1
|
Okegawa Y, Sakamoto W, Motohashi K. Functional division of f-type and m-type thioredoxins to regulate the Calvin cycle and cyclic electron transport around photosystem I. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:543-553. [PMID: 35325335 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation of chloroplast proteins is necessary to adjust photosynthetic performance with changes in light. The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a central role in this process. Chloroplast-localized classical Trx is a small redox-active protein that regulates many target proteins by reducing their disulfide bonds in a light-dependent manner. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking f-type Trx (trx f1f2) or m-type Trx (trx m124-2) have been reported to show delayed reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes. As a result, the trx m124-2 mutant exhibits growth defects. Here, we characterized a quintuple mutant lacking both Trx f and Trx m to investigate the functional complementarity of Trx f and Trx m. The trx f1f2 m124-2 quintuple mutant was newly obtained by crossing, and is analyzed here for the first time. The growth defects of the trx m124-2 mutant were not enhanced by the lack of Trx f. In contrast, deficiencies of both Trxs additively suppressed the reduction of Calvin cycle enzymes, resulting in a further delay in the initiation of photosynthesis. Trx f appeared to be necessary for the rapid activation of the Calvin cycle during the early induction of photosynthesis. To perform effective photosynthesis, plants seem to use both Trxs in a coordinated manner to activate carbon fixation reactions. In contrast, the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem I was regulated by Trx m, but not by Trx f. Lack of Trx f did not affect the activity and regulation of the PGR5-dependent pathway. Trx f may have a higher specificity for target proteins, whereas Trx m has a variety of target proteins to regulate overall photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions in the chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan.
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan.
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma M, Liu Y, Bai C, Yang Y, Sun Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Han X, Yong JWH. The Physiological Functionality of PGR5/PGRL1-Dependent Cyclic Electron Transport in Sustaining Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702196. [PMID: 34305990 PMCID: PMC8294387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic electron transport (CET), after the linear electron transport (LET), is another important electron transport pathway during the light reactions of photosynthesis. The proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5)/PRG5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1) and the NADH dehydrogenase-like complex pathways are linked to the CET. Recently, the regulation of CET around photosystem I (PSI) has been recognized as crucial for photosynthesis and plant growth. Here, we summarized the main biochemical processes of the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent CET pathway and its physiological significance in protecting the photosystem II and PSI, ATP/NADPH ratio maintenance, and regulating the transitions between LET and CET in order to optimize photosynthesis when encountering unfavorable conditions. A better understanding of the PGR5/PGRL1-mediated CET during photosynthesis might provide novel strategies for improving crop yield in a world facing more extreme weather events with multiple stresses affecting the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ma
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yifei Liu, ; Xiaori Han,
| | - Chunming Bai
- National Sorghum Improvement Center, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhong Yang
- Professional Technology Innovation Center of Magnesium Nutrition, Yingkou Magnesite Chemical Ind Group Co., Ltd., Yingkou, China
| | - Zhiyu Sun
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaori Han
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yifei Liu, ; Xiaori Han,
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okegawa Y, Motohashi K. M-Type Thioredoxins Regulate the PGR5/PGRL1-Dependent Pathway by Forming a Disulfide-Linked Complex with PGRL1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3866-3883. [PMID: 33037145 PMCID: PMC7721319 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to linear electron transport, photosystem I cyclic electron transport (PSI-CET) contributes to photosynthesis and photoprotection. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), PSI-CET consists of two partially redundant pathways, one of which is the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)/PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1)-dependent pathway. Although the physiological significance of PSI-CET is widely recognized, the regulatory mechanism behind these pathways remains largely unknown. Here, we report on the regulation of the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent pathway by the m-type thioredoxins (Trx m). Genetic and phenotypic characterizations of multiple mutants indicated the physiological interaction between Trx m and the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent pathway in vivo. Using purified Trx proteins and ruptured chloroplasts, in vitro, we showed that the reduced form of Trx m specifically decreased the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent plastoquinone reduction. In planta, Trx m4 directly interacted with PGRL1 via disulfide complex formation. Analysis of the transgenic plants expressing PGRL1 Cys variants demonstrated that Cys-123 of PGRL1 is required for Trx m4-PGRL1 complex formation. Furthermore, the Trx m4-PGRL1 complex was transiently dissociated during the induction of photosynthesis. We propose that Trx m directly regulates the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent pathway by complex formation with PGRL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Analin B, Mohanan A, Bakka K, Challabathula D. Cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways of mitochondrial electron transport chain are important for the photosynthetic performance of pea plants under salinity stress conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:248-259. [PMID: 32570012 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The flexible plant mitochondrial electron transport chain with cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways is known to be modulated by abiotic stress conditions. The effect of salinity stress on the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the importance of COX and AOX pathways for optimization of photosynthesis under salinity stress conditions is not clearly understood. In the current study, importance of COX and AOX pathways for photosynthetic performance of pea plants (Pisum sativum L. Pea Arkel cv) was analysed by using the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors Antimycin A (AA) and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) which restrict the electron flow through COX and AOX pathways respectively. Salinity stress resulted in decreased CO2 assimilation rates, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration in a stress dependent manner. Superimposition of leaves of salt stressed plants with AA and SHAM caused cellular H2O2 and O2- accumulation along with cell death. Additionally, aggravation in decrease of CO2 assimilation rates, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf intercellular CO2 concentration upon superimposition with AA and SHAM during salinity stress suggests the importance of mitochondrial oxidative electron transport for photosynthesis. Increased expression of AOX1a and AOX2 transcripts along with AOX protein levels indicated up regulation of AOX pathway in leaves during salinity stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements revealed enhanced damage to Photosystem (PS) II in the presence of AA and SHAM during salinity stress. Results suggested the beneficial role of COX and AOX pathways for optimal photosynthetic performance in pea leaves during salinity stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Analin
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Akhil Mohanan
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Kavya Bakka
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang C, Takahashi H, Shikanai T. PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 contributes to ferredoxin-dependent cyclic phosphorylation in ruptured chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:1173-1179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
6
|
Labs M, Rühle T, Leister D. The antimycin A-sensitive pathway of cyclic electron flow: from 1963 to 2015. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:231-8. [PMID: 26781235 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow has puzzled and divided the field of photosynthesis researchers for decades. This mainly concerns the proportion of its overall contribution to photosynthesis, as well as its components and molecular mechanism. Yet, it is irrefutable that the absence of cyclic electron flow has severe effects on plant growth. One of the two pathways mediating cyclic electron flow can be inhibited by antimycin A, a chemical that has also widely been used to characterize the mitochondrial respiratory chain. For the characterization of cyclic electron flow, antimycin A has been used since 1963, when ferredoxin was found to be the electron donor of the pathway. In 2013, antimycin A was used to identify the PGRL1/PGR5 complex as the ferredoxin:plastoquinone reductase completing the last puzzle piece of this pathway. The controversy has not ended, and here, we review the history of research on this process using the perspective of antimycin A as a crucial chemical for its characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Labs
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Rühle
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany.
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre (CPSC), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu J, Zhu X, Kim SJ, Zhang W. Antimycin-type depsipeptides: discovery, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and bioactivities. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:1146-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the isolation, structural variation, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and biological activities of antimycin-type depsipeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Liu
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Xuejun Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Seong Jong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Physical Biosciences Division
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vishwakarma A, Tetali SD, Selinski J, Scheibe R, Padmasree K. Importance of the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway in regulating cellular redox and ROS homeostasis to optimize photosynthesis during restriction of the cytochrome oxidase pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:555-69. [PMID: 26292995 PMCID: PMC4578005 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The importance of the alternative oxidase (AOX) pathway, particularly AOX1A, in optimizing photosynthesis during de-etiolation, under elevated CO2, low temperature, high light or combined light and drought stress is well documented. In the present study, the role of AOX1A in optimizing photosynthesis was investigated when electron transport through the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) pathway was restricted at complex III. METHODS Leaf discs of wild-type (WT) and aox1a knock-out mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with antimycin A (AA) under growth-light conditions. To identify the impact of AOX1A deficiency in optimizing photosynthesis, respiratory O2 uptake and photosynthesis-related parameters were measured along with changes in redox couples, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and expression levels of genes related to respiration, the malate valve and the antioxidative system. KEY RESULTS In the absence of AA, aox1a knock-out mutants did not show any difference in physiological, biochemical or molecular parameters compared with WT. However, after AA treatment, aox1a plants showed a significant reduction in both respiratory O2 uptake and NaHCO3-dependent O2 evolution. Chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 studies revealed that in contrast to WT, aox1a knock-out plants were incapable of maintaining electron flow in the chloroplastic electron transport chain, and thereby inefficient heat dissipation (low non-photochemical quenching) was observed. Furthermore, aox1a mutants exhibited significant disturbances in cellular redox couples of NAD(P)H and ascorbate (Asc) and consequently accumulation of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. By contrast, WT plants showed a significant increase in transcript levels of CSD1, CAT1, sAPX, COX15 and AOX1A in contrast to aox1a mutants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AOX1A plays a significant role in sustaining the chloroplastic redox state and energization to optimize photosynthesis by regulating cellular redox homeostasis and ROS generation when electron transport through the COX pathway is disturbed at complex III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhaypratap Vishwakarma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Sarada Devi Tetali
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany and
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, FB5, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany and
| | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nellaepalli S, Kodru S, Raghavendra AS, Subramanyam R. Antimycin A sensitive pathway independent from PGR5 cyclic electron transfer triggers non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool and state transitions in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 146:24-33. [PMID: 25792151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism involved in triggering state transitions at 40°C in Arabidopsis thaliana. Leaves (1-6 week old) exposed to 40°C exhibited state II transition indicating its role as one of the earliest stress responsive mechanism apart from regulation of light energy distribution between photosystem (PS)II and PSI. Post illumination transients (rise in Fo') revealed that non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool at 40°C in dark is responsible for activation of STN7 kinase, consequently light harvesting complex (LHC)II phosphorylation leading to state II condition. Later, in pgr5 mutant, non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool was observed indicating the involvement of alternative electron transfer routes. In chlororespiratory mutant crr2-2, state II transition occurred signifying that the reduction of PQ pool is independent from NDH mediated cyclic electron transfer. Further, antimycin A inhibitor studies in wt and mutants revealed its inhibitory action on non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool affecting both LHCII phosphorylation and migration to PSI which leads to state I. Thus, our study showed that antimycin A sensitive pathway independent from PGR5 dependent cyclic electron transfer, is responsible for inducing non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool and state transitions at 40°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Nellaepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sireesha Kodru
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|