1
|
Shen ZF, Li L, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Klionsky DJ, Lin FC. Current opinions on mitophagy in fungi. Autophagy 2023; 19:747-757. [PMID: 35793406 PMCID: PMC9980689 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2098452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy, as one of the most important cellular processes to ensure quality control of mitochondria, aims at transporting damaged, aging, dysfunctional or excess mitochondria to vacuoles (plants and fungi) or lysosomes (mammals) for degradation and recycling. The normal functioning of mitophagy is critical for cellular homeostasis from yeasts to humans. Although the role of mitophagy has been well studied in mammalian cells and in certain model organisms, especially the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, our understanding of its significance in other fungi, particularly in pathogenic filamentous fungi, is still at the preliminary stage. Recent studies have shown that mitophagy plays a vital role in spore production, vegetative growth and virulence of pathogenic fungi, which are very different from its roles in mammal and yeast. In this review, we summarize the functions of mitophagy for mitochondrial quality and quantity control, fungal growth and pathogenesis that have been reported in the field of molecular biology over the past two decades. These findings may help researchers and readers to better understand the multiple functions of mitophagy and provide new perspectives for the study of mitophagy in fungal pathogenesis.Abbreviations: AIM/LIR: Atg8-family interacting motif/LC3-interacting region; BAR: Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; CK2: casein kinase 2; Cvt: cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; mETC: mitochondrial electron transport chain; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PD: Parkinson disease; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PX: Phox homology; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TM: transmembrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Zhu M, Liu Y, Yang L, Yang J. Aoatg11 and Aoatg33 are indispensable for mitophagy, and contribute to conidiation, the stress response, and pathogenicity in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
3
|
Cephalosporin C biosynthesis and fermentation in Acremonium chrysogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6413-6426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Zhang J, Wang YY, Pan ZQ, Li Y, Sui J, Du LL, Ye K. Structural mechanism of protein recognition by the FW domain of autophagy receptor Nbr1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3650. [PMID: 35752625 PMCID: PMC9233695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neighbor of BRCA1 (Nbr1) is a conserved autophagy receptor that provides cargo selectivity to autophagy. The four-tryptophan (FW) domain is a signature domain of Nbr1, but its exact function remains unclear. Here, we show that Nbr1 from the filamentous fungus Chaetomium thermophilum uses its FW domain to bind the α-mannosidase Ams1, a cargo of selective autophagy in both budding yeast and fission yeast, and delivers Ams1 to the vacuole by conventional autophagy in heterologous fission yeast. The structure of the Ams1-FW complex was determined at 2.2 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. The FW domain adopts an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich structure and recognizes the quaternary structure of the Ams1 tetramer. Notably, the N-terminal di-glycine of Ams1 is specifically recognized by a conserved pocket of the FW domain. The FW domain becomes degenerated in fission yeast Nbr1, which binds Ams1 with a ZZ domain instead. Our findings illustrate the protein binding mode of the FW domain and reveal the versatility of Nbr1-mediated cargo recognition. Nbr1 recognizes cargos in selective autophagy. Here, authors show filamentous yeast Nbr1 binds Ams1 via an FW domain, and the cryo-EM structure reveals that Nbr1 recognizes the N-terminal di-glycine and tetrameric assembly of Ams1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Pan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yulu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Keqiong Ye
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang L, Zhu G, Han J, Hou C, Zhang X, Wang Z, Yuan W, Lv K, Cong Z, Wang X, Chen X, Karthik L, Yang H, Wang X, Tan G, Liu G, Zhao L, Xia X, Liu X, Gao S, Ma L, Liu M, Ren B, Dai H, Quinn RJ, Hsiang T, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu X. Genome-guided investigation of anti-inflammatory sesterterpenoids with 5-15 trans-fused ring system from phytopathogenic fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5407-5417. [PMID: 34155529 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal terpenoids catalyzed by bifunctional terpene synthases (BFTSs) possess interesting bioactive and chemical properties. In this study, an integrated approach of genome mining, heterologous expression, and in vitro enzymatic activity assay was used, and these identified a unique BFTS sub-clade critical to the formation of a 5-15 trans-fused bicyclic sesterterpene preterpestacin I (1). The 5-15 bicyclic BFTS gene clusters were highly conserved but showed relatively wide phylogenetic distribution across several species of the diverged fungal classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. Further genomic organization analysis of these homologous biosynthetic gene clusters from this clade revealed a glycosyltransferase from the graminaceous pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana isolate BS11134, which was absent in other 5-15 bicyclic BFTS gene clusters. Targeted isolation guided by BFTS gene deletion led to the identification of two new sesterterpenoids (4, and 6) from BS11134. Compounds 2 and 4 showed moderate effects on LPS-induced nitrous oxide production in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7 with in vitro inhibition rates of 36.6 ± 2.4% and 24.9 ± 2.1% at 10 μM, respectively. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of these identified compounds was proposed as well. This work revealed that phytopathogenic fungi can serve as important sources of active terpenoids via systematic analysis of the genomic organization of BFTS biosynthetic gene clusters, their phylogenetic distribution in fungi, and cyclization properties of their metabolic products. KEY POINTS: • Genome mining of the first BFTS BGC harboring a glycosyltransferase. • Gene-deletion guided isolation revealed three novel 5-15 bicyclic sesterterpenoids. • Biosynthetic pathway of isolated sesterterpenoids was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jianying Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Chengjian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weize Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kangjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhanren Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Loganathan Karthik
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Huanting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Gaoyi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Liya Zhao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Shushan Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huanqin Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Navarro-Espíndola R, Suaste-Olmos F, Peraza-Reyes L. Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E302. [PMID: 33233491 PMCID: PMC7711908 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are organelles that perform major functions in the cell and whose activity is very closely associated. In fungi, the function of these organelles is critical for many developmental processes. Recent studies have disclosed that, additionally, fungal development comprises a dynamic regulation of the activity of these organelles, which involves a developmental regulation of organelle assembly, as well as a dynamic modulation of the abundance, distribution, and morphology of these organelles. Furthermore, for many of these processes, the dynamics of peroxisomes and mitochondria are governed by common factors. Notably, intense research has revealed that the process that drives the division of mitochondria and peroxisomes contributes to several developmental processes-including the formation of asexual spores, the differentiation of infective structures by pathogenic fungi, and sexual development-and that these processes rely on selective removal of these organelles via autophagy. Furthermore, evidence has been obtained suggesting a coordinated regulation of organelle assembly and dynamics during development and supporting the existence of regulatory systems controlling fungal development in response to mitochondrial activity. Gathered information underscores an important role for mitochondrial and peroxisome dynamics in fungal development and suggests that this process involves the concerted activity of these organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.N.-E.); (F.S.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martín JF. Transport systems, intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of β-lactam antibiotics in fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32351700 PMCID: PMC7183595 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are synthesized by complex biosynthetic pathways catalized by enzymes located in different subcellular compartments, thus requiring traffic of precursors and intermediates between them. The β-lactam antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin C serve as an excellent model to understand the molecular mechanisms that control the subcellular localization of secondary metabolites biosynthetic enzymes. Optimal functioning of the β-lactam biosynthetic enzymes relies on a sophisticated temporal and spatial organization of the enzymes, the intermediates and the final products. The first and second enzymes of the penicillin pathway, ACV synthetase and IPN synthase, in Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans are cytosolic. In contrast, the last two enzymes of the penicillin pathway, phenylacetyl-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, are located in peroxisomes working as a tandem at their optimal pH that coincides with the peroxisomes pH. Two MFS transporters, PenM and PaaT have been found to be involved in the import of the intermediates isopenicillin N and phenylacetic acid, respectively, into peroxisomes. Similar compartmentalization of intermediates occurs in Acremonium chrysogenum; two enzymes isopenicillin N-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N-CoA epimerase, that catalyse the conversion of isopenicillin N in penicillin N, are located in peroxisomes. Two genes encoding MFS transporters, cefP and cefM, are located in the early cephalosporin gene cluster. These transporters have been localized in peroxisomes by confocal fluorescence microscopy. A third gene of A. chrysogenum, cefT, encodes an MFS protein, located in the cell membrane involved in the secretion of cephalosporin C, although cefT-disrupted mutants are still able to export cephalosporin by redundant transporters. The secretion of penicillin from peroxisomes to the extracellular medium is still unclear. Attempts have been made to identify a gene encoding the penicillin secretion protein among the 48 ABC-transporters of P. chrysogenum. The highly efficient secretion system that exports penicillin against a concentration gradient may involve active penicillin extrusion systems mediated by vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane. However, there is no correlation of pexophagy with penicillin or cephalosporin formation since inactivation of pexophagy leads to increased penicillin or cephalosporin biosynthesis due to preservation of peroxisomes. The penicillin biosynthesis finding shows that in order to increase biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites it is essential to adequately target enzymes to organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen C, Liu J, Duan C, Pan Y, Liu G. Improvement of the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene disruption and large DNA fragment deletion based on a chimeric promoter in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 134:103279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Chen C, He J, Gao W, Wei Y, Liu G. Identification and Characterization of an Autophagy-Related Gene Acatg12 in Acremonium chrysogenum. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:545-551. [PMID: 30899986 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism to overcome various stresses and recycle cytoplasmic components and organelles. Ubiquitin-like (UBL) protein Atg12 is a key protein involved in autophagosome formation through stimulation of Atg8 conjugation to phosphatidylethanolamine. Here, we describe the identification of the autophagy-related gene Acatg12, encoding an Atg12 homologous protein in the cephalosporin C producing fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. Disruption of Acatg12 impaired the delivery and degradation of eGFP-Atg8, indicating that the autophagic process was blocked. Meanwhile, conidiation was dramatically reduced in the Acatg12 disruption mutant (∆Acatg12). In contrast, cephalosporin C production was increased twofold in ∆Acatg12, but fungal growth was reduced after 6 days fermentation. Consistent with these results, the transcriptional level of the cephalosporin biosynthetic genes was increased in ∆Acatg12. The results extend our understanding of autophagy in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100,101, China.,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100864, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100,101, China
| | - Yanmin Wei
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100,101, China. .,The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100864, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li H, Hu P, Wang Y, Pan Y, Liu G. Enhancing the production of cephalosporin C through modulating the autophagic process of Acremonium chrysogenum. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:175. [PMID: 30424777 PMCID: PMC6233533 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is used for degradation of cellular components and nutrient recycling. Atg8 is one of the core proteins in autophagy and used as a marker for autophagic detection. However, the autophagy of filamentous fungi is poorly understood compared with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our previous study revealed that disruption of the autophagy related gene Acatg1 significantly enhanced cephalosporin C yield through reducing degradation of cephalosporin biosynthetic proteins in Acremonium chrysogenum, suggesting that modulation of autophagic process is one promising way to increase antibiotic production in A. chrysogenum. Results In this study, a S. cerevisiae ATG8 homologue gene Acatg8 was identified from A. chrysogenum. Acatg8 could complement the ATG8 mutation in S. cerevisiae, indicating that Acatg8 is a functional homologue of ATG8. Microscope observation demonstrated the fluorescently labeled AcAtg8 was localized in the cytoplasm and autophagosome of A. chrysogenum, and the expression of Acatg8 was induced by nutrient starvation. Gene disruption and genetic complementation revealed that Acatg8 is essential for autophagosome formation. Disruption of Acatg8 significantly reduced fungal conidiation and delayed conidial germination. Localization of GFP-AcAtg8 implied that autophagy is involved in the early phase of conidial germination. Similar to Acatg1, disruption of Acatg8 remarkably enhanced cephalosporin C yield. The cephalosporin C biosynthetic enzymes (isopenicillin N synthase PcbC and isopenicillin N epimerase CefD2) and peroxisomes were accumulated in the Acatg8 disruption mutant (∆Acatg8), which might be the main reasons for the enhancement of cephalosporin C production. However, the biomass of ΔAcatg8 decreased drastically at the late stage of fermentation, suggesting that autophagy is critical for A. chrysogenum cell survival under nutrition deprived condition. Disruption of Acatg8 also resulted in accumulation of mitochondria, which might produce more reactive oxygen species (ROS) which promotes fungal death. However, the premature death is unfavorable for cephalosporin C production. To solve this problem, a plasmid containing Acatg8 under control of the xylose/xylan-inducible promoter was introduced into ∆Acatg8. Conidiation and growth of the recombinant strain restored to the wild-type level in the medium supplemented with xylose, while the cephalosporin C production maintained at a high level even prolonged fermentation. Conclusions Our results demonstrated inducible expression of Acatg8 and disruption of Acatg8 remarkably increased cephalosporin C production. This study provides a promising approach for yield improvement of cephalosporin C in A. chrysogenum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1021-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding JL, Peng YJ, Chu XL, Feng MG, Ying SH. Autophagy-related gene BbATG11 is indispensable for pexophagy and mitophagy, and contributes to stress response, conidiation and virulence in the insect mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3309-3324. [PMID: 30058280 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved degradation system in eukaryotic cells that includes non-selective and selective processes. Selective autophagy functions as a selective degradation mechanism for specific substrates in which autophagy-related protein 11 (ATG11) acts as an essential scaffold protein. In B. bassiana, there is a unique ATG11 family protein, which is designated as BbATG11. Disruption of BbATG11 resulted in significantly reduced conidial germination under starvation stress. The mutant ΔBbATG11 displayed enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress and impaired asexual reproduction. The conidial yield was reduced by approximately 75%, and this defective phenotype could be repressed by increasing exogenous nutrients. The virulence of the ΔBbATG11 mutant strain was significantly impaired as indicated in topical and intra-hemocoel injection bioassays, with a greater reduction in topical infection. Notably, BbATG11 was involved in pexophagy and mitophagy, but these two autophagic processes appeared in different fungal physiological aspects. Both pexophagy and mitophagy were associated with nutrient shift, starvation stress and growth in the host hemocoel, but only pexophagy appeared in both oxidation-stressed cells and aerial mycelia. This study highlights that BbATG11 mediates pexophagy and mitophagy in B. bassiana and links selective autophagy to the fungal stress response, conidiation and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Ding
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yue-Jin Peng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Ling Chu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Y, Hu P, Li H, Wang Y, Long LK, Li K, Zhang X, Pan Y, Liu G. A Myb transcription factor represses conidiation and cephalosporin C production in Acremonium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 118:1-9. [PMID: 29870835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acremonium chrysogenum is the industrial producer of cephalosporin C (CPC). We isolated a mutant (AC554) from a T-DNA inserted mutant library of A. chrysogenum. AC554 exhibited a reduced conidiation and lack of CPC production. In consistent with it, the transcription of cephalosporin biosynthetic genes pcbC and cefEF was significantly decreased in AC554. Thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) was performed and sequence analysis indicated that a T-DNA was inserted upstream of an open reading frame (ORF) which was designated AcmybA. On the basis of sequence analysis, AcmybA encodes a Myb domain containing transcriptional factor. Observation of red fluorescent protein (RFP) tagged AcMybA showed that AcMybA is naturally located in the nucleus of A. chrysogenum. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that the AcmybA transcription was increased in AC554. In contrast, the AcmybA deleted mutant (ΔAcmybA) overproduced conidia and CPC. To screen the targets of AcmybA, we sequenced and compared the transcriptome of ΔAcmybA, AC554 and the wild-type strain at different developmental stages. Twelve differentially expressed regulatory genes were identified. Taken together, our results indicate that AcMybA negatively regulates conidiation and CPC production in A. chrysogenum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang-Kun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Inducible promoters and functional genomic approaches for the genetic engineering of filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6357-6372. [PMID: 29860590 PMCID: PMC6061484 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In industry, filamentous fungi have a prominent position as producers of economically relevant primary or secondary metabolites. Particularly, the advent of genetic engineering of filamentous fungi has led to a growing number of molecular tools to adopt filamentous fungi for biotechnical applications. Here, we summarize recent developments in fungal biology, where fungal host systems were genetically manipulated for optimal industrial applications. Firstly, available inducible promoter systems depending on carbon sources are mentioned together with various adaptations of the Tet-Off and Tet-On systems for use in different industrial fungal host systems. Subsequently, we summarize representative examples, where diverse expression systems were used for the production of heterologous products, including proteins from mammalian systems. In addition, the progressing usage of genomics and functional genomics data for strain improvement strategies are addressed, for the identification of biosynthesis genes and their related metabolic pathways. Functional genomic data are further used to decipher genomic differences between wild-type and high-production strains, in order to optimize endogenous metabolic pathways that lead to the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant end products. Lastly, we discuss how molecular data sets can be used to modify products for optimized applications.
Collapse
|