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Chen Z, Li P, Xiao J, Jiang Y, Cai M, Wang J, Li C, Zhan M, Cao C. Dry cultivation with ratoon system impacts rice quality using rice flour physicochemical traits, fatty and amino acids contents. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110764. [PMID: 34865781 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to explore the impact on rice quality using high-quality (HH) or drought-resistant (HY) cultivars under flooding irrigation (F) or dry cultivation (D) in ratooning rice system by evaluating the metabolism or physicochemical traits of starch, fatty acids, and amino acids affecting grain quality. Compared to FHY and DHY in the main or ratoon season, DHH in ratoon season (DHHR) exhibited a higher appearance and processing quality but lower cooking quality. DHHR mainly synthesized long branch chain amylopectin to construct the crystalline regions with increased crystallinity, crystallites size, interplanar spacing, dislocation density, Asp and Thr in brown and head rice. Also, it accumulated more of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 but reduced glutelin in head rice. An increase in functional groups and diversity was seen in brown and head rice, respectively. Overall, these traits improved the processing, appearance, and pasting quality of DHHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkui Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Junchen Xiao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mingli Cai
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chengfang Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cougui Cao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Ye S, Lu H. Determination of Fatty Acids in Rice Oil by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) with Geographic and Varietal Discrimination by Supervised Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1960361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Liang Y, Tabien RE, Tarpley L, Mohammed AR, Septiningsih EM. Transcriptome profiling of two rice genotypes under mild field drought stress during grain-filling stage. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab043. [PMID: 34354811 PMCID: PMC8331054 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most critical abiotic stresses that threaten crop production worldwide. This stress affects the rice crop in all stages of rice development; however, the occurrence during reproductive and grain-filling stages has the most impact on grain yield. Although many global transcriptomic studies have been performed during the reproductive stage in rice, very limited information is available for the grain-filling stage. Hence, we intend to investigate how the rice plant responds to drought stress during the grain-filling stage and how the responses change over time under field conditions. Two rice genotypes were selected for RNA-seq analysis: '4610', previously reported as a moderately tolerant breeding line, and Rondo, an elite indica rice cultivar susceptible to drought conditions. Additionally, 10 agronomic traits were evaluated under normal irrigated and drought conditions. Leaf tissues were collected during grain-filling stages at two time points, 14 and 21 days after the drought treatment, from both the drought field and normal irrigated field conditions. Based on agronomic performances, '4610' was less negatively affected than Rondo under mild drought conditions, and expression profiling largely aligned with the phenotypic data. The transcriptomic data indicated that, in general, '4610' had much earlier responses than its counterpart in mitigating the impact of drought stress. Several key genes and gene families related to drought stress or stress-related conditions were found differentially expressed in this study, including transcription factors, drought tolerance genes and reactive oxygen species scavengers. Furthermore, this study identified novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) without function annotations that may play roles in drought tolerance-related functions. Some of the important DEGs detected in this study can be targeted for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Liang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Lee Tarpley
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research Center, Beaumont, TX 77713, USA
| | | | - Endang M Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Li J, West JB, Hart A, Wegrzyn JL, Smith MA, Domec JC, Loopstra CA, Casola C. Extensive Variation in Drought-Induced Gene Expression Changes Between Loblolly Pine Genotypes. Front Genet 2021; 12:661440. [PMID: 34140968 PMCID: PMC8203665 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.661440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought response is coordinated through expression changes in a large suite of genes. Interspecific variation in this response is common and associated with drought-tolerant and -sensitive genotypes. The extent to which different genetic networks orchestrate the adjustments to water deficit in tolerant and sensitive genotypes has not been fully elucidated, particularly in non-model or woody plants. Differential expression analysis via RNA-seq was evaluated in root tissue exposed to simulated drought conditions in two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clones with contrasting tolerance to drought. Loblolly pine is the prevalent conifer in southeastern U.S. and a major commercial forestry species worldwide. Significant changes in gene expression levels were found in more than 4,000 transcripts [drought-related transcripts (DRTs)]. Genotype by environment (GxE) interactions were prevalent, suggesting that different cohorts of genes are influenced by drought conditions in the tolerant vs. sensitive genotypes. Functional annotation categories and metabolic pathways associated with DRTs showed higher levels of overlap between clones, with the notable exception of GO categories in upregulated DRTs. Conversely, both differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) and TF families were largely different between clones. Our results indicate that the response of a drought-tolerant loblolly pine genotype vs. a sensitive genotype to water limitation is remarkably different on a gene-by-gene level, although it involves similar genetic networks. Upregulated transcripts under drought conditions represent the most diverging component between genotypes, which might depend on the activation and repression of substantially different groups of TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjia Li
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jason B West
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alexander Hart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA ISPA, Gradignan, France.,Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carol A Loopstra
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Claudio Casola
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Moursi YS, Thabet SG, Amro A, Dawood MFA, Baenziger PS, Sallam A. Detailed Genetic Analysis for Identifying QTLs Associated with Drought Tolerance at Seed Germination and Seedling Stages in Barley. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9111425. [PMID: 33114292 PMCID: PMC7690857 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought induces several challenges for plant development, growth, and production. These challenges become more severe, in particular, in arid and semiarid countries like Egypt. In terms of production, barley ranks fourth after wheat, maize, and rice. Seed germination and seedling stages are critical stages for plant establishment and growth. In the current study, 60 diverse barley genotypes were tested for drought tolerance using two different treatments: control (0-PEG) and drought (20%-PEG). Twenty-two traits were estimated for seed germination and seedling parameters. All traits were reduced under drought stress, and a significant variation was found among genotypes under control and stress conditions. The broad-sense heritability estimates were very high under both control and drought for all traits. It ranged from 0.63 to 0.97 under the control condition and from 0.89 to 0.97 under drought, respectively. These high heritabilities suggested that genetic improvement of drought tolerance in barley at both stages is feasible. The principal component analysis revealed that root-related parameters account for the largest portion of phenotypic variation in this collection. The single-marker analysis (SMA) resulted in 71 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) distributed across the seven chromosomes of barley. Thirty-three QTLs were detected for root-length-related traits. Many hotspots of QTLs were detected for various traits. Interestingly, some markers controlled many traits in a pleiotropic manner; thus, they can be used to control multiple traits at a time. Some QTLs were constitutive, i.e., they are mapped under control and drought, and targeting these QTLs makes the selection for drought tolerance a single-step process. The results of gene annotation analysis revealed very potential candidate genes that can be targeted to select for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S. Moursi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Fayoum, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (Y.S.M.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Samar G. Thabet
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Fayoum, Fayoum 63514, Egypt; (Y.S.M.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Ahmed Amro
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut 71516, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.A.D.)
| | - Mona F. A. Dawood
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut 71516, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.F.A.D.)
| | - P. Stephen Baenziger
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Asyut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Nam KH, Kim DY, Moon YS, Pack IS, Jeong SC, Kim HB, Kim CG. Performance of hybrids between abiotic stress-tolerant transgenic rice and its weedy relatives under water-stressed conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9319. [PMID: 32518274 PMCID: PMC7283212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer from transgenic crops to their weedy relatives may introduce undesired ecological consequences that can increase the fitness and invasiveness of weedy populations. Here, we examined the rate of gene flow from abiotic stress-tolerant transgenic rice that over-express AtCYP78A7, a gene encoding cytochrome P450 protein, to six weedy rice accessions and compared the phenotypic performance and drought tolerance of their hybrids over generations. The rate of transgene flow from AtCYP78A7-overexpressing transgenic to weedy rice varied between 0% and 0.0396%. F1 hybrids containing AtCYP78A7 were significantly taller and heavier, but the percentage of ripened grains, grain numbers and weight per plant were significantly lower than their transgenic and weedy parents. The homozygous and hemizygous F2 progeny showed higher tolerance to drought stress than the nullizygous F2 progeny, as indicated by leaf rolling scores. Shoot growth of nullizygous F3 progeny was significantly greater than weedy rice under water-deficient conditions in a rainout shelter, however, that of homozygous F3 progeny was similar to weedy rice, indicating the cost of continuous expression of transgene. Our findings imply that gene flow from AtCYP78A7-overexpressing transgenic to weedy rice might increase drought tolerance as shown in the pot experiment, however, increased fitness under stressed conditions in the field were not observed for hybrid progeny containing transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Hee Nam
- LMO research team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Moon
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soon Pack
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Chun Jeong
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Bang Kim
- Life Sciences Research Institute, Biomedic Co., Ltd., Bucheon, 14548, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.
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Wu X, Cai K, Zhang G, Zeng F. Metabolite Profiling of Barley Grains Subjected to Water Stress: To Explain the Genotypic Difference in Drought-Induced Impacts on Malting Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1547. [PMID: 28936221 PMCID: PMC5594086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain weight and protein content will be reduced and increased, respectively, when barley is subjected to water stress after anthesis, consequently deteriorating the malt quality. However, such adverse impact of water stress differs greatly among barley genotypes. In this study, two Tibetan wild barley accessions and two cultivated varieties differing in water stress tolerance were used to investigate the genotypic difference in metabolic profiles during grain-filling stage under drought condition. Totally, 71 differently accumulated metabolites were identified, including organic acids, amino acids/amines, and sugars/sugar alcohols. Their relative contents were significantly affected by water stress for all genotypes and differed distinctly between the wild and cultivated barleys. The principal component analysis of metabolites indicated that the Tibetan wild barley XZ147 possessed a unique response to water stress. When subjected to water stress, the wild barley XZ147 showed the most increase of β-amylase activity among the four genotypes, as a result of its higher lysine content, less indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, more stable H2O2 homeostasis, and more up-regulation of BMY1 gene. On the other hand, XZ147 had the most reduction of β-glucan content under water stress than the other genotypes, which could be explained by the faster grain filling process and the less expression of β-glucan synthase gene GSL7. All these results indicated a great potential for XZ147 in barley breeding for improving water stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Kangfeng Cai
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Nam KH, Park KW, Han SM, Kim SW, Lee JH, Kim CG. Compositional analysis of protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide-tolerant rice and conventional rice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kee Woong Park
- Department of Crop Science; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Sung Min Han
- Department of Crop Science; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Korea Plant Resource Institute; Paju 10863 Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Lee
- Korea Plant Resource Institute; Paju 10863 Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center; KRIBB; Cheongju 28116 Korea
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Nam KH, Shin HJ, Pack IS, Park JH, Kim HB, Kim CG. Metabolomic changes in grains of well-watered and drought-stressed transgenic rice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:807-14. [PMID: 25716954 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought induces a number of physiological and biochemical responses in cereals. This study was designed to examine the metabolite changes in grains of drought-tolerant transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) that overexpresses AtCYP78A7 encoding cytochrome P450 protein using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Principal component analysis showed that the (1)H-NMR-based profile was clearly separated by soil water status of well-watered and water-deficit. A discrimination of metabolites between transgenic and non-transgenic grains appeared under both watering regimes. Variations in the levels of amino acids and sugars led to the discrimination of metabolites among genotypes. In particular, drought significantly enhanced the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 244.6%), fructose (155.7%), glucose (211.0%), glycerol (57.2%), glycine (65.8%) and aminoethanol (192.4%) in the transgenic grains compared with the non-transgenic control grains. CONCLUSION These changes in amounts of metabolites may assist in improving drought tolerance in transgenic rice by playing crucial roles in stress-responsive pathways including GABA biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism and antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Hee Nam
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Shin
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Pack
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Bang Kim
- Life Sciences Research Institute, Biomedic Co., Ltd, Bucheon 420-020, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongju 363-883, Republic of Korea
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Oh SW, Park SY, Lee SM, Oh SD, Cho HS, Park SK, Lee HJ, Kim HY, Yeo YS. Multivariate analysis for the safety assessment of genetically modified rices in the anti-nutrients and phenolic compounds. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Woo Oh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 187, Osong saengmyeong 2-ro Cheongwon-gun Chungcheongbuk-do Korea
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
| | - Si-Myung Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
| | - Sung-Dug Oh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Cho
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
| | - Soon-Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Culinary Science; Hankyong National University; 327 Chungang-no Anseong-si 456-749 Kyonggi-do Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Food Service Management; Woosong University; 17-2 Daejeon Korea
| | - Yun-Soo Yeo
- National Academy of Agricultural Science; Rural Development Administration; 370, Nongsaengmyeong-ro Wansan-gu Jeonju-si 560-500 Jeollabuk-do Korea
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Zhao Y, Xi M, Zhang X, Lin Z, Ding C, Tang S, Liu Z, Wang S, Ding Y. Nitrogen effect on amino acid composition in leaf and grain of japonica rice during grain filling stage. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lanzinger A, Frank T, Reichenberger G, Herz M, Engel KH. Metabolite profiling of barley grain subjected to induced drought stress: responses of free amino acids in differently adapted cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4252-61. [PMID: 25867895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate cultivar-specific metabolite changes upon drought stress in barley grain, differently adapted cultivars were field-grown under drought conditions using a rain-out shelter and under normal weather conditions (2010-2012). The grain was subjected to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling approach allowing the analyses of a broad spectrum of lipophilic and hydrophilic low molecular weight constituents. Multi- and univariate analyses demonstrated that there are grain metabolites which were significantly changed upon drought stress, either decreased or increased in all cultivars. On the other hand, for proteinogenic free amino acids increased concentrations were consistently observed in all seasons only in cultivars for which no drought resistance/tolerance had been described. Consistent decreases were seen only in the group of stress tolerant/resistant cultivars. These cultivar-specific correlations were particularly pronounced for branched-chain amino acids. The results indicate that free amino acids may serve as potential markers for cultivars differently adapted to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lanzinger
- †Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Frank
- †Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Gabriela Reichenberger
- §Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Am Gereuth 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Herz
- §Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Am Gereuth 8, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- †Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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