Butyrate decreases Campylobacter jejuni motility and biofilm partially through influence on LysR expression

A single nucleotide polymorphism produces different transcription profiles in Campylobacter jejuni's cysM

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 126 bp untranslated region (UTR) directly upstream of Campylobacter jejuni's cysM (cysteine synthase) results in significant effects on gene transcription. UTR sequences, containing the predicted promoter region of cysM, from 264 different strains were compared, and revealed a SNP twenty nucleotides upstream of the cysM translation start site. In 219 strains the UTR sequence contained a guanine at this locus, and the remaining 45 strains had an adenine at the same position. Strains possessing the guanine SNP showed higher amounts of cysM transcripts compared to adenine SNP strains. When both UTR regions were cloned upstream of the major flagellar subunit (flaA) the guanine SNP UTR resulted in significantly greater levels of flaA transcription compared to the adenine SNP containing UTR. Additionally, when the UTR containing the guanine SNP was fused to flaA, motility was restored for a flaAB null mutant. Motility was not rescued initially when flaA was fused to the UTR containing the adenine SNP UTR. However, when the flaAB null mutant, containing a copy of flaA fused to the adenine-containing UTR, was incubated in Brucella broth for a minimum of two consecutive passages each lasting 48 h, transcription of flaA increased and motility was restored. Additional analysis of the flaA mRNA produced by the strain containing the adenine SNP UTR fused to flaA grown in Brucella broth versus agar suggests that the effects on motility occurred through blocking of full-length mRNA production.

Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes Campylobacter jejuni Infection by Escalating Intestinal Inflammation, Epithelial Damage, and Barrier Disruption

The interactions between Campylobacter jejuni , a critical foodborne cause of gastroenteritis, and the intestinal microbiota during infection are not completely understood. The crosstalk between C. jejuni and its host is impacted by the gut microbiota through mechanisms of competitive exclusion, microbial metabolites, or immune response. To investigate the role of gut microbiota on C. jejuni pathogenesis, we examined campylobacteriosis in the IL10KO mouse model, which was characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of intestinal proteobacteria, E. coli , and inflammatory cytokines during C. jejuni infection. We also found a significantly increased abundance of microbial metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in the colonic lumens of IL10KO mice. We further investigated the effects of TMAO on C. jejuni pathogenesis. We determined that C. jejuni senses TMAO as a chemoattractant and the administration of TMAO promotes C. jejuni invasion into Caco-2 monolayers. TMAO also increased the transmigration of C. jejuni across polarized monolayers of Caco-2 cells, decreased TEER, and increased C. jejuni -mediated intestinal barrier damage. Interestingly, TMAO treatment and presence during C. jejuni infection of Caco-2 cells synergistically caused an increased inflammatory cytokine expression, specifically IL-1β and IL-8. These results establish that C. jejuni utilizes microbial metabolite TMAO for increased virulence during infection.