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Sun YF, Zhang J, Xu YM, Cao ZY, Wang YZ, Hao GM, Gao BL. High BMI and Insulin Resistance Are Risk Factors for Spontaneous Abortion in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592495. [PMID: 33343510 PMCID: PMC7744738 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of spontaneous abortion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (ART) is higher than that in patients without PCOS, however, no definitive risk factors have been confirmed to associate with the high spontaneous abortion rate in PCOS patients undergoing ART. This study was performed to assess the impact of relevant risk factors on spontaneous abortion in patients with PCOS. Clinical questions were formulated and organized according to the PICOS principle. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on all published studies on PCOS and spontaneous abortion in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Related risk factors included body mass index (BMI), age, insulin resistance (IR), hyperandrogenism, and chromosome aberrations. All patients were diagnosed as PCOS using the Rotterdam criteria. The primary endpoint was miscarriage and live birth rate. Fixed-effect models were used to analyze homogeneous data, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed on heterogeneous data. The source of heterogeneity was evaluated, and the random effect model was used to summarize the heterogeneity. Results Among 1836 retrieved articles, 22 were eligible and included in the analysis with 11182 patients. High BMI (OR = 1.48, 95% CI [1.32, 1.67], MD = 1.35, 95% CI [0.58,2.12]) and insulin resistance (MD = 0.32, 95% CI [0.15, 0.49]) were associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in PCOS patients undergoing ART. Older age (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.29, 0.44], MD = 2.01, 95% CI [0.04, 4.18]), embryonic chromosomal aberrations (OR = 0.75, 95%CI [0.31,1.77]), and hyperandrogenism (MD = 0.10, 95% CI [- 0.02, 0.22]) were not associated with the high spontaneous abortion rate in patients with PCOS. A subgroup analysis of BMI showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the effect between overweight and obesity on spontaneous abortion in PCOS patients undergoing ART (OR = 1.34, 95% [0.97, 1.85]). Conclusion High BMI and insulin resistance are two risk factors for an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in PCOS patients undergoing ART, and losing weight and mitigating insulin resistance may decrease the spontaneous abortion rate in these patients undergoing ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gui-Min Hao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Penzias A, Bendikson K, Butts S, Coutifaris C, Falcone T, Fossum G, Gitlin S, Gracia C, Hansen K, La Barbera A, Mersereau J, Odem R, Paulson R, Pfeifer S, Pisarska M, Rebar R, Reindollar R, Rosen M, Sandlow J, Vernon M. Role of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a guideline. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:426-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Matsuzaki T, Tungalagsuvd A, Iwasa T, Munkhzaya M, Yano K, Mayila Y, Tokui T, Yanagihara R, Matsui S, Kato T, Kuwahara A, Irahara M. Clinical outcome of various metformin treatments for women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 16:179-187. [PMID: 29259467 PMCID: PMC5661811 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an ovulatory disorder and insulin resistance and diabetes are involved in its pathophysiology. Metformin, an anti-diabetic agent, has been reported to be useful to induce ovulation. Methods Metformin treatment was classified into four types: (1) clomiphene-metformin combination treatment for clomiphene-resistant patients; (2) clomiphene-metformin combination for clomiphene-sensitive patients; (3) clomiphene-metformin combination for naïve patients; and (4) metformin monotherapy. The patients underwent physical, endocrinological, and clinical examinations for their ovulation rates, pregnancy rates, and follicular development. Results The ovulation rates, pregnancy rates, and single follicular development were not significantly different among the clomiphene-metformin combination treatment groups. In the Body Mass Index (BMI) subanalysis, the pregnancy rate was higher in the BMI≥30 kg/m2 group than in the other three groups with a BMI of ≤30 kg/m2 in both cycles and cases. The ovulation rates and pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the group with a fasting insulin of ≥15 μU/mL than in the groups with a fasting insulin of <15 μU/mL in both cycles and cases. Conclusion Clomiphene-metformin combination treatment appears to be useful, at least for clomiphene-resistant patients, and a BMI of >30 kg/m2 and a fasting insulin of ≥15 μU/mL appear to be predictors of a good result with this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Altankhuu Tungalagsuvd
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Munkhsaikhan Munkhzaya
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Kiyohito Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Yiliyasi Mayila
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Takako Tokui
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Rie Yanagihara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Sumika Matsui
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Takeshi Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyGraduate School of Biomedical SciencesTokushima UniversityKuramotoJapan
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Messinis IE, Messini CI, Anifandis G, Dafopoulos K. Polycystic ovaries and obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Cassina M, Donà M, Di Gianantonio E, Litta P, Clementi M. First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:656-69. [PMID: 24861556 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is generally considered a non-teratogenic drug; however, only a few studies specifically designed to assess the rate of congenital anomalies after metformin use have been published in the literature. The objects of the present study were to review all of the prospective and retrospective studies reporting on women treated with metformin at least during the first trimester of their pregnancy and to estimate the overall rate of major birth defects. METHODS Databases were searched for English language articles until December 2013. Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were: a case group of women with PCOS or pre-pregnancy type 2 diabetes and first-trimester exposure to metformin; a disease-matched control group which was not exposed to metformin or other oral anti-diabetic agents; and a list of the major anomalies in both the study and the control groups. A random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of data, using odds ratios. Studies not fulfilling the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis but reporting relevant data on major malformations in women diagnosed with PCOS were then used to estimate the overall birth defects rate. RESULTS Meta-analysis of nine controlled studies with women affected by PCOS detected that the rate of major birth defects in the metformin-exposed group was not statistically increased compared with the disease-matched control group and that there was no significant heterogeneity among the studies. The metformin-exposed sample was composed of 351 pregnancies and the OR of major birth defects was 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.18-4.08; Pheterogeneity = 0.71). By evaluating all of the non-overlapping PCOS studies reported in the literature, even those without an appropriate control group, the overall rate of major anomalies was 0.6% in the sample of 517 women who discontinued the therapy upon conception or confirmation of pregnancy and 0.5% in the sample of 634 women who were treated with metformin throughout the first trimester of their pregnancy. Regarding type 2 diabetic women, we did not identify a sufficient number of studies with metformin exposure during the first trimester to proceed with the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence that metformin is associated with an increased risk of major birth defects in women affected by PCOS and treated during the first trimester. However larger ad hoc studies are warranted in order to definitely confirm the safety and efficacy of this drug in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cassina
- Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Donà
- Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gianantonio
- Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Litta
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Clementi
- Teratology Information Service, Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Ott J, Wattar L, Kurz C, Seemann R, Huber JC, Mayerhofer K, Vytiska-Binstorfer E. Parameters for calcium metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who undergo clomiphene citrate stimulation: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:897-902. [PMID: 22330149 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether parameters for calcium metabolism were associated with characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN A prospective cohort study. METHODS Ninety-one anovulatory, infertile women with PCOS patients underwent clomiphene citrate (CC) stimulation. Main outcome measures were parathyroid hormone (PTH); 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3); serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, albumin, and total protein; the serum calcium-phosphorus product; LH; FSH; sexual hormone binding globulin; testosterone; and androstenedione. RESULTS PTH correlated inversely with serum calcium (r=-0.235; P=0.004) and 25OHD3 (r=-0.664; P<0.001), whereas positive correlations were found between PTH and body mass index (BMI; r=0.270; P=0.010) and between PTH and testosterone (r=0.347; P=0.001). After stimulation with 50 mg CC, 57.1% (52/91) developed a follicle, whereas 26.4% (24/91) became pregnant. In a multivariate model to predict both follicle development and pregnancy, BMI and 25OHD3 deficiency were significant predictive parameters. CONCLUSIONS 25OHD3 deficiency was an independent predictive parameter of CC stimulation outcome, in terms of follicle development and pregnancy. Our results suggest a substantial role of vitamin D in PCOS and infertility treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ott
- Departments of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Russo T, Di Cello A, Morelli M, Orio F, Cappiello F, Tolino A, Zullo F. Metformin administration in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who receive gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization cycles: 10-year experience in a large infertile population. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:81-6. [PMID: 21770836 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.588749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to evaluate our personal experience regarding the use and the reproductive effect of metformin administration in a large population of infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing gonadotropins ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Infertile patients with PCOS undergoing gonadotropins ovarian stimulation with (metformin group, n = 191) or without (control group, n = 187) metformin and IVF were evaluated. Treatment characteristics, patients' data and reproductive outcomes were evaluated. In all cases, metformin with an immediate-release formulation was administered, and in most of cases it was given as pre- and co-treatment (74.9%) and at a dosage of 1700 mg/day (59.7%). Stimulation length and gonadotropins doses were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in metformin group than in control group. The number of dominant follicles on day of ovarian maturation triggering and peak oestradiol levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in metformin group than in control group. Cycle cancellation rate under metformin resulted significantly influenced by interaction with body mass index (BMI), age and basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Notwithstanding, metformin use in infertile PCOS patients who receive gonadotropins for IVF is not standardized, it seems to modulate the ovarian response to stimulation. This effect may benefit or harm on the basis of ovarian reserve and patients' characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Elnashar AM. The role of metformin in ovulation induction: Current status. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Genazzani AD, Ricchieri F, Lanzoni C. Use of metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:577-93. [PMID: 20597621 DOI: 10.2217/whe.10.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is quite an old drug, but it is optimal for the control of glycemia in Type 2 diabetes. It was reported, 15 years ago, that insulin resistance was abnormally high in most polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients. Starting from that moment, increasing numbers of studies were performed to demonstrate the efficacy of metformin in controlling and/or modulating several aspects of PCOS, which is the most common cause of menstrual irregularity, inesthetisms and infertility. Metformin induces higher glucose uptake, thus inducing a lower synthesis/secretion of insulin. Such an effect permits the possible restoration of the normal biological functions that are severely affected by the compensatory hyperinsulinemia reactive to the increased peripheral insulin resistance. These are the basis of the many positive effects of this drug, such as the restoration of menstrual cyclicity, ovulatory cycles and fertility, because abnormal insulin levels affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian function, as well as the use of glucose in peripheral tissues. Metformin improves the impairments typically observed in hyperinsulinemic PCOS patients, reducing the possible evolution towards metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes; and when pregnancy occurs, it consistently reduces the risk of gestational diabetes, eclampsia and hypertension. PCOS seems to be the perfect physiopathological condition that might have higher benefits from metformin administration, obviously after Type 2 diabetes. This review focuses on the many aspects of PCOS and on the possible issues of this disease for which metformin might be a putative optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D Genazzani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Gynecological Endocrinology Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Prognostic value of total testosterone for pregnancy during treatment in patients with clomiphene-citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:757-64. [PMID: 21614496 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reduction of serum total testosterone (TT) is associated with pregnancy rate in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women receiving metformin, but most of the studies focus on the changes of basal levels of TT. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the TT level around the ovulation period is related to the outcome of pregnancy in women with PCOS. METHODS In total, 30 non-obese PCOS women with clomiphene citrate (CC) resistance from the Medical College's Reproductive Health Center were enrolled and randomly assigned to be treated with placebo (Group 1) or metformin (850 mg) (Group 2) twice daily for 3 months as the pre-treatment. Then, metformin alone was administered with CC, human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce ovulation for 3 months in Group 1. In Group 2, CC/HMG/HCG was used to induce ovulation for 3 months without metformin. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and TT levels before and after ovulation in pregnant cycles and non-pregnant cycles were evaluated over the course of treatment. RESULTS A total of 26 subjects completed 65 cycles. The TT levels after ovulation in the pregnant cycles were significantly lower than in the non-pregnant cycles in both groups (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The level of TT after ovulation may be of prognostic value for pregnancy in non-obese women with PCOS and CC resistance during treatment.
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Weerakiet S, Sophonsritsuk A, Lertvikool S, Satirapot C, Leelaphiwat S, Jultanmas R. Randomized controlled trial of different doses of metformin for ovulation induction in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:1229-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhang H, Legro RS, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen X, Huang H, Casson PR, Schlaff WD, Diamond MP, Krawetz SA, Coutifaris C, Brzyski RG, Christman GM, Santoro N, Eisenberg E. Decision trees for identifying predictors of treatment effectiveness in clinical trials and its application to ovulation in a study of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2612-21. [PMID: 20716558 PMCID: PMC2939757 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double-blind, randomized clinical trials are the preferred approach to demonstrating the effectiveness of one treatment against another. The comparison is, however, made on the average group effects. While patients and clinicians have always struggled to understand why patients respond differently to the same treatment, and while much hope has been held for the nascent field of predictive biomarkers (e.g. genetic markers), there is still much utility in exploring whether it is possible to estimate treatment efficacy based on demographic and baseline variables. METHODS The pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome (PPCOS) study was a prospective, multi-center, randomized clinical trial comparing three ovulation induction regimens: clomiphene citrate (CC), metformin and the combination of the two. There were 446 women who ovulated in response to the treatments among the entire 626 participants. In this report, we focus on the 418 women who received CC (alone or combined with metformin) to determine if readily available baseline physical characteristics and/or easily obtainable baseline measures could be used to distinguish treatment effectiveness in stimulating ovulation. We used a recursive partitioning technique and developed a node-splitting rule to build decision tree models that reflected within-node and within-treatment responses. RESULTS Overall, the combination of CC plus metformin resulted in an increased incidence of ovulation compared with CC alone. This is particularly so in women with relatively larger left ovarian volumes (≥ 19.5 cubic cm), and a left ovarian volume <19.5 cubic cm was related to treatment outcomes for all subsequent nodes. Women who were older, who had higher baseline insulin, higher waist-to-hip circumference ratio or higher sex hormone-binding globulin levels had better ovulatory rates with CC alone than with the combination of CC plus metformin. CONCLUSIONS Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a phenotypically diverse condition. Both baseline laboratory and clinical parameters can predict the ovulatory response in women with PCOS undergoing ovulation induction. Without a priori hypotheses with regard to any predictors, the observation regarding left ovary volume is novel and worthy of further investigation and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA.
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Palomba S, Falbo A, Russo T, Orio F, Tolino A, Zullo F. Systemic and local effects of metformin administration in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): relationship to the ovulatory response. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1005-1013. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: the effect of different phenotypes and features on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1805-11. [PMID: 20004377 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the risk of adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes varies according to different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to evaluate the clinical impact of the main features of PCOS. DESIGN Prospective controlled clinical study. SETTING Academic Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and of Endocrinology, Italy. PATIENT(S) Ninety-seven pregnant women with PCOS and 73 healthy pregnant subjects were recruited as cases and controls, respectively. INTERVENTION(S) Clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic evaluations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Obstetric and neonatal outcomes. RESULT(S) The relative risk (RR) for adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes was increased (1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.96) in patients with PCOS and varied according to the PCOS phenotype (1.93, 95% CI 1.12-2.96; 2.23, 95% CI 1.21-3.15; 0.54, 95% CI 0.09-1.63, and 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.78 for full-blown, nonpolycystic ovaries [PCO], nonhyperandrogenic, and ovulatory phenotypes, respectively). The RRs were 1.57 (95% CI 0.85-2.52) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.31-0.78) for oligoanovulatory and ovulatory patients with PCOS, respectively. The risk for adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes was affected significantly by ovarian dysfunction and biochemical hyperandrogenism, whereas no significant effect was detected for clinical hyperandrogenism and PCO. CONCLUSION(S) The increased risk for adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes that was observed in patients with PCOS varies widely according to the different phenotypes and features of PCOS.
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Overbeek A, Lambalk CB. Pharmacogenomics of ovulation induction: facilitating decisions on who, when and how to treat. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:1377-9. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Overbeek
- VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - CB Lambalk
- VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Rausch ME, Legro RS, Barnhart HX, Schlaff WD, Carr BR, Diamond MP, Carson SA, Steinkampf MP, McGovern PG, Cataldo NA, Gosman GG, Nestler JE, Giudice LC, Leppert PC, Myers ER, Coutifaris C. Predictors of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3458-66. [PMID: 19509098 PMCID: PMC2741722 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. The selection of first-line therapies for ovulation induction is empiric. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to develop a clinically useful predictive model of live birth with varying ovulation induction methods. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We built four prognostic models from a large multicenter randomized controlled infertility trial of 626 women with PCOS performed at academic health centers in the United States to predict success of ovulation, conception, pregnancy, and live birth, evaluating the influence of patients' baseline characteristics. INTERVENTIONS Ovulation was induced with clomiphene, metformin, or the combination of both for up to six cycles or conception. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome of the trial was the rate of live births. RESULTS Baseline free androgen index, baseline proinsulin level, interaction of treatment arm with body mass index, and duration of attempting conception were significant predictors in all four models. History of a prior loss predicted ovulation and conception, but not pregnancy or live birth. A modified Ferriman Gallwey hirsutism score of less than 8 was predictive of conception, pregnancy, and live birth (although it did not predict ovulation success). Age was a divergent predictor based on outcome; age greater than 34 predicted ovulation, whereas age less than 35 was a predictive factor for a successful pregnancy and live birth. Smoking history had no predictive value. CONCLUSIONS A live birth prediction chart developed from basic clinical parameters (body mass index, age, hirsutism score, and duration of attempting conception) may help physicians counsel and select infertility treatments for women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Rausch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Aubuchon M, Lieman H, Stein D, Cohen HW, Isaac B, Adel G, Weitzman V, Tetrokalashvili M, Polotsky AJ, Santoro N. Metformin does not improve the reproductive or metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Reprod Sci 2009; 16:938-46. [PMID: 19692630 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109340925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether metformin, when given to women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), promotes folliculogenesis by prompting a drop in free sex steroids resulting in a compensatory follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) rise, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Eight mid-reproductive age PCOS participants with mean obese body mass index (BMI) and normal glucose tolerance received 8 weeks of metformin, given in a step-up fashion to a maximum dose of 2000 mg daily or placebo with daily urine sampling, 4-6 weeks washout, and crossover to the remaining arm for 8 weeks. To confirm the effects of metformin on glucose and other metabolic markers, a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic 3-dose clamp (physiologic: 30 mU/m(2) per minute, high: 400 mU/m(2) per minute) followed each treatment. Urinary FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), or pregnanediol glucuronide (Pdg) did not differ by treatment. Glucose disposal, endogenous glucose production, BMI, ovulation rates, serum sex steroids, free fatty acids, and lipids did not significantly differ by treatment, despite good evidence for compliance with the protocol. During the clamp, high-dose insulin administration was associated with an acute drop in serum LH. We conclude that short-term, high-dose metformin exerts minimal effects on both metabolic markers and reproductive hormones in a small sample of overall morbidly obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Aubuchon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Falbo A, Orio F, Venturella R, Rania E, Materazzo C, Tolino A, Zullo F, Palomba S. Does metformin affect ovarian morphology in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome? A retrospective cross-sectional preliminary analysis. J Ovarian Res 2009; 2:5. [PMID: 19480717 PMCID: PMC2694802 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The significance of polycystic ovarian morphology and its relation to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unclear, but probably it is associated with higher androgen and insulin levels and lower sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in absence of identifiable differences in gonadotropin dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate ovarian morphology in patients affected by PCOS with different ovulatory responses to metformin. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, we studied 20 young normal-weight PCOS patients who had received a six-month course of metformin treatment. Ten of these patients remained anovulatory (anovulatory group), whereas other ten became ovulatory, but failed to conceive (ovulatory group). Other ten age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched PCOS subjects were also enrolled as controls and observed without any treatment (control group). Results After six months of metformin, in both PCOS treated groups, a similar improvement in testosterone (T) and insulin resistance indexes was observed. Moreover, in one (10.0%) and nine (90.0%) subjects from anovulatory and ovulatory PCOS groups, respectively, ovarian morphology changed, whereas a significant reduction in ovarian dimension was observed in the PCOS ovulatory group only. Conclusion PCOS patients under metformin administration demonstrate a change in ovarian morphology closely related to ovulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Falbo
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy .
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