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Noleto-Dias C, Farag MA, Porzel A, Tavares JF, Wessjohann LA. A multiplex approach of MS, 1D-, and 2D-NMR metabolomics in plant ontogeny: A case study on Clusia minor L. organs (leaf, flower, fruit, and seed). Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:445-468. [PMID: 38069552 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genus Clusia L. is mostly recognised for the production of prenylated benzophenones and tocotrienol derivatives. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to map metabolome variation within Clusia minor organs at different developmental stages. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total 15 organs/stages (leaf, flower, fruit, and seed) were analysed by UPLC-MS and 1H- and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC)-NMR-based metabolomics. RESULTS This work led to the assignment of 46 metabolites, belonging to organic acids(1), sugars(2) phenolic acids(1), flavonoids(3) prenylated xanthones(1) benzophenones(4) and tocotrienols(2). Multivariate data analyses explained the variability and classification of samples, highlighting chemical markers that discriminate each organ/stage. Leaves were found to be rich in 5-hydroxy-8-methyltocotrienol (8.5 μg/mg f.w.), while flowers were abundant in the polyprenylated benzophenone nemorosone with maximum level detected in the fully mature flower bud (43 μg/mg f.w.). Nemorosone and 5-hydroxy tocotrienoloic acid were isolated from FL6 for full structural characterisation. This is the first report of the NMR assignments of 5-hydroxy tocotrienoloic acid, and its maximum level was detected in the mature fruit at 50 μg/mg f.w. Seeds as typical storage organ were rich in sugars and omega-6 fatty acids. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a comparative 1D-/2D-NMR approach to assess compositional differences in ontogeny studies compared with LC-MS exemplified by Clusia organs. Results derived from this study provide better understanding of the stages at which maximal production of natural compounds occur and elucidate in which developmental stages the enzymes responsible for the production of such metabolites are preferentially expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Noleto-Dias
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Zhang T, Bandero V, Corcoran C, Obaidi I, Ruether M, O'Brien J, O'Driscoll L, Frankish N, Sheridan H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel bioactive indane scaffold 2-(diphenylmethylene)c-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one with potential anticancer activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106529. [PMID: 37459901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, designing of privileged structures has emerged as a useful approach to the discovery and optimisation of novel biologically active molecules, and many have been successfully exploited across and within different target families. Examples include indole, quinolone, isoquinoline, benzofuran and chromone, etc. In the current study, we focus on synthesising a novel hybrid scaffold constituting naturally occurring benzophenone (14) and indanone (22) ring systems, leading to a general structure of 2-(diphenylmethylene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (23). It was hypothesised this new hybrid system would provide enhanced anti-cancer activity owing to the presence of the common features associated with the tubulin binding small molecule indanocine (10) and the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist tamoxifen (24). Key hybrid molecules were successfully synthesised and characterised, and the in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed against cancer cell lines: MCF7 (breast) and SKBR3 (breast), DU145 (prostate) and A549 (lung). The methyl-, chloro- and methoxy-, para-substituted benzophenone hybrids displayed the greatest degree of cytotoxicity and the E-configuration derivatives 45, 47 and 49 being significantly most potent. We further verified that the second benzyl moiety of this novel hybrid scaffold is fundamental to enhance the cytotoxicity, especially in the SKBR3 (HER2+) by the E-methyl lead molecule 47, MCF7 (ER+) by 45 and 49, and A549 (NSCLC) cell lines by 49. These hybrid molecules also showed a significant accumulation of SKBR3 cells at S-phase of the cell cycle after 72 hrs, which demonstrates besides of being cytotoxic in vitro against SKBR3 cells, 47 disturbs the replication and development of this type of cancer causing a dose-dependent cell cycle arrest at S-phase. Our results suggest that DNA damage might be involved in the induction of SKBR3 cell death caused by the hybrid molecules, and therefore, this novel system may be an effective suppressor of HER2+/Neu-driven cancer growth and progression. The present study points to potential structural optimisation of the series and encourages further focussed investigation of analogues of this scaffold series toward their applications in cancer chemoprevention or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 ADY7, Ireland; The Trinity Centre for Natural Products Research (NatPro), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland; Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Vilmar Bandero
- Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Claire Corcoran
- Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Ismael Obaidi
- The Trinity Centre for Natural Products Research (NatPro), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland; College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Manuel Ruether
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - John O'Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Neil Frankish
- Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
| | - Helen Sheridan
- The Trinity Centre for Natural Products Research (NatPro), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland; Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland.
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