Effect of ultra high pressure homogenization treatment on the bioactive compounds of soya milk

Review of plant-based milk analogue: its preparation, nutritional, physicochemical, and organoleptic properties

In recent years, the market demand for plant-based milk analogues has been rising because of health concerns with bovine milk, like lactose intolerance and hypercholesteremia. Another reason is the lifestyle changes like adopting veganism. This review aims to offer a layout of the manufacturing process and discuss the different properties of plant-based milk analogues. The health benefits offered by the plant-based milk analogues and measures taken to eliminate the existing limitations are also discussed. Sensory profile and stability of plant-based milk analogues which add to the quality of the product were also taken into account and reviewed. The current review's objective is to present a comprehensive, scientifically comparable overview of the preparation procedures, nutritional content, and sensory characteristics of plant-based milk analogues. This is done while keeping in mind the potential of plant-based milk substitutes and associated challenges.

Leveraging new opportunities and advances in high-pressure homogenization to design non-dairy foods

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrahigh-pressure homogenization (UHPH) are emerging food processing techniques for stabilizing emulsions and food components under the pressure range from 60 to 400 MPa. Apart from this, they also support increasing nutritional profile, food preservation, and functionality enhancement. Even though the food undergoes the shortest processing operation, the treatment leads to modification of physical, chemical, and techno-functional properties, in addition to the formation of micro-sized particles. This study focuses on recent advances in using HPH/UHPH on plant-based milk sources such as soybeans, almonds, hazelnuts, and peanuts. Overall, this systematic review provides an in-depth analysis of the principles of HPH/UHPH, the mechanism of action, and their applications in other nondairy areas such as fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, and marine species. This work also deciphers the role of HPH/UHPH in modifying food components, their functional quality enhancement, and their provision of oxidative resistance to many foods. HPH is not only perceived as a technique for size reduction and homogenization; however, it does various functions like microbial inactivation, improvement of rheologies like texture and consistency, decreasing of lipid oxidation, and making positive modifications to proteins such as changes to the secondary structure and tertiary structure thereby enhancing the emulsifying properties, hydrophobicity of proteins, and other associated functional properties in many nondairy sources at pressures of 100-300 MPa. Thus, HPH is an emerging technique with a high throughput and commercialization value in food industries.

Assessment of the Accuracy of Nutrition Label and Chemical Composition of Plant-Based Milks Available on the Italian Market

Growing health, environmental, and ethical concerns have encouraged interest in plant-based milks (PBMs), but it remains questionable whether the nutrition labeling of these products is adequately reliable for consumers, and whether nutritional standards can be defined for a given PBM type. On this basis, cereal, pseudocereal, nut, and legume PBMs available on the Italian market were analyzed in order to check the accuracy of nutritional labels on packages and generate new or updated compositional data. Most labels provided inaccurate information, especially with respect to the declared energy, fat, and saturated fat. Cereal- and pseudocereal-based PBMs were generally characterized by high MUFA (34.04-59.35%) and PUFA (21.61-52.27%). Almond, soy, rice, and hazelnut beverages displayed the highest levels of total tocopherols (11.29-13.68 mg/L), while buckwheat and spelt PBMs had the highest total polyphenol content (34.25-52.27 mg GAE/100 mL). Major and trace elements greatly varied among samples, being more abundant in buckwheat and coconut-based drinks. A PCA confirmed that nutritional standards cannot be unequivocally established for a given PBM, and indicated that, among the investigated variables, inorganic elements had more weight in the sample differentiation. Overall, to reliably guide consumers in their dietary choices, there is a need for greater accuracy in the development of nutrition labels for PBMs, as well as greater effort in assessing the nutritional quality of the ever-increasing variety of products available on the market.

Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa) Beverage Processed by High-Pressure Homogenization: Changes in Main Components and Antioxidant Capacity during Cold Storage

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is an emerging technology for obtaining physical and microbial stability of plant-based milks, but there is little information on the effects of this technology on the phytochemical components of the processed plant food beverage and during its cold storage. The effect of three selected HPH treatments (180 MPa/25 °C, 150 MPa/55 °C, and 50 MPa/75 °C) and pasteurization (PAS) (63 °C, 20 min) on minor lipid constituents, total proteins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and essential minerals of Brazil nut beverage (BNB) were studied. Additionally, the study of the possible changes in these constituents was carried out during cold storage at 5 °C for 21 days. The fatty acid profile (dominated by oleic acid and linoleic acid), free fatty acid content, protein, and essential minerals (notable source of Se and Cu) of the processed BNB remained almost stable to treatments (HPH and PAS). Specifically, reductions in squalene (22.7 to 26.4%) and γ-γ-tocopherol (28.4 to 36%) were observed in beverages processed via both non-thermal HPH and thermal PAS, but β-sitosterol remained unchanged. Total phenolics were reduced (24 to 30%) after both treatments, a factor that influenced the observed antioxidant capacity. The studied individual phenolics in BNB were gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, catechin gallate, and ellagic acid, being the most abundant compounds. During cold storage (5 °C) up to 21 days, changes in the content of phytochemicals, minerals, and total proteins were not noticeable for any treated beverages, and no lipolysis processes were promoted. Therefore, after the application of HPH processing, Brazil nut beverage (BNB) maintained almost unaltered levels of bioactive compounds, essential minerals, total protein, and oxidative stability, remarkable characteristics for its potential development as a functional food.

Plant-based milk: unravel the changes of the antioxidant index during processing and storage - a review

As a nutrient rich emulsion extracted from plant materials, plant-based milk (PBM) has been the latest trend and hot topic in the food industry due to the growing awareness of consumers toward plant-based products in managing the environmental (carbon footprint and land utility), ethical (animal well-fare) and societal (health-conscious) issues. There have been extensive studies and reviews done to discuss the distinct perspective of PBM including its production, health effects and market acceptance. However, not much has been emphasized on the valuable antioxidants present in PBM which is one of the attributes making them stand apart from dairy milk. The amounts of antioxidants in PBM are important. They offered tremendous health benefits in maintaining optimum health and reducing the risk of various health disorders. Therefore, enhancing the extraction of antioxidants and preserving their activity during production and storage is important. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of how these antioxidants changes in response to different processing steps involved in PBM production. Presumably, antioxidants in PBM could be potentially lost due to thermal degradation, oxidation or leaching into processing water. Hence, this paper aims to fill the gaps by addressing an extensive review of how different production steps (germination, roasting, soaking, blanching, grinding and filtration, and microbial inactivation) affect the antioxidant content in PBM. In addition, the effect of different microbial inactivation treatments (thermal or non-thermal processing) on the alteration of antioxidant in PBM was also highlighted. This paper can provide useful insight for the industry that aims in selecting suitable processing steps to produce PBM products that carry with them a health declaration.

A Comparative Analysis of Plant-Based Milk Alternatives Part 1: Composition, Sensory, and Nutritional Value

Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in reducing the consumption of animal-based foods for health, sustainability, and ethical reasons. The food industry is developing products from plant-based ingredients that mimic animal-based foods’ nutritional and sensory characteristics. In this study, the focus is on plant-based milk alternatives (PBMAs). A potential problem with plant-based diets is the deficiency of important micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, B2, and calcium. Therefore, an analysis of micronutrients in PBMAs was conducted to assess their nutritional value. The second main focus was on the sensory description of the PBMAs, done by a trained panel, and instrumental assessment to characterize the sensory attributes. Almond drinks met the daily micronutrient requirements the least, while soy drinks came closest to cow’s milk in macro- and micronutrients. The experimentally determined electronic tongue and volatile compound results confirmed the sensory panel’s evaluations and could therefore be used as a method for easy and effective assessments of PBMAs. The PBMAs evaluated in this study could not completely replace cow’s milk’s nutritional and sensory properties. They are products in their own product group and must be evaluated accordingly. Given the variety of products, consumers should experiment and make their decisions regarding the substitution of cow’s milk.

Vitamin E in foodstuff: Nutritional, analytical, and food technology aspects

Vitamin E is a group of isoprenoid chromanols with different biological activities. It comprises eight oil-soluble compounds: four tocopherols, namely, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols; and four tocotrienols, namely, α-, β-, γ, and δ-tocotrienols. Vitamin E isomers are well-known for their antioxidant activity, gene-regulation effects, and anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective properties. Considering that vitamin E is exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, animals can only acquire it through their diet. Plant-based food is the primary source of vitamin E; hence, oils, nuts, fruits, and vegetables with high contents of vitamin E are mostly consumed after processing, including industrial processes and home-cooking, which involve vitamin E profile and content alteration during their preparation. Accordingly, it is essential to identify the vitamin E content and profile in foodstuff to match daily intake requirements. This review summarizes recent advances in vitamin E chemistry, metabolism and metabolites, current knowledge on their contents and profiles in raw and processed plant foods, and finally, their modern developments in analytical methods.

Impact of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Extractability and Stability of Phytochemicals

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and high-pressure processing (HPP) are emerging technologies for the food industry. Both technologies employ high pressure to preserve foods. However, the principal mechanism of HPH is based on shear stress distribution in a material instead of a decrease in volume due to an increase in pressure as occurring in HPP. HPH can be used in extraction or preservation of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals. This review first describes the mechanism of HPH processing. Next, this review discusses the impact of HPH on extractability and stability of phytochemicals such as carotenoids, vitamin C, polyphenols, and anthocyanins in various food matrices. In general, the use of HPH slightly improved or maintained the extractability of the phytochemicals. Similarly, HPH slightly reduced or maintained the stability of the phytochemicals but this is dependent on the food matrix and type of phytochemical. HPH has a great potential to be used to improve the extractability and maintaining the stability of these phytochemicals or to be used together with milder thermal processing. Besides understanding the impact of HPH on the extractability and stability of phytochemicals, the impact of HPH on the nutritional quality of the food matrices needs to be thoroughly evaluated.

Biogenic Amines in Alcohol-Free Beverages

Biogenic amines are ubiquitous bioactive compounds that are synthesized by living organisms and perform essential functions for their metabolism. In the human diet, their excessive intake can cause food poisoning. In food, especially in alcohol-free beverages, biogenic amines can be synthesized by enzymes, naturally present in raw materials, or by microorganisms, which may be naturally present in the matrix or be added during beverage transformation processes. For this reason, in alcohol-free beverages, biogenic amine amount can be considered, above a certain level, as undesired microorganism activity. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the biogenic amine profile of non-alcoholic beverages in order to monitor food quality and safety. Moreover, biogenic amines can be taken into account by industries in order to monitor production processes and products. This review article provides an overview on the biogenic amine profile of alcohol-free beverages (plant milk, nervine drinks, soft drinks, and fruit juices). Furthermore, the clinical and toxicological effects, the biogenic amines legislation, and biogenic amine synthesis have been evaluated in non-alcoholic beverages.

Effect of Innovative Food Processing Technologies on the Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties and Quality of Non-Dairy Plant-Based Beverages

Increase in allergenicity towards cow’s milk, lactose intolerance, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and flexitarian choice of food consumption have increased the market for cow’s milk alternatives. Non-dairy plant-based beverages are useful alternatives because of the presence of bioactive components with health-promoting properties, which attract health-conscious consumers. However, the reduced nutritional value and sensory acceptability of the plant-based beverages (such as flavor, taste, and solubility) compared to cow’s milk pose a big threat to its place in the market. Thermal treatments are commonly used to ensure the quality of plant-based beverages during storage. However, the application of high temperatures can promote the degradation of thermolabile compounds and some detrimental reactions, thus reducing protein digestibility and amino acid availability of non-dairy plant-based beverages substitutes. New and advanced food processing technologies, such as high-pressure processing, high-pressure homogenization, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasound, are being researched for addressing the issues related to shelf life increase, emulsion stability, preservation of nutritional content and sensorial acceptability of the final product. However, the literature available on the application of non-thermal processing technologies on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of plant-based beverages is scarce. Concerted research efforts are required in the coming years in the functional plant-based beverages sector to prepare newer, tailor-made products which are palatable as well as nutritionally adequate.

Three Pillars of Novel Nonthermal Food Technologies: Food Safety, Quality, and Environment

This review gives an overview of the impact of novel nonthermal food technologies on food safety, on quality, and on the environment. It confirms that research in this field is mainly focused on analyzing microbial and/or chemical aspects of food safety. However, recent research shows that in spite of various food safety benefits, some negative (quality oriented) features occur. Finally, this paper shows the necessity of analyzing the environmental dimension of using these technologies.

Chemical Modifications of Lipids and Proteins by Nonthermal Food Processing Technologies

A range of nonthermal techniques have demonstrated process efficacy in ensuring product safety, extension of shelf life, and in general a retention of key quality attributes. However, various physical, chemical and biochemical effects of nonthermal techniques on macro and micro nutrients are evident, leading to both desirable and undesirable changes in food products. The objective of this review is to outline the effects of nonthermal techniques on food chemistry and the associated degradation mechanisms with the treatment of foods. Oxidation is one of the key mechanisms responsible for undesirable effects induced by nonthermal techniques. Degradation of key macromolecules largely depends on the processing conditions employed. Various extrinsic and intrinsic control parameters of high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasound processing, and cold atmospheric plasma on chemistry of processed food are outlined. Proposed mechanisms and associated degradation of macromolecules, i.e., proteins, lipids, and bioactive molecules resulting in food quality changes are also discussed.

Influence of ultra-high-pressure homogenization treatment on the phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyamines of almond beverage

Ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH) is an emerging technology based on the dynamic application of high pressure to obtain safe and high-quality liquid foods. The effect of six UHPH treatments at 200 and 300 MPa with different inlet temperatures (T(in)) (55, 65, and 75 °C) on the content of tocopherols, polyamines, and phytosterols of almond beverage was studied in comparison with the base product. Total tocopherol contents decreased about 80-90% as temperature and pressure increased, and whereas both parameters affected the tocopherol content, especially the effect of temperature was noticeable. α-Tocopherol was the most predominant type of tocopherol present and was also the most affected by UHPH treatments. Spermidine was the only polyamine found not to be affected by UHPH treatments. UHPH treatments resulted in an increase of 20-40% in the total phytosterol extractability. The highest extractability was obtained at the most severe conditions (300 MPa, 75 °C T(in)).