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Li J, Yu L, Liang Y, Lan B, Chen Y, Wang Q, Wu Z. Chemical analysis of different parts from agarwood columns by artificially agarwood-inducing method based on GC-MS and UPLC-TOF-MS. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106156. [PMID: 39084568 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Agarwood is resin-containing wood produced by plants that have been injured. It is widely used in herbal medicine, incense, decorative items, and so on. In this study, we conducted resin area statistical analysis, determined starch particle and reducing sugar contents, and performed multivariate statistical analysis of chemical composition by GC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to explore the different components in sections cut from an agarwood column, designated as A1-A4. The results showed that after stimulation by Agar-Bit inducer, the internal phloem parenchyma cells of the column started to form agarwood, and then starch granules were converted into soluble reducing sugars and agarwood resin. Section A1 showed rapid loss of starch granules, resulting in higher contents of reducing sugars and resin. The resin areas of agarwood in the respective sections were different, gradually decreasing on going from A1 to A4. Total numbers of metabolites of 87 and 63 were identified by GC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, respectively. Of these, 10 and 16 metabolites with significant differences (variable importance projection >1) were selected through multivariate statistical analysis. These metabolites included chromones, sesquiterpenes, alkanes, and fatty acids. Among them, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone were significant markers detected by both GC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, which may be essential substances responsible for differences in the agarwood-forming capacities of the cut sections. In conclusion, there has been limited research on the different agarwood-forming capacities of agarwood columns. Here, we explored the differences in various sections of agarwood through chemical analysis to provide a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of its constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Liangwen Yu
- Dongguan Research Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523007, China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Guangdong Yunfu Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Yunfu, Guangdong 527300, China.
| | - Youcheng Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Baoheng Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yingting Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zeqing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Huang XL, Zhou YT, Yan YM, Cheng YX. Sesquiterpenoid-Chromone Heterohybrids from Agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis as Potent Specific Smad3 Phosphorylation Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7643-7648. [PMID: 35658440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquilarines A (1) and B (2), two unprecedented sesquiterpenoid-chromone heterohybrids, were isolated from Aquilaria sinensis agarwood. 1 is an alkaloid featuring an unusual pyridine nucleus, and 2 possesses a rare sesquiterpenoid-chromone skeleton via a C-C bond. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 and 2 was proposed. Both 1 and 2 could significantly inhibit the expression of extracellular matrix components, and α-SMA at low concentrations in TGF-β1 induced two types of kidney cells (NRK 52E and NRK 49F) featuring selective inhibition of Smad3 instead of Smad2 phosphorylation, showing their potential in renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Huang
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ye-Ting Zhou
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.,School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, PR China
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Baldovini N. The Chemistry of Agarwood Odorants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 118:47-100. [PMID: 35416517 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92030-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemistry of the fragrant infected heartwood of Aquilaria and Gyrinops species, agarwood (oud), is critically reviewed, highlighting the use of this remarkable natural raw material in perfumery. The chemistry of the two main groups of constituents of agarwood (sesquiterpenoids and chromones) is discussed, focusing particularly on the former structural type. The identities of the main key odorants of agarwood essential oil and of the smoke produced by heating the wood of agarwood are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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Yuan JZ, Yang YL, Li W, Yang L, Dai HF, Mándi A, Cai CH, Chen HQ, Dong WH, Kurtán T, Mei WL, Wang H. Zizaane-Type Sesquiterpenoids and Their Rearranged Derivatives from Agarwood of an Aquilaria Plant. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010198. [PMID: 35011431 PMCID: PMC8746309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine new sesquiterpenoids (1–9) were isolated from ethyl ether extract of agarwood originated from Aquilaria sp., including three novel sesquiterpenoids (1–3) derived from zizaane, together with six zizaane-type sesquiterpenoids (4–9). All structures were unambiguously elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR spectra as well as by HRESIMS data. The absolute configuration of sesquiterpenoids was determined by comparison of the experimental and computed ECD spectra. In vitro anti-inflammatory assessment showed that compound 9 exhibited inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 62.22 ± 1.27 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhe Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Li Yang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Cai-Hong Cai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Hui-Qin Chen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
- Correspondence: (W.-L.M.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-898-66987529 (W.-L.M.); +86-898-66988061 (H.W.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.Y.); (W.L.); (L.Y.); (H.-F.D.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Q.C.); (W.-H.D.)
- Correspondence: (W.-L.M.); (H.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-898-66987529 (W.-L.M.); +86-898-66988061 (H.W.)
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Yao C, Qi L, Zhong F, Li N, Ma Y. An integrated chemical characterization based on FT-NIR, GC-MS and LC-MS for the comparative metabolite profiling of wild and cultivated agarwood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123056. [PMID: 34871920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood is a well-known and precious traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely applied as drugs and spices for century. The large demand for this material has deeply stimulated the emergence of numerous cultivated products. However, it is difficult to distinguish wild agarwood from cultivated agarwood, and the chemical composition difference between them is not clear. In this study, an integrated method of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS) was developed to explore chemical variation between wild and cultivated agarwood in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. Twenty-four wild and cultivated agarwood samples were collected from different regions. FT-NIR profiles were used to obtain the holistic metabolic characterization in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). A total of seventy-six and seventy-nine metabolites, including volatile components and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones derivatives, were successfully identified by GC-MS and UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, respectively. Thereafter, the orthogonal-partial least square method-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable importance in the projection (VIP) were used to screen potential characteristic chemical components (VIP > 1) in wild and cultivated agarwood, respectively. Finally, eight key chemical markers were putatively identified by two techniques to distinguish agarwood from different origins, which can be found that sesquiterpenes, aromatics, terpenoids, 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones of the flidersia type (FTPECs) and tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (THPECs) are the most important metabolites. Summary, this research presented a comprehensive metabolomic variation between wild and cultivated agarwood on the basis of a multi-technology platform, which laid a foundation for distinguishing the two ecotypes of agarwood and was conducive to the quality control of this resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Luming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Furong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuntong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Rauscher N, Næsborg L, Jandl C, Bach T. Concise Total Synthesis of Agarozizanol B via a Strained Photocascade Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rauscher
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität München School of Natural Sciences Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85747 Garching Germany
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Rauscher N, Næsborg L, Jandl C, Bach T. Concise Total Synthesis of Agarozizanol B via a Strained Photocascade Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24039-24042. [PMID: 34519408 PMCID: PMC8596452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prezizane-type sesquiterpene agarozizanol B was synthesized employing a photochemical cascade reaction as the key step. Starting from a readily available 1-indanone with a tethered olefin, a strained tetracyclic skeleton was assembled which contained all carbon atoms of the sesquiterpene with the correct relative configuration. The conversion into the tricyclic prezizane skeleton was accomplished by a strategic cyclopropane bond cleavage. Prior to the cyclopropane ring opening an adaption of the oxidation state was required, which could be combined with a reductive resolution step. After removal of two functional groups, the natural product was obtained both in racemic form or, if resolved, as the (+)-enantiomer which was shown to be identical to the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Rauscher
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Line Næsborg
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Technische Universität MünchenSchool of Natural SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
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Li W, Chen HQ, Wang H, Mei WL, Dai HF. Natural products in agarwood and Aquilaria plants: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:528-565. [PMID: 32990292 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to the end of 2019.Agarwood is a resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, which is formed in response to environmental stress factors such as physical injury or microbial attack. It is very sought-after among the natural incenses, as well as for its medicinal properties in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Interestingly, the chemical constituents of agarwood and healthy Aquilaria trees are quite different. Sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenethyl)chromones with diverse scaffolds commonly accumulate in agarwood. Similar structures have rarely been reported from the original trees that mainly contain flavonoids, benzophenones, xanthones, lignans, simple phenolic compounds, megastigmanes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and biological activities both in agarwood and Aquilaria trees, and their biosynthesis is discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the research progress on agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
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Li W, Yang YL, Yang L, Wang H, Dong WH, Cai CH, Yuan JZ, Jiang B, Mei WL, Dai HF. New sesquiterpenoids bearing 11-methyl ester group of agarwood. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104557. [PMID: 32198109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Five new sesquiterpenoids (1-5), together with a known compound 6 was isolated from ethyl ether extract of agarwood. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR), as well as by comparison with literature data. Compound 5 exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase with inhibition ratio of 48.33 ± 0.17% at the concentration of 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- Dali University Pharmacy and Chemistry College, Dali 671000, China
| | - Li Yang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Cai-Hong Cai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing-Zhe Yuan
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bei Jiang
- Dali University Pharmacy and Chemistry College, Dali 671000, China
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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