models have implicated adenosine signaling with renal cells dysfunction. Therefore, the study of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate extracellular adenosine availability during DN is of emerging interest. Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats we demonstrated that urinary levels of adenosine were early increased. Further analyses showed an increased expression of the ecto 5'-nucleotidase (CD73), which hydrolyzes AMP to adenosine, at the renal proximal tubules and a higher enzymatic activity in tubule extracts. These changes precede the signs of diabetic kidney injury recognized by significant proteinuria, morphological alterations and the presence of the renal fibrosis markers alpha smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, collagen deposits and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. In the proximal tubule cell line HK2 we identified TGF-β as a key modulator of CD73 activity. Importantly, the increased activity of CD73 could be screened in urinary sediments from diabetic rats. In conclusion, the increase of CD73 activity is a key component in the production of high levels of adenosine and emerges as a new tool for the early diagnosis of tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oyarzún
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Salinas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Gómez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Jaramillo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - G Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - S Alarcón
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Podestá
- CENAIA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Flores
- Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Quezada
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R San Martín
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Merighi S, Borea PA, Gessi S. Adenosine receptors and diabetes: Focus on the A2B adenosine receptor subtype. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Csóka B, Pacher P, Haskó G. Adenosine signalling in diabetes mellitus--pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:228-41. [PMID: 25687993 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key extracellular signalling molecule that regulates several aspects of tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B and A1 adenosine receptors. Accumulating evidence highlights a critical role for the adenosine system in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although adenosine signalling is known to affect insulin secretion, new data indicate that adenosine signalling also contributes to the regulation of β-cell homeostasis and activity by controlling the proliferation and regeneration of these cells as well as the survival of β cells in inflammatory microenvironments. Furthermore, adenosine is emerging as a major regulator of insulin responsiveness by controlling insulin signalling in adipose tissue, muscle and liver; adenosine also indirectly mediates effects on inflammatory and/or immune cells in these tissues. This Review critically discusses the role of the adenosine-adenosine receptor system in regulating both the onset and progression of T1DM and T2DM, and the potential of pharmacological manipulation of the adenosinergic system as an approach to manage T1DM, T2DM and their associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratories of Physiological Studies, NIH/NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Roberts VS, Cowan PJ, Alexander SI, Robson SC, Dwyer KM. The role of adenosine receptors A2A and A2B signaling in renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:685-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Patel L, Thaker A. The effects of adenosine A2Breceptor inhibition on VEGF and nitric oxide axis-mediated renal function in diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail 2014; 36:916-24. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Patinha D, Afonso J, Sousa T, Morato M, Albino-Teixeira A. Activation of adenosine receptors improves renal antioxidant status in diabetic Wistar but not SHR rats. Ups J Med Sci 2014; 119:10-8. [PMID: 24195577 PMCID: PMC3916712 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2013.851748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and hypertension independently contribute to renal injury, and the major mechanisms involved are increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) bioavailability and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation. We investigated the role of adenosine in controlling ROS production and RAS activation associated with renal dysfunction in hypertension and diabetes. METHODS Fourteen days after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin in 12-week-old male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, animals were treated during 7 days with 2-chloroadenosine (CADO group, 5 mg/kg/d), a stable analogue of adenosine, or underwent a sham operation procedure. At the end of the study (day 21), intra-arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, and 24-h urine and plasma samples and renal tissue were collected. RESULTS CADO treatment decreased the plasma glucose concentration and glucose and protein excretion by more than 30% in both strains. CADO treatment decreased SBP in diabetic SHR rats (143 ± 8 versus 114 ± 4 mmHg, p < 0.05), but not in diabetic Wistar rats. The hypotensive effect of CADO was associated to a ∼70% increase in plasma angiotensinogen (AGT) concentration and a ∼50% decrease in urinary AGT excretion. CADO also caused a decrease in medullary and cortical hydrogen peroxide production of about 40%, which was associated with a proportional increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in diabetic Wistar but not in diabetic SHR animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activation of adenosine receptors improves renal antioxidant capacity in diabetic Wistar but not SHR rats, although it improves glucose metabolism in both strains. Furthermore, activation of adenosine receptors does not seem to be directly influencing AGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patinha
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Afonso
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Albino-Teixeira
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurofarmacologia, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang H, Zhong H, Everett TH, Wilson E, Chang R, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Olgin JE. Blockade of A2B adenosine receptor reduces left ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias 1 week after myocardial infarction in the rat model. Heart Rhythm 2013; 11:101-9. [PMID: 24120874 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling occurs after myocardial infarction (MI), leading to fibrosis, dysfunction, and ventricular tachycardias (VTs). Adenosine via the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAdoR) has been implicated in promoting fibrosis. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of GS-6201, a potent antagonist of the A2BAdoR, on arrhythmogenic and functional cardiac remodeling after MI. METHODS Rats underwent ischemia-reperfusion MI and were randomized into 4 groups: control (treated with vehicle), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (treated with enalapril 1 day after MI), GS-6201-1d (treated with GS-6201 1 day after MI), GS-6201-1w (treated with GS-6201 administered 1 week after MI) . Echocardiography was performed at baseline and 1 and 5 weeks after MI. Optical mapping, VT inducibility, and histologic analysis were conducted at follow-up. RESULTS Treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor improved ejection fraction (57.8% ± 2.5% vs 43.3% ± 1.7% in control; P < .01), but had no effect on VT inducibility. Treatment with GS-6201 improved ejection fraction (55.6% ± 2.6% vs 43.3% ± 1.7% in control; P < .01) and decreased VT inducibility (9.1% vs 68.4% in control; P < .05). Conduction velocities were significantly higher at border and infarct zones in hearts of rats treated with GS-6201 than in those of other groups. The conduction heterogeneity index was also significantly lower in hearts of rats treated with GS-6201. Histologic analysis showed that while both GS-6201 and enalapril decreased fibrosis in the noninfarct zone, only GS-6201 reduced the heterogeneity of fibrosis at the border, which is consistent with its effect on VT reduction. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with an A2BAdoR antagonist at 1 week results in the improvement in cardiac function and decreased substrate for VT. The inhibition of fibrogenesis by A2BAdoR antagonists may be a new target for the prevention of adverse remodeling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Thomas H Everett
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Emily Wilson
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Roger Chang
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dewan Zeng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | | | - Jeffrey E Olgin
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Abstract
The pancreas is an organ with a central role in nutrient breakdown, nutrient sensing and release of hormones regulating whole body nutrient homeostasis. In diabetes mellitus, the balance is broken-cells can be starving in the midst of plenty. There are indications that the incidence of diabetes type 1 and 2, and possibly pancreatogenic diabetes, is rising globally. Events leading to insulin secretion and action are complex, but there is emerging evidence that intracellular nucleotides and nucleotides are not only important as intracellular energy molecules but also as extracellular signalling molecules in purinergic signalling cascades. This signalling takes place at the level of the pancreas, where the close apposition of various cells-endocrine, exocrine, stromal and immune cells-contributes to the integrated function. Following an introduction to diabetes, the pancreas and purinergic signalling, we will focus on the role of purinergic signalling and its changes associated with diabetes in the pancreas and selected tissues/organ systems affected by hyperglycaemia and other stress molecules of diabetes. Since this is the first review of this kind, a comprehensive historical angle is taken, and common and divergent roles of receptors for nucleotides and nucleosides in different organ systems will be given. This integrated picture will aid our understanding of the challenges of the potential and currently used drugs targeted to specific organ/cells or disorders associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivana Novak
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Fang M, Xia J, Wu X, Kong H, Wang H, Xie W, Xu Y. Adenosine signaling inhibits CIITA-mediated MHC class II transactivation in lung fibroblast cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2162-73. [PMID: 23681904 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Efficient antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules represents a critical process in adaptive immunity. Class II transactivator (CIITA) is considered the master regulator of MHC class II (MHC II) transcription. Previously, we have shown that CIITA expression is upregulated in smooth muscle cells deficient in A2b adenosine receptor. Here, we report that treatment with the adenosine receptor agonist adenosine-5'N-ethylcarboxamide (NECA) attenuated MHC II transcription in lung fibro-blast cells as a result of CIITA repression. Further analysis revealed that NECA preferentially abrogated CIITA transcription through promoters III and IV. Blockade with a selective A2b receptor antagonist MRS-1754 restored CIITA-dependent MHC II transactivation. Forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, achieved the same effect as NECA. A2b signaling repressed CIITA transcription by altering histone modifications and recruitment of key factors on the CIITA promoters in a STAT1-dependent manner. MRS-1754 blocked the antagonism of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in CIITA induction by interferon gamma (IFN-γ), alluding to a potential dialogue between TGF-β and adenosine signaling pathways. Finally, A2b signaling attenuated STAT1 phosphorylation and stimulated TGF-β synthesis. In conclusion, we have identified an adenosine-A2b receptor-adenylyl cyclase axis that influences CIITA-mediated MHC II transactivation in lung fibroblast cells and as such have provided invaluable insights into the development of novel immune-modulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Fang
- Department of Surgery, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, China
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Tavafi M. Complexity of diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis and design of investigations. J Renal Inj Prev 2013; 2:59-62. [PMID: 25340129 PMCID: PMC4206008 DOI: 10.12861/jrip.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) pathogenesis is very complex and multifactorial. There are several mechanisms or pathways that hyperglycemia leads to renal injuries. Each pathway makes renal injuries via several mediators. Some mediators are common between the pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TGF-β and there are many overlaps and interference between the pathways. This review summarized complexity of DN pathogenesis and overlaps or interfering of mediators between the pathogenesis pathways. Besides, in the review suggested new designs of researches based on this complexity pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of DN is certainly very complex and multifactorial. From the overview of molecular mechanisms of DN pathogenesis, there are many pathways and many mediators with many interferences and overlaps between them. The focal point of this pathogenesis still unknown but it seems that RAAS system, oxidative stress and TGF-β relatively are common between these complex tangle webs of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Tavafi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical sciences, Khoram Abad, Iran
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37
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Arora MK, Singh UK. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: an update. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:259-71. [PMID: 23313806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is known to trigger retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy, a long-term major microvascular complication of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, affects a large population worldwide. Recent findings suggest that numerous pathways are activated during the course of diabetes mellitus and that these pathways individually or collectively play a role in the induction and progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, clinical strategies targeting these pathways to manage diabetic nephropathy remain unsatisfactory, as the number of diabetic patients with nephropathy is increasing yearly. To develop ground-breaking therapeutic options to prevent the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease is mandatory. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the underlying mechanisms and downstream pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kumar Arora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy ranks as the most devastating kidney disease worldwide. It characterizes in the early onset by glomerular hypertrophy, hyperfiltration and mesangial expansion. Experimental models show that overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pathogenic condition for podocytopathy; however the mechanisms that regulate this growth factor induction are not clearly identified. We determined that the adenosine A(2B) receptor (A(2B)AR) mediates VEGF overproduction in ex vivo glomeruli exposed to high glucose concentration, requiring PKCα and Erk1/2 activation. The glomerular content of A(2B)AR was concomitantly increased with VEGF at early stages of renal disease in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Further, in vivo administration of an antagonist of A(2B)AR in diabetic rats blocked the glomerular overexpression of VEGF, mesangial cells activation and proteinuria. In addition, we also determined that the accumulation of extracellular adenosine occurs in glomeruli of diabetic rats. Correspondingly, raised urinary adenosine levels were found in diabetic rats. In conclusion, we evidenced that adenosine signaling at the onset of diabetic kidney disease is a pathogenic event that promotes VEGF induction.
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Guillén-Gómez E, Pinilla-Macua I, Pérez-Torras S, Choi DS, Arce Y, Ballarín JA, Pastor-Anglada M, Díaz-Encarnación MM. New role of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1521-8. [PMID: 21678404 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important pro-fibrotic event in which tubular epithelial cells are transformed into myofibroblasts. Nucleoside transporters (NT) are regulated by many factors and processes, some of which are involved in fibrosis, such as cytokines, inflammation, and proliferation. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) has been proved to be the most widely expressed adenosine transporter. In that sense, ENT1 may be a key player in cell damage signaling. Here we analyze the role of human ENT1 (hENT1) in the EMT process in proximal tubular cells. Addition of the main inducer of EMT, the transforming growth factor-β1, to HK-2 cells increased hENT1 mRNA and protein level expression. ENT1-mediated adenosine uptake was also enhanced. When cells were incubated with dipyridamole to evaluate the potential contribution of ENT1 to EMT by blocking its transport activity, EMT was induced. Moreover, the knock down of hENT1 with siRNA induced EMT and collagen production in HK-2 cells. Kidneys isolated from ENT1 knockout mice showed higher levels of interstitial collagen and α-SMA positive cells than wild-type mice. Our results point to a new potential role of hENT1 as a modulator of EMT in proximal tubular cells. In this sense, hENT1 could be involved in renal protection processes, and the loss or reduced expression of hENT1 would lead to an increased vulnerability of cells to the onset and/or progression of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guillén-Gómez
- Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Fundació Puigvert, REDinREN, Institut Investigació Biosanitaria Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Advanced-glycation-end-product-cholesterol-aggregated-protein accelerates the proliferation of mesangial cells mediated by transforming-growth-factor-beta 1 receptors and the ERK-MAPK pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 672:159-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Quezada C, Alarcón S, Cárcamo JG, Yáñez A, Casanello P, Sobrevia L, San Martín R. Increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in kidney glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Chem 2011; 392:529-37. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the podocytopathy, mes-angial expansion and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The major cell defence mechanism against oxidative stress is reduced glutathione (GSH). Some ABC transporters have been shown to extrude GSH, oxidised glutathione or their conjugates out of the cell, thus implying a role for these transporters in GSH homeostasis. We found a remarkable expression of mRNA for multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP/ABCC) 1, 3, 4 and 5 in rat glomeruli. Three weeks after induction of diabetes in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats, we observed a decline in reduced GSH levels and an increase in the expression and activity of MRP1 (ABCC1). These lower GSH levels were improved by ex vivo treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of MRP1 activity (MK571). We conclude that increased activity of MRP1 in diabetic glomeruli is correlated with an inadequate adaptive response to oxidative stress.
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