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Farias KS, Ferreira MM, Amaral GV, Zugaib M, Santos AS, Gomes FP, Rezende RP, Gramacho KP, Aguiar ERGR, Pirovani CP. BASIDIN as a New Protein Effector of the Phytopathogen Causing Witche's Broom Disease in Cocoa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11714. [PMID: 37511472 PMCID: PMC10380501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa secretes protein effectors that manipulate the physiology of the host plant, but few effectors of this fungus have had their functions confirmed. We performed functional characterization of a promising candidate effector of M. perniciosa. The inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L-1 in the mesophyll of leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum caused symptoms of shriveling within 6 h without the presence of necrosis. However, when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L-1, it caused wilting symptoms only 2 h after application, followed by necrosis and cell death at 48 h. rBASIDIN applied to Theobroma cacao leaves at the same concentration caused milder symptoms. rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BASIDIN has orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species, suggesting that this protein is differentially regulated in these basidiomycetes. Therefore, the results of applying BASIDIN allow the inference that it is an effector of the fungus M. perniciosa, with a strong potential to interfere in the defense system of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keilane Silva Farias
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Geiseane Veloso Amaral
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Zugaib
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pinto Gomes
- Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Passos Rezende
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau-MAPA, Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular, km 22 Rodovia Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
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de Novais DPS, Batista TM, Costa EA, Pirovani CP. Genomic and Pathogenicity Mechanisms of the Main Theobroma cacao L. Eukaryotic Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1567. [PMID: 37375069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes are responsible for large losses in annual world cocoa production. Managing the impact caused by these diseases is very complex because a common solution has yet to be found for different pathogens. In this context, the systematic knowledge of Theobroma cacao L. pathogens' molecular characteristics may help researchers understand the possibilities and limitations of cocoa disease management strategies. This work systematically organized and summarized the main findings of omics studies of T. cacao eukaryotic pathogens, focusing on the plant-pathogen interaction and production dynamics. Using the PRISMA protocol and a semiautomated process, we selected papers from the Scopus and Web of Science databases and collected data from the selected papers. From the initial 3169 studies, 149 were selected. The first author's affiliations were mostly from two countries, Brazil (55%) and the USA (22%). The most frequent genera were Moniliophthora (105 studies), Phytophthora (59 studies) and Ceratocystis (13 studies). The systematic review database includes papers reporting the whole-genome sequence from six cocoa pathogens and evidence of some necrosis-inducing-like proteins, which are common in T. cacao pathogen genomes. This review contributes to the knowledge about T. cacao diseases, providing an integrated discussion of T. cacao pathogens' molecular characteristics, common mechanisms of pathogenicity and how this knowledge is produced worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Pereira Silva de Novais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
- Bahia Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFBA), Porto Seguro 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mafra Batista
- Environmental Science Training Center, Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB), Porto Seguro 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Almeida Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
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State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065684. [PMID: 36982760 PMCID: PMC10057015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease.
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Moniliophthora perniciosa development: key genes involved in stress-mediated cell wall organization and autophagy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1022-1035. [PMID: 32194118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is a basidiomycete responsible for the witches' broom disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Chitin synthase (CHS), chitinase (CHIT) and autophagy (ATG) genes have been associated to stress response preceding the formation of basidiocarp. An analysis of literature mining, interactomics and gene expression was developed to identify the main proteins related to development, cell wall organization and autophagy in M. perniciosa. TORC2 complex elements were identified and were involved in the response to the nutrient starvation during the fungus development stages preceding the basidiocarp formation. This complex interacted with target proteins related to cell wall synthesis and to polarization and cell division (FKS1, CHS, CDC42, ROM2). Autolysis and autophagy processes were associated to CHIT2, ATG8 and to the TORC1 complex (TOR1 and KOG1), which is central in the upstream signalization of the stress response due to nutrient starvation and growth regulation. Other important elements that participate to steps preceding basidiocarp formation were also identified (KOG1, SSZ1, GDI1, FKS1, CCD10, CKS1, CDC42, RHO1, AVO1, BAG7). Similar gene expression patterns during fungus reproductive structure formation and when treated by rapamycin (a nutritional related-autophagy stress agent) were observed: cell division related-genes were repressed while those related to autolysis/autophagy were overexpressed.
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Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santos EC, da Silva Santiago A, Santana JO, de Sousa AO, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Proteomic analysis during of spore germination of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:176. [PMID: 28818052 PMCID: PMC5561645 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moniliophthora perniciosa is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for witches’ broom disease of cacao trees (Theobroma cacao L.). Understanding the molecular events during germination of the pathogen may enable the development of strategies for disease control in these economically important plants. In this study, we determined a comparative proteomic profile of M. perniciosa basidiospores during germination by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. Results A total of 316 proteins were identified. Molecular changes during the development of the germinative tube were identified by a hierarchical clustering analysis based on the differential accumulation of proteins. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, such as septin and kinesin, were detected only 4 h after germination (hag). A transcription factor related to biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite fumagillin, which can form hybrids with polyketides, was induced 2 hag, and polyketide synthase was observed 4 hag. The accumulation of ATP synthase, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), and catalase was validated by western blotting. Conclusions In this study, we showed variations in protein expression during the early germination stages of fungus M. perniciosa. Proteins associated with fungal filamentation, and consequently with virulence, were detected in basidiospores 4 hag., for example, septin and kinesin. We discuss these results and propose a model of the germination of fungus M. perniciosa. This research can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying basic processes of host invasion and to develop strategies for control of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1085-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Everton Cruz Santos
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
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Basso TS, Vita-Santos E, Marisco G, Pungartnik C, Brendel M. Changes in cellular infrastructure after induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in Moniliophthora perniciosa. Mycologia 2016; 108:869-881. [PMID: 27302047 DOI: 10.3852/14-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is a basidiomycete fungus that causes witches' broom disease in Theobroma cacao We analyzed the morphology and survival of fungal hyphae and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remodeling in either glucose- or glycerol-grown M. perniciosa after treatment with ER stress-inducing chemicals dithiothreitol (DTT) or tunicamycin (TM). Changes in intracellular redox potential can cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to diminished efficiency in protein folding that could in turn reduce cell survival. Such stress diminishes protein-folding efficiency that could in turn reduce cell survival. Light microscopy revealed morphological changes in hyphae after TM but not after DTT treatment, regardless of the media carbon source. Decrease in fungal survival, after both TM and DTT treatments, was dose-dependent and glycerol-grown cells showed a higher resistance to both chemicals compared to glucose-grown cells. Electron microscopy showed TM and DDT-induced ER stress in M. perniciosa as evidenced by structural alterations of the organelle. The volume of ER structures increased as a typical consequence of unfolded protein stress, and the number of autophagosomes was higher. In glycerol-grown fungus DTT treatment slightly induced expression of molecular chaperone BiP. The TM exposure-induced expression of gene MpIRE1, involved in signaling of the unfolded protein response, was higher in glycerol than glucose-grown cells. Such difference was not observable with expression of gene MpATG8, encoding a key protein in autosome formation, that was induced 1.4-fold and 1.2-fold in glucose or glycerol-grown cells, respectively. DHE-based fluorescence assay showed M. perniciosa oxidative stress induced by H2O2, and treated cells had a higher level of oxidative stress compared to control. A comprehensive study of remodeling of ER is important in understanding M. perniciosa fungus resistance to oxidative stress and its ability to implement a successful infection in T. cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Setenta Basso
- Laboratory of Biology and Fungi, Biotechnology and Genetic Center, Santa Cruz State University Rod. Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Evelyn Vita-Santos
- Laboratory of Biology and Fungi, Biotechnology and Genetic Center, Santa Cruz State University Rod. Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Gabriele Marisco
- State University of Southwest Bahia, DCN-Vitória da Conquista, Well-Wanting Road, km 4, Universitário, Vitoria da Conquista, BA, 45083-900 Brazil
| | - Cristina Pungartnik
- Laboratory of Biology and Fungi, Biotechnology and Genetic Center, Santa Cruz State University, Rod. Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900 Brazil
| | - Martin Brendel
- Laboratory of Biology and Fungi, Biotechnology and Genetic Center, Santa Cruz State University, Rod. Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900 Brazil
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Mycelial development preceding basidioma formation in Moniliophthora perniciosa is associated to chitin, sugar and nutrient metabolism alterations involving autophagy. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 86:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Melo SC, Santos RX, Melgaço AC, Pereira ACF, Pungartnik C, Brendel M. Altered Phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa SOD2 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12324-44. [PMID: 26039235 PMCID: PMC4490446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of a putative manganese superoxide dismutase gene (SOD2) of the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa complemented the phenotypes of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sod2Δ mutant. Sequence analysis of the cloned M. perniciosa cDNA revealed an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a 176 amino acid polypeptide with the typical metal-binding motifs of a SOD2 gene, named MpSOD2. Phylogenetic comparison with known manganese superoxide dismutases (MnSODs) located the protein of M. perniciosa (MpSod2p) in a clade with the basidiomycete fungi Coprinopsis cinerea and Laccaria bicolor. Haploid wild-type yeast transformants containing a single copy of MpSOD2 showed increased resistance phenotypes against oxidative stress-inducing hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, but had unaltered phenotype against ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. The same transformants exhibited high sensitivity against treatment with the pro-mutagen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) that requires oxidation to become an active mutagen/carcinogen. Absence of MpSOD2 in the yeast sod2Δ mutant led to DEN hyper-resistance while introduction of a single copy of this gene restored the yeast wild-type phenotype. The haploid yeast wild-type transformant containing two SOD2 gene copies, one from M. perniciosa and one from its own, exhibited DEN super-sensitivity. This transformant also showed enhanced growth at 37 °C on the non-fermentable carbon source lactate, indicating functional expression of MpSod2p. The pro-mutagen dihydroethidium (DHE)-based fluorescence assay monitored basal level of yeast cell oxidative stress. Compared to the wild type, the yeast sod2Δ mutant had a much higher level of intrinsic oxidative stress, which was reduced to wild type (WT) level by introduction of one copy of the MpSOD2 gene. Taken together our data indicates functional expression of MpSod2 protein in the yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sônia C Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Regineide X Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Estrada do Bem Querer, km 4, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia CEP 45083-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana C Melgaço
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Alanna C F Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pungartnik
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Martin Brendel
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
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Barau J, Grandis A, Carvalho VMDA, Teixeira GS, Zaparoli GHA, do Rio MCS, Rincones J, Buckeridge MS, Pereira GAG. Apoplastic and intracellular plant sugars regulate developmental transitions in witches' broom disease of cacao. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1325-37. [PMID: 25540440 PMCID: PMC4339597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease (WBD) of cacao differs from other typical hemibiotrophic plant diseases by its unusually long biotrophic phase. Plant carbon sources have been proposed to regulate WBD developmental transitions; however, nothing is known about their availability at the plant-fungus interface, the apoplastic fluid of cacao. Data are provided supporting a role for the dynamics of soluble carbon in the apoplastic fluid in prompting the end of the biotrophic phase of infection. Carbon depletion and the consequent fungal sensing of starvation were identified as key signalling factors at the apoplast. MpNEP2, a fungal effector of host necrosis, was found to be up-regulated in an autophagic-like response to carbon starvation in vitro. In addition, the in vivo artificial manipulation of carbon availability in the apoplastic fluid considerably modulated both its expression and plant necrosis rate. Strikingly, infected cacao tissues accumulated intracellular hexoses, and showed stunted photosynthesis and the up-regulation of senescence markers immediately prior to the transition to the necrotrophic phase. These opposite findings of carbon depletion and accumulation in different host cell compartments are discussed within the frame of WBD development. A model is suggested to explain phase transition as a synergic outcome of fungal-related factors released upon sensing of extracellular carbon starvation, and an early senescence of infected tissues probably triggered by intracellular sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Barau
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Adriana Grandis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, CP 11461, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo-SP, CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Miessler de Andrade Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Silva Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Alcalá Zaparoli
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Scatolin do Rio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Johana Rincones
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira Buckeridge
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Ecológica de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, CP 11461, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo-SP, CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, CP 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPDT, Reis O, do Prado PFV, do Rio MCS, Fiorin GL, José J, Costa GGL, Negri VA, Mondego JMC, Mieczkowski P, Pereira GAG. High-resolution transcript profiling of the atypical biotrophic interaction between Theobroma cacao and the fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4245-69. [PMID: 25371547 PMCID: PMC4277218 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease (WBD), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most devastating diseases of Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree. In contrast to other hemibiotrophic interactions, the WBD biotrophic stage lasts for months and is responsible for the most distinctive symptoms of the disease, which comprise drastic morphological changes in the infected shoots. Here, we used the dual RNA-seq approach to simultaneously assess the transcriptomes of cacao and M. perniciosa during their peculiar biotrophic interaction. Infection with M. perniciosa triggers massive metabolic reprogramming in the diseased tissues. Although apparently vigorous, the infected shoots are energetically expensive structures characterized by the induction of ineffective defense responses and by a clear carbon deprivation signature. Remarkably, the infection culminates in the establishment of a senescence process in the host, which signals the end of the WBD biotrophic stage. We analyzed the pathogen's transcriptome in unprecedented detail and thereby characterized the fungal nutritional and infection strategies during WBD and identified putative virulence effectors. Interestingly, M. perniciosa biotrophic mycelia develop as long-term parasites that orchestrate changes in plant metabolism to increase the availability of soluble nutrients before plant death. Collectively, our results provide unique insight into an intriguing tropical disease and advance our understanding of the development of (hemi)biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paula Favoretti Vital do Prado
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Scatolin do Rio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lorencini Fiorin
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Victor Augusti Negri
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge Maurício Costa Mondego
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas SP 13001-970, Brazil
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Role of macroautophagy in nutrient homeostasis during fungal development and pathogenesis. Cells 2012; 1:449-63. [PMID: 24710485 PMCID: PMC3901100 DOI: 10.3390/cells1030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a non-selective, bulk degradation process conserved in eukaryotes. Response to starvation stress and/or regulation of nutrient breakdown/utilization is the major intracellular function of macroautophagy. Recent studies have revealed requirement for autophagy in diverse functions such as nutrient homeostasis, organelle degradation and programmed cell death in filamentous fungal pathogens, for proper morphogenesis and differentiation during critical steps of infection. In this review, we aim to summarize the physiological functions of autophagy in fungal virulence, with an emphasis on nutrient homeostasis in opportunistic human fungal pathogens and in the rice-blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. We briefly summarize the role of autophagy on the host side: for resistance to, or subversion by, the pathogens.
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Stone CL, McMahon MB, Fortis LL, Nuñez A, Smythers GW, Luster DG, Frederick RD. Gene expression and proteomic analysis of the formation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi appressoria. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:269. [PMID: 22727213 PMCID: PMC3431228 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligate fungal pathogen causing Asian soybean rust (ASR). A dual approach was taken to examine the molecular and biochemical processes occurring during the development of appressoria, specialized infection structures by which P. pachyrhizi invades a host plant. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was utilized to generate a cDNA library enriched for transcripts expressed during appressoria formation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy analysis were used to generate a partial proteome of proteins present during appressoria formation. RESULTS Sequence analysis of 1133 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) revealed 238 non-redundant ESTs, of which 53% had putative identities assigned. Twenty-nine of the non-redundant ESTs were found to be specific to the appressoria-enriched cDNA library, and did not occur in a previously constructed germinated urediniospore cDNA library. Analysis of proteins against a custom database of the appressoria-enriched ESTs plus Basidiomycota EST sequences available from NCBI revealed 256 proteins. Fifty-nine of these proteins were not previously identified in a partial proteome of P. pachyrhizi germinated urediniospores. Genes and proteins identified fell into functional categories of metabolism, cell cycle and DNA processing, protein fate, cellular transport, cellular communication and signal transduction, and cell rescue. However, 38% of ESTs and 24% of proteins matched only to hypothetical proteins of unknown function, or showed no similarity to sequences in the current NCBI database. Three novel Phakopsora genes were identified from the cDNA library along with six potentially rust-specific genes. Protein analysis revealed eight proteins of unknown function, which possessed classic secretion signals. Two of the extracellular proteins are reported as potential effector proteins. CONCLUSIONS Several genes and proteins were identified that are expressed in P. pachyrhizi during appressoria formation. Understanding the role that these genes and proteins play in the molecular and biochemical processes in the infection process may provide insight for developing targeted control measures and novel methods of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Stone
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael B McMahon
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Laurie L Fortis
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
- Present address: USDA-National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Institute of Bioenergy, Climate, and Environment, 3245 Waterfront Centre, 800 9th Street, Southwest, Washington, District of Columbia, 20024, USA
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gary W Smythers
- National Cancer Institute, Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Building 430, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Douglas G Luster
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Reid D Frederick
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, 1301 Ditto Avenue, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
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Caribé dos Santos AC, Sena JAL, Santos SC, Dias CV, Pirovani CP, Pungartnik C, Valle RR, Cascardo JCM, Vincentz M. dsRNA-induced gene silencing in Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:825-36. [PMID: 19602443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa revealed genes possibly participating in the RNAi machinery. Therefore, studies were performed in order to investigate the efficiency of gene silencing by dsRNA. We showed that the reporter gfp gene stably introduced into the fungus genome can be silenced by transfection of in vitro synthesized gfpdsRNA. In addition, successful dsRNA-induced silencing of endogenous genes coding for hydrophobins and a peroxiredoxin were also achieved. All genes showed a silencing efficiency ranging from 18% to 98% when compared to controls even 28d after dsRNA treatment, suggesting systemic silencing. Reduction of GFP fluorescence, peroxidase activity levels and survival responses to H(2)O(2) were consistent with the reduction of GFP and peroxidase mRNA levels, respectively. dsRNA transformation of M. perniciosa is shown here to efficiently promote genetic knockdown and can thus be used to assess gene function in this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Caribé dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus - Itabuna, Km 16, CEP 45662-000 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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